1. F (Democritus) F F F F
F F F F F F " "(atom)
F (atomas) F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F
(Atomic model) F F
F F F F
F
F F
F F F
1. F F
F F
F F F F
2. F F
F F F F
3. F 1
-
F F
F FF F F F F
F F F (Electrolysis)
F F F F F F F F

2. F F F FF F F F
F F F F
F 10,000 V F F
ZnS F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F F F (e/m) F 1.76 /F
F F F
F F
F FF
- F F F
- F F F F F F F
- F F F F F F
F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F

3. F
F F
F F F
F F
F F F F F /F
p+ F F F
p+ F F
F
F F F
F F
F F F F F F F F F F
(α, ) F F
F F
F
• F F F F
• F F
• F F F

4. - F F F FF F F
- F F F F F F
- F F F F F F
F F F FF F F
F
F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F 2 F F F F
F F F F
F F F F (α, )
F F F F
F
1. Electron (e ) F .
2. Proton (p ) F ..
3. Neutron (n) F ..

5. F 3
F (Kg)
e
proton p 1836 +1
neutron n 1836 0 0
electron e 1 -1
F F =
(Z) =
F
(A) =
(Isotopes)
F F F F
(Isotones)
F F F F F
(Isobars)
F
F F F F F
F
F F F F

6. 2
F (Kg) e
proton p ..................... 1836 ............................ +1
neutron n ...................... 1836 .......................... 0
electron e ...................... 1 .......................... -1
1. 1 ..................................
10-2 ....................................
10-3 ....................................
2. ............................................
.....................................
3. F F e/m F F F
F F F F F F
F F
. . 1,060 . . 941
4. , F
-1
.............. ................ ..............
................ ................. ...............
............... ............... ............
-1 -1
............... ................ ...............
................ ................ ...............
............... .............. .............
2+
............... ............... ..............
................ ................ ...............
............. ............. ............

7. 2+
5. F F ..
.
2+
.
-1 3-
..
5. F F F
1) 18 22 .....................
2) F F 30 2 .........................
3) A3+ F 35 F 82.........................................
4) X 5 F
12 F .....................................
5) 40 91 38 ...................................
6. F F F
..............................
................................
F .................................
=∑
7. 31.972, 31.971, 33.978 35.967 F
95.01%, 0.76%, 4.22% 0.01%
8. X F 51.7 F X F 2 F 50 52
X 50 F F
9. 3 F 2 F
F

8. 3 ,
λν = C E = hν E=
E(J) =
E F (J)
h F F F Js
1. F F F
A= J B= J C= J D= J
..................................................................
.............................................................................
2. F 410 nm F ...................................
Hz F ...........................
KJ F F .......................
3. A F F J F Hz
4. F F nm Hz
5. a c F F
F F 400 nm F c b F
F 600 nm F a b
F F F F 1012 Hz (250)

9. 4
F
1. F
Li
3 .. 2 He
11 Na .. . 10 Ne ...
19 K . 18 Ar
37 Rb 36 Kr
55 Cs . 54 Xe ..
87 Fr .. 86 Rn ..
2. F F F
. . .
. .
3. F F
A
20 12B 54C 18 D 49 E 35 F
.......................................................................................................................................................

10. 5
1. A
120 pm
186 pm
............................ A ........................................... ..................................
Br...................... .................... F ............... Na ...
2. Br Br-Cl = 214 pm
Cl-Cl = 199 pm
3. F IE1 IE5 S
4. F IE4 K+ K2+
5.
(I) X(S) X(g)
(II) X(g) X+(g) + e-
(III) X(g) X2+(g) + e-
F IE2 F ............................................................

11. 6. F (MJ/mol) X
1.470, 3.951, 6.711, 8.249, 11.411, 14.404, 17.959, 100.040, 111.523
X .......................................
X F F .............................
X F ....................................................
X .F ......................... .................................
7. 11Na 12Mg Al
13 14Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl
F IE1 .................................
Al Si IE4 ......................
8. A F
A ...........................
A F ...........................
A F .F .......................... ......................
A ...............................
IE3 A
9. F EN F
3 A B
7 9C D
19 .
F
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