Diego M. Alfonso, an Aviation Safety Inspector, gave a presentation on the roles of Certified Flight Instructors (CFIs) in learning, teaching, and evaluating students. The objectives were to improve flight instruction quality and reduce accidents. Alfonso discussed how CFIs should analyze their teaching methods and focus on teaching fundamentals and developing good pilot habits in students. CFIs were advised to evaluate students to ensure they have reached a high level of understanding before signing them off. Alfonso provided several rules for CFIs, including teaching basics without relying on experience, coaching students rather than doing maneuvers for them, and ensuring the student's goal is independence.

1. Federal Aviation
Administration
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SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Federal Aviation
Administration
PRESENTED BY: Diego M. Alfonso
Aviation Safety Inspector
Orlando Flight Standards District Office
THE CFI ROLES
Learning, Teaching and
Evaluating

2. Federal Aviation
Administration
2
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
TODAY’S DISCUSSION
• OBJECTIVE
• STUDENTS AND CFI’S LEARNING AND TEACHING
HABITS.
• CFI’S PROPER EVALUATION OF STUDENTS (P.I.T.)
• REVIEW
• QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

3. Federal Aviation
Administration
3
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
• Help improve the knowledge and proficiency level of
students, pilots and ground/flight instructors.
• Improve the quality of flight training within the CFI
community and flight schools.
• Increase awareness among flight instructors of our
instructional responsibilities.
• Significantly help reduce the number of flight training
incidents and accidents.

4. Federal Aviation
Administration
4
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER
STARTED JUST LIKE YOUSTARTED JUST LIKE YOU
LOST AND BEHINDLOST AND BEHIND
I RESPECT THE CFI/CFI TO BEI RESPECT THE CFI/CFI TO BE
FAA RECOMMENDATIONS/REGULATIONS VS OPINIONSFAA RECOMMENDATIONS/REGULATIONS VS OPINIONS
I WILL NOT DISCUSS THE MERITS OF MY OPINIONSI WILL NOT DISCUSS THE MERITS OF MY OPINIONS

5. Federal Aviation
Administration
5
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
AS A PILOTAS A PILOT
AS A GROUND/FLIGHT INSTRUCTORAS A GROUND/FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR
AS A PILOT EXAMINERAS A PILOT EXAMINER

6. Federal Aviation
Administration
6
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Diego M AlfonsoDiego M Alfonso
407-812-7736407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.govdiego.m.alfonso@faa.gov

7. Federal Aviation
Administration
7
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
FIVE MONKEYS IN A CAGE

8. Federal Aviation
Administration
8
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Because……that's the
way it’s
always
been
around
here…

9. Federal Aviation
Administration
9
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Is this relevant to today’s flight
training?
Are empirical evidence
and or anecdotal
teachings taking place in
flight training today?

10. Federal Aviation
Administration
10
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCEEMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
DERIVED FROM, OR DEPENDING UPONDERIVED FROM, OR DEPENDING UPON
EXPERIENCE OR OBSERVATION ALONE.EXPERIENCE OR OBSERVATION ALONE.
PARROTED EXPLANATIONS.PARROTED EXPLANATIONS.

11. Federal Aviation
Administration
11
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
ANECDOTAL TYPE LEARNINGANECDOTAL TYPE LEARNING
A SHORT ACCOUNT OF ANA SHORT ACCOUNT OF AN
INTERESTING, OFTENINTERESTING, OFTEN
BIOGRAPHICAL INCIDENT.BIOGRAPHICAL INCIDENT.

12. Federal Aviation
Administration
12
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
THIS CREATES FOUR BADTHIS CREATES FOUR BAD
SITUATIONSSITUATIONS
IT PREVENTS US FROM LEARNING WHAT WE
NEED TO KNOW WHICH IS USUALLY “BASIC
KNOWLEDGE”.
IT PREVENT US FROM REALIZING WHAT WE
DON’T KNOW.
IT GIVES BIRTH TO AND PERPETUATES
MISCONCEPTIONS.
MAY LEAD US INTO BELIEVING THAT WE DO
KNOW.

13. Federal Aviation
Administration
13
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
•TEACHING WHAT WE WERE TAUGHT
WITHOUT VERIFICATION.
THE KNOWLEDGE
MISINFORMATION SYNDROME
•THE RED BOOK.
•100 HOUR INSPECTION.

14. Federal Aviation
Administration
14
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN
NAVIGATION.
RADIAL
BEARING
COURSE
TRACK
HEADING
33
30
27
24
3
6
12
15
9
21
18
0
T
HERE IS A HINT

15. Federal Aviation
Administration
15
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
WHY?
WHERE CAN I READ IT?
THE TWO MOST IMPORTANT
QUESTIONS IN OUR BUSINESS?
THE ANSWER TO THESE QUESTIONS WILLTHE ANSWER TO THESE QUESTIONS WILL
BRING US CLOSER TO THEBRING US CLOSER TO THE
CORRELATION LEVELCORRELATION LEVEL..

