2. CONTENTS…
Introduction
Definition
What is memory…..???
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
Memory is classifies into two types
1. Explicit memory
2. Implicit memory
3. INTRODUCTION
• Memory is the processes by which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved
• Encoding allows information that is from the outside
world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and
physical stimuli
• Storage is the second memory stage or process
4. DEFINITION
• Memory is defined as the ability to recall the
past experience
• It is also defined as retention of learned
materials
• Some memories remain only for few seconds
• Others last for hours, days, months or years
together
5. SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory memory corresponds approximately to
the initial 200–500 millisecond after an item is
perceived
sensory memory that briefly stores an image
which has been perceived for a small duration
6. COUNT…
This entails that we maintain information over
periods of time
This is the retrieval of information that we have
stored
8. Generally , memory is also classified as:-
Short term memory
Long term memory
9. SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Short-term memory allows recall for a period of
several seconds to a minute without rehearsal
Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on
an acoustic code for storing information
10. COUNT…
It is the recalling the events that happened very
recently, within hours or days
There is another from of short term memory
called working memory
It is a very short period on the basis of which an
action is executed
12. LONG-TERM MEMORY
The storage in sensory memory and short-term
memory generally have a strictly limited capacity
and duration
Long-term memory can store much larger quantities
of information for potentially unlimited duration
This information is said to be stored in long-term
memory
13. COUNT…
It is otherwise called remote memory
It is the recalling of the events of weeks, months,
years or sometimes lifetime
Examples are recalling first day of schooling,
birthday celebration of previous year, picnic enjoyed
last week
14. LONG-TERM MEMORY
Long term
memory
Explicit Implicit non-
declarative declarative
Episodic Somatic
Procedural
(Idea, Facts (Words and Emotional
(skill)
etc…) concepts etc…)
17. EXPLICIT MEMORY
Explicit memory It is otherwise know as declarative memory
It is defined as the memory that involves conscious recollection of
past experience
The information stored may be about a particular event that
happened at a particular time and place
Examples :-
Recollection of a birthday party celebrated three days
Explicit memory involves hippocampus and medial part of
temporal lobe
19. IMPLICIT MEMORY
It is defined as the memory in which past experience
is utilized without conscious awareness
It helps to perform various skilled activities properly
For example, cycling, driving, playing
tennis,dancing,typing
20. Depending upon the duration , memory is
classified into three types
Sensory memory
Primary memory
Secondary memory
22. SENSORY MEMORY
It is the ability to retain sensory signals in the
sensory areas of brain
It is the initial stage of memory
It resembles working memory
23. PRIMARY MEMORY
It is the memory of facts, words, numbers, letters
or other information recalled for a few seconds to
few minutes at a time
One need not search or squeeze through the mind
but this memory is easily replaced by new bits of
memory Example:---
24. SECONDARY MEMORY
It is storage of information in the brain for a longer
period
The information could be recalled after hours, days,
months or years
It also called fixed memory or permanent memory
It resembles long term memory
25. SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory Memory: Storing an exact copy of incoming
information for less than a second; the first stage of memory
Icon: A fleeting mental image or visual representation
Echo: After a sound is heard, a brief continuation of the sound
in the auditory system
26. TECHNIQUES USED TO ASSESS INFANT’S
MEMORY
Infants do not have the language ability to report
on their memories
So, verbal reports cannot be used to assess very
young children’s memory
27. TECHNIQUES USED TO ASSESS OLDER CHILDREN
AND ADULTS' MEMORY
Paired associate learning
Free recall
Recognition
Detection Paradigm
28. PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING
During this task a subject would be asked to
study a list of words and then sometime later they
will be asked to recall
29. FREE RECALL
Free recall is a basic paradigm in the
psychological study of memory
The recall period typically lasts a few minutes,
and can involve spoken or written recall
Items are usually presented one at a time for a
short duration
30. RECOGNITION
Remember a list of words or pictures
List of alternatives that were not presented in the
original list
31. DETECTION PARADIGM
Individuals are shown a number of objects and
colors samples
32. PHYSIOLOGY
Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of
memory such as the hippocampus
Learning and memory are attributed to changes in
neuronal synapses
The hippocampus is important for explicit memory
Also important for memory consolidation
33. FUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS
The hippocampus from the olfactory bulb
The second major line of thought relates the
hippocampus to memory
Changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus
Hippocampus plays some sort of important role in
memory
34. COUNT…
Hippocampus damage may also cause memory
loss and problems with memory storage.
35. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY
Encoding of working memory
involves the spiking of individual
neurons induced by sensory input
working memory signals in both
medial temporal lobe
strong relationship between
working memory and long-term
memory
36. MEMORY IN INFANCY
A growing body of research now indicates that
infants as young as 6-months can recall
information after a 24-hour delay
37. DISORDERS
Loss of memory is known as amnesia
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Hyperthymesia
Korsakoff's syndrome
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
40. HYPERTHYMESIA
Also affect memory and cognition
Affects an individual's autobiographical memory
That they cannot forget small details that
otherwise would not be stored
41. KORSAKOFF'S SYNDROME
Known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-
confabulatory syndrome
Organic brain disease that adversely affects
memory