Wise computing 20150215 v5

From Cognitive Computing
To Wise (or Wisdom) Computing:
A Service Science Perspective
Jim Spohrer, IBM
AAAS Annual Meeting, San Jose, CA USA
February 15, 2015
2/16/2015
© IBM 2015, IBM Upward University
Programs Worldwide accelerating regional
development
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Today’s Talk
• Questions
– Smarter, yes; But wiser?
– How can we be sure?
• Progressions
– Tool, assistant, collaborator, ?
– ? = cognitive machine, moral entity
• Occupations
– Cognitive assistants for all occupations
– Smart service systems
– Everyone can afford an executive
secretary and personal coach
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“A service science
perspective considers
the evolving ecology of
service system entities,
their capabilities,
constraints,
rights, and
responsibilities.

Smarter, yes
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Ken Jennings jokingly wrote: “(I for one welcome our new computer overlords)”

But wiser?
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“Wise leaders make decisions only after they figure out
what is good for the organization and society.”
“Practical wisdom is tacit knowledge acquired from experience that enables people to make
prudent judgments and take actions based on the actual situation, guided by values and morals.”

Iwano: Cyber + Reality 1.0 = Reality 2.0
The emerging “cyber-coated reality”
• Reality 1.0
Relationships 
• Reality 2.0
Relationships include
Cyber-relationships:
– “Cogs” for all roles
• People-people
• People-organizations
• People-things
• People-information
– Cogs = cognitive
assistant intermediary
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Source: ResourcesForLife.com

What is “cyber-coated reality” like?
• From Bacteria to “nervous-system-
coated reality”
• From Simple Machines to “cyber-
coated reality”
• Complex Adaptive Systems
– Physical systems
– Chemical systems
– Biological systems
– Social systems
– Socio-technical systems
– Physical symbol systems
– Cognitive systems
– Service systems
• Capabilities & Constraints
• Rights & Responsibilities
– Smart service systems
• AKA “cognitive service systems”
– Wise service systems
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Source teachersparadise.com

Progression
• Tool
• Assistant
• Collaborator
• ?
– Fear: “overlord”
– Design goal: “moral
entity”
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Source Amazon.com
First three items from a discussion with
Paul Maglio (UCMerced) & Don Norman (UCSD)

Brief History
of AI
1956 – Dartmouth Conference
1956 – 1981 Micro-Worlds
1981 – Japanese 5th Generation
1988 – Expert Systems Peak
1990 – AI Winter
1997 – Deep Blue
1997 – 2011 Real-World
2011 – Jeopardy! & SIRI
2013 – Cognitive Systems Institute
2014 – Watson Business Unit
2015 – “Cognition as a Service”
on IBM Bluemix
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Vision: Augment & Scale Expertise
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Cognitive Assistants - Occupations
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Biochemist/Biochemical Engineer
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Occupations = Many Tasks
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Watson Discovery Advisor
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Simonite, T. 2014. Software Mines Science Papers to Make New Discoveries. MIT. November 25, 2014.
URL: http://m.technologyreview.com/news/520461/software-mines-science-papers-to-make-new-discoveries/

User Models
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New Era of Computing:
Cognitive Technologies & Componentry
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 Natural Language
– Reasoning, Logic & Planning
– Symbolic Processing
– Natural Language Processing
– Ranking of Hypotheses
– Knowledge Representations
– Domain-Specific Ontologies
– Information Storage/Retrieval
– Machine Learning, Reasoning
– Von Neumann Componentry
– OpenPOWER Systems
 Pattern Recognition
– Recognition, Sensing & Acting
– Pattern Processing
– Image & Speech Processing
– Ranking of Hypotheses
– Pattern Representations
– Domain-Specific Neural Nets
– Information Storage/Retrieval
– Machine Learning, Perception
– Neuromorphic Componentry
– TrueNorth & Corelets Systems
AI for IA:
Intelligence
Augmentation
Cognitive Systems
(“Cogs”) that boost
learning,
discovery,
engagement,
transformation, and
long-range planning.
Cognition as a Service
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Watson Platform on BlueMix
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CSIG: Cognitive Systems Institute Group
 LinkedIn discussion
 Cognitive-Systems-Institute-6729452
 Web site for resource
sharing
 cognitive-science.info
 Bluemix
 ibm.biz/HackBluemix
 ibm.biz/LearnBluemix
 $0.07 per GB-Hour (*)
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* = check online for current pricing info

Smarter Service Systems Workshop
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National Science Foundation
A feature of a service system is the
participation and cooperation of the customer
in the service and its delivery. A service system
then requires an integration of knowledge and
technologies from a range of disciplines, often
including engineering, computer science, social
science, behavioral science, and cognitive
science, paired with market knowledge to
increase its social benefit.
Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno
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Future Research Directions
• “The CSIG Algorithm”
• Cognitive Assistants for
Policy Maker
– “Debater” is coming
– Objective functions for
other entities
• Wise/Wisdom
Computing Needs:
– Literature review
– Roadmap of steps
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Source http://www.linkedin/group/Cognitive-Systems-Institute-6729452