16. Federal Aviation
Administration
16
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
•TEACHING HOW WE WERE TAUGHT.
THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTING
MISINFORMATION SYNDROME
•TEACHING HOW WE FLY. (UNLESS)
DRIVERS VS CFIs.

17. Federal Aviation
Administration
17
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
TEACHING
AND OR INSTRUCTING.
ANALYZE WHAT YOU ARE TEACHING.
DETERMINE WHY YOU ARE TEACHING IT.
HOW ARE YOU GOING TO TEACH IT?
SPINS

18. Federal Aviation
Administration
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SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
TURNING DURING SLOW FLIGHT.
WHAT MAXIMUM ANGLE OF BANK SHOULD BE
USED?
HERE IS A HINT.
IS NOT SHALLOW.
TEACHING
AND OR INSTRUCTING.

19. AC 61-21

20. Federal Aviation
Administration
20
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
CAN YOU DEFINE SHALLOWSHALLOW BANK TURNS?
CAN YOU DEFINE MEDIUMMEDIUM BANK TURNS?
CAN YOU DEFINE STEEP BANKSTEEP BANK TURNS?
FAA-H-8083-3A A F H Definitions
FAA-H-8083-3A A F H Medium turns
P T S Slow Flight Task

21. Federal Aviation
Administration
21
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
THINGS WE LEARN DURING
SF/MMA.
AIRCRAFT REACTION TO EXTENDING AND
RETRACTING FLAPS AND GEAR AT SLOW
AIRSPEEDS.
WHAT A GO AROUND FROM A FLARE FEELS
LIKE.
HOW THE AIRPLANE BEHAVES FROM CRUISE
TO STALL.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SLOW FLIGHT AND
MINIMUM MANEUVERING AIRSPEED.

22. Federal Aviation
Administration
22
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RADIUS AND RATE OF TURN.
AIRPLANE LANDING ATTITUDE.
REACTING TO AERODYNAMIC FORCES.
THE MOST IMPORTANT MANEUVER
THINGS WE LEARN DURING
SF/MMA. (CONT)

23. Federal Aviation
Administration
23
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
HOW ABOUT
“THE EIGHT BASICS” ?
STRAIGHT AND LEVEL
TURNS
CLIMB
DESCENT
ALTITUDE
HAVE YOU EVER HEARD THE EXPRESSION
“THE FOUR BASICS” ?
YOU HAVE MASTER THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PITCH
POWER
TURNING TENDENCIES
ANGLE OF ATTACK
LOAD FACTOR.

24. Federal Aviation
Administration
24
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
LEARNING TO FLY INSTRUMENT
VIEW LIMITING DEVISE
VISUALIZATION
APPROACH SEGMENTS
2 MOST IMPORTANT THINGS IN INSTRUMENT FLYING
THE NEXT TWO THINGS

25. Federal Aviation
Administration
25
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
EVALUATING.
3 DIFFERENT STANDARDS3 DIFFERENT STANDARDS
•Training StandardsTraining Standards
•Personal StandardsPersonal Standards
•Evaluation StandardsEvaluation Standards

26. Federal Aviation
Administration
26
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
TO WHAT LEVEL OF LEARNING MUST WETO WHAT LEVEL OF LEARNING MUST WE
EVALUATE?EVALUATE?
HOW DO YOU KNOW THE STUDENT HAS BEENHOW DO YOU KNOW THE STUDENT HAS BEEN
TRAINED TO THE CORRELATION LEVEL?TRAINED TO THE CORRELATION LEVEL?
THE MOCK CHECKRIDESTHE MOCK CHECKRIDES

27. Emergency procedures
Airspace
PIC Responsibilities
Decision Making
Judgment
Systems Malfunctions
Light gun signals
Electrical Smoke
Master ON smoke again
Master & Elec systems Off
Passenger sick
What are the options?
Master OFF again
No radio procedures
Declare an emergency?
Where would you go?
Chart depiction intrepetation

28. Federal Aviation
Administration
28
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
CHECKRIDE DEFINITION IN TWO
WORDS.
ERROR MANAGEMENT.

29. Federal Aviation
Administration
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SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
REVIEW

30. Federal Aviation
Administration
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SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T ANSWER A
CORRELATIVE QUESTION & I’LL SHOW YOU A
PILOT THAT DOESN’T KNOW AND/OR
UNDERSTANDS THE SUBJECT MATTER AREA.
MY MOTTO
SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T PERFORM A
PROCEDURE OR MANEUVER, & I’LL SHOW YOU
A PILOT THAT DOESN’T KNOW AND/OR
UNDERSTANDS THE ELEMENTS OF THE TASK
AND/OR LACKS PROFICIENCY.

31. Federal Aviation
Administration
31
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
85 % KNOWING
THE FORMULA FOR FLYING
15 % DOING
15 % KNOWING
85 % DOING
THE EYE CAN’T SEE WHAT THE MIND DOES NOT
KNOW.
OR CAN’T REMEMBER.
DR. JUDY WALL

32. Federal Aviation
Administration
32
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
LINK IN OUR INDUSTRY?
THE STUDENT PILOT.

33. Federal Aviation
Administration
33
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
WHAT IS THE SECOND MOST
IMPORTANT LINK IN OUR
INDUSTRY?
THE CFI.

34. Federal Aviation
Administration
34
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
FLIGHT INSTRUCTION MUST NOT BE THE BY-
PRODUCT OF BUILDING FLIGHT HOURS.
BUILDING FLIGHT HOURS MUST BE THE BY-
PRODUCT OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTION.
Diego M. Alfonso
GOING THE EXTRA MILE
RULE # 1RULE # 1
YOU’LL NEVER KNOW HOW FAR YOURYOU’LL NEVER KNOW HOW FAR YOUR
STUDENT WILL GO.STUDENT WILL GO.

35. Federal Aviation
Administration
35
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
DO NOT TEACH ANYTHING UNLESS YOU’VE
READ IT AND UNDERSTOOD IT FIRST .
RULE # 2RULE # 2
TEACHING PER PTS

36. Federal Aviation
Administration
36
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RULE # 3RULE # 3
MUST TEACH THE BASICSMUST TEACH THE BASICS
NO EXPERIENCENO EXPERIENCE
FEEL FOR FLYINGFEEL FOR FLYING

37. Federal Aviation
Administration
37
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RULE # 4RULE # 4
TEACH AS MANY GOOD HABITS AS POSSIBLETEACH AS MANY GOOD HABITS AS POSSIBLE
TEACHING JUDGMENTTEACHING JUDGMENT
JUDGMENT IS THE EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE
IN THE MAKING OF A DECISION.

38. Federal Aviation
Administration
38
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RULE # 5RULE # 5
THE CFI’S ROLE IN THE AIRPLANE IS:THE CFI’S ROLE IN THE AIRPLANE IS:
A COACHA COACH

39. Federal Aviation
Administration
39
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RULE # 6RULE # 6
THE GOAL OF A CFI IS:
TO DO NOTHING

40. Federal Aviation
Administration
40
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
RULE # 7RULE # 7
THE STUDENT’S GOAL IS TO:THE STUDENT’S GOAL IS TO:
KILL THE CFIKILL THE CFI

41. Federal Aviation
Administration
41
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
IN CLOSINGIN CLOSING

42. Federal Aviation
Administration
42
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
MAKE SURE OUR JUDGMENT PROCESS ALWAYS SHOWMAKE SURE OUR JUDGMENT PROCESS ALWAYS SHOW
THREE GREENTHREE GREEN
AND PREVENT THE HINGES OF OUR PROFICIENCY FROMAND PREVENT THE HINGES OF OUR PROFICIENCY FROM
RUSTING IN PLACERUSTING IN PLACE
WE MUST KEEP THE PROPELLERS OF OUR KNOWLEDGEWE MUST KEEP THE PROPELLERS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE
ALWAYS SPINNINGALWAYS SPINNING
AND OUR BEAUTIFUL WINGS WILL NEVER LOOSE AAND OUR BEAUTIFUL WINGS WILL NEVER LOOSE A
FEATHER.FEATHER.
ALWAYS PLENTY OF FUEL FOR THE MISSIONALWAYS PLENTY OF FUEL FOR THE MISSION
ALWAYS C A V U WX COMPATIBLE WITH OUR EXP AND LIM.ALWAYS C A V U WX COMPATIBLE WITH OUR EXP AND LIM.
VERY STRONG TAIL WINDSVERY STRONG TAIL WINDS
BY FOLLOWING THESE STEPS ALL OUR MISSIONS WILL BEBY FOLLOWING THESE STEPS ALL OUR MISSIONS WILL BE
COMPLETED SAFELYCOMPLETED SAFELY

43. Federal Aviation
Administration
43
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Diego M AlfonsoDiego M Alfonso
407-812-7736407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.govdiego.m.alfonso@faa.gov

44. Federal Aviation
Administration
44
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
Questions?

45. WHAT KIND OF TOOL IS THE PTS?
AN EVALUATION TOOL
HOW SHOULD IT BE USED?
BY THE INSTRUCTOR
BY THE P I T
BY THE EXAMINER

46. Federal Aviation
Administration
46
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
2012

47. Federal Aviation
Administration
47
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov

48. Federal Aviation
Administration
48
SUN and FUN, Lakeland, Florida
March 29, 2012
407-812-7736
diego.m.alfonso@faa.gov
•BEARING- The horizontal direction to or from any point,
usually measured clockwise from true north, magnetic north,
or some other reference point through 360 degrees.
•BEARING- The angle between two imaginary fixed reference
lines measured clockwise.
he longitudinal axis of the
•RELATIVE BEARING- in this case the secondary imaginary
line point to an object. In our world the object is an NDB
station.
•MAGNETIC BEARING- in this case the secondary imaginary
line point to MAGNETIC North.
•TRUE BEARING- The angle between two imaginary fixed
reference one line points to True North and the other one
points to some other reference on a map or chart.