Literature Review
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Related Work: Steve Omohundro
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Source http://www.parc.com/event/2127/ai-and-robotics-at-an-inflection-point.html

Join ISSIP.org
Professional Development for Smart Service System Innovators
• 2015 Conferences
– HICSS, Honolulu, HI, Jan 5-8
– T Summit, E Lansing, MI, Mar 16-17
– ICSERV,San Jose, CA July 6-8
– Frontiers, San Jose, CA July 9-12
– AHFE HSSE,Las Vegas, NV July 23-27
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IBM operates in 170 countries
around the globe
Acquisitions contribute significantly
to IBM’s growth ; ~120 acquisitions in
last decade
Number 1 in patent
generation for more
than two decades
More than 40% of IBMs
workforce does
business away from an
office
5 Nobel Laureates10 time winner of the
President’s National
Medal of Technology &
Innovation – latest for
LASIK laser refractive
surgical techniques
The Smartest Machine On Earth
100 Years of Business &
Innovation in 2011
New Era in IBM’s Leadership
IBM Growth Initiatives
IBM has
~400,000
employees
worldwide

Jim Spohrer, IBM
• Dr. James (“Jim”) C. Spohrer is Director IBM Global University
Programs and leads IBM’s Cognitive Systems Institute. The
Cognitive Systems Institute works to align cognitive systems
researchers in academics, government, and industry globally to
improve productivity and creativity of problem-solving
professionals, transforming learning, discovery, and sustainable
development. IBM University Programs works to align IBM and
universities globally for innovation amplification and T-shaped
skills. Jim co-founded IBM’s first Service Research group, ISSIP
Service Science community, and was founding CTO of IBM’s
Venture Capital Relations Group in Silicon Valley. He was awarded
Apple Computers’ Distinguished Engineer Scientist and
Technology title for his work on next generation learning
platforms. Jim has a Yale PhD in Computer Science/Artificial
Intelligence and MIT BS in Physics. His research priorities include
service science, cognitive systems for smart holistic service
systems, especially universities and cities. With over ninety
publications and nine patents, he is also a PICMET Fellow and a
winner of the S-D Logic award.
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Professional Roles
• Director Global University Programs and Cognitive Systems Institute (2014 - )
– http://cognitive-science.info
– Cognitive Assistants for all occupations in smart service systems
• Director IBM Global University Programs (2009 – 2014)
– http://www.ibm.com/university
– 6 R’s - research, readiness, recruiting, revenue, responsibility, regions)
– Universities as “smarter service systems” and startup engines of their regions
• Founding Director of IBM’s first Service Research group (2003 - 2009)
– http://www.service-science.info
– Service Science (short for Service Science Management Engineering Design Arts Public Policy)
– http://www.issip.org
– International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP)
• Founding CTO of IBM’s Venture Capital Relations Group (1999-2002)
• Apple Computer’s (Distinguished Engineer Scientist and Technologist) award (90’s)
• Student: Ph.D. Computer Science/Artificial Intelligence from Yale University (80’s)
• Researcher: Dialogue Systems/VERBEX – Speech Recognition Startup (1978-1982)
• Student: B.S. in Physics from MIT (1974-1978)
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Measuring Impact (2003-2009)
• SSME: IBM Icon of Progress & IBM Research Outstanding Accomplishment
– Internal 10x return: CBM, IDG, SDM Pricing & Costing, BIW COBRA, SIMPLE, IoFT, Fringe, VCR
• Key was tools to model customers & IBM better
• Also tools to shift routine physical, mental, interactional & identify synergistic new ventures
• Alignment with Smarter Planet & Analytics (instrumented, interconnected, intelligent)
• Alignment with Smarter Cities, Smarter Campus, Smarter Buildings (Holistic Service Systems)
– External: More than $1B in national investments in Service Innovation activities
– External: Increase conferences, journals, and publications
– External: Service Science SIGs in Professional Associations
– External: Course & Program Guidelines for T-shaped Professionals, 500+ institutions
– External: National Service Science Institutions, Books & Case Studies (Open Services Innovation)
– External: International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP)
• Service Research, a Portfolio Approach
– 1. Improve existing offerings (value propositions that can move the needle on KPI’s)
– 2. Create new offerings (for old and new customers)
– 3. Improve outcomes insourcing, outsourcing, acquisitions, divestitures (interconnect-fission-fusion)
– 4. For all three of the above, improve customer/partner capabilities (ratchet each other up)
– 5. For all four of the above, increase patents and service IP assets (some donated to open forums)
– 6. For all five of the above, increase publications and body-of-knowledge (professional associations)
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