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Civil Rights
 Positive acts of government
      that seek to make
 constitutional guarantees a
   reality for all people….
No discrimination on basis of
race, sex, religious belief, etc.
      Civil Rights Acts
    Voting Amendments
social reality




Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had
  to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks
 could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote.
Literacy Test: You had to prove you could
  read and write before you could vote….
  Once again, most poor Blacks were not
                 literate.
 Grandfather clause: If your grandfather
 voted in the 1864 election than you could
vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so
            you couldn’t vote….
 Crime for any individual to deny full equal
  use of public facilities and public places.
     Prohibited discrimination in jury
                  selection.
      Shortcoming   lacked a strong
         enforcement mechanism.
  No new   civil rights act was attempted or
                    90 years!
The Struggle for African
  American Suffrage
  African American Vote After Slavery

      1865               1900s-1940s Jim Crow
  Civil War ends                                             1950s-1960s
                           laws prevent African               Civil Rights
  Reconstruction
                          Americans from voting             movement begins.
      begins


                       1870s
                   Reconstruction
                     ends. 15th
                    Amendment           Plessy vs
                                     Ferguson effected
                                      social equality for
                                       Black Americans
                                     from 1896 to 1960’s
Which way will the scale tip?   Social equality vs. legal equality
social reality




    Plessy vs.
 Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court legalized
segregation throughout
      the nation.
  •“Separate but Equal”
     as long as public
   facilities were equal
     •Problem: Black
  facilities never equal
    to White facilities
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896

                US would be
                segregated
                 until the
                  1960’s.
Booker T. Washington
  How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
               Southern Perspective
                      •Former slave
            •Wrote a book/Up From Slavery
         •Don’t confront segregation head on
•Before you are considered equal in society--must be
          self sufficient like most Americans
 •Stressed vocational education for Black Americans
      •Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency
            •Founder of Tuskegee Institute
Freedmen’s
 Bureau 4
W.E.B. Dubois
How do Black Americans overcome segregation?
             Northern Perspective

 • Fought for immediate Black equality in society
  • Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the
talented Black population be placed into the “power
                     positions”
 • Gain equality by breaking into power structure
                • Founder of NAACP
     National Association for the Advancement of
                    Colored People
H oye civil rights
Improving Conditions for
    African Americans
Lynching – Ida Wells – The Red Record.
South’s Backlash1




Lynchings of
Whites/Blacks



                0 to 20
                20 to 60
                60 to 100
                100 to 200
                200 or more
Lynching took the place of “the
 merry-go-round, the theatre,
 symphony orchestra” (H.L. Mencken)
   For which crime was someone
             lynched?
 For illegal crimes, such as murder, rape, or theft
 But also, people were lynched for insulting a white
 person, buying a car…
 Or even, especially if it was a black lynching, for no
 crime at all. Just to remind blacks to stay in their
 place.
Marion, Indiana -- 1930
December 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42 yr. old
                Black woman was ordered by a
             Montgomery bus driver to give up her
                   seat to white passengers.


•Refused, arrested and fined
  $10 for sitting in the white
            section.
    •Blacks refused to ride
   buses until the law was
           changed.
 •Begins the Civil Rights Era
  as a national movement to
   bring about equality for
       Black Americans.          Rosa parks
Rosa
                                                     parks



                           •Rosa Parks case led to the
                        Montgomery Bus Boycott against
                          segregation on public buses.
                         •Led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
                      •Montgomery City Government ended
                                  segregation.

Martin Luther King, Jr.
  •Leader for Black Civil Rights
          •End Jim Crow
       •Promote integration
      •Increase voting rights
  •Bring about a true democracy
 •Rights deprived since Civil War
Montgomery Bus Boycott
                On December 5, 1955,
                through the rain, the
                African Americans in
                Montgomery began to
                boycott the busses.
                40,000 Black commuters
                walked to work, some as
                far as twenty miles.
                The boycott lasted 382
                days.
                The bus companies
                finances struggled.
                Until the law that called
                for segregation on
                busses was finally lifted.
MLK: Career As A Leader
         In 1955 he became involved in The
         Montgomery Bus Boycott. The
         Boycott was the start to his
         incredible career as the most
         famous leader of the Civil Rights
         movement.
         He went on to deliver numerous
         powerful speeches promoting
         peace and desegregation.
         During The March On
         Washington he delivered one of
         the most famous speeches of 20th
         century titled, “I Have A Dream”
         Before he was assassinated in
         1968, he won the Nobel Peace
         Prize.
Letter From a Birmingham Jail
               King, wrote the letter after being
               arrested at a peaceful protest in
               Birmingham, Alabama.
                 The letter was in response to a
                  letter sent to him by eight Alabama
                  Clergymen called, “A Call For
                  Unity.”
                The men recognized that
                  injustices were occurring
                  in Birmingham but
                  believed that the battles
                  for freedom should be
                  fought in the courtroom in
                  not in the streets.
Public School Segregation BEFORE BrownV.Board
April 4, 1961: A
single, dangling
light bulb and a
coal-burning
stove show the
conditions at
some black
schools in
Jefferson
County.
Birmingham
schools were not
integrated until
September 1963.
Birmingham News, First
Published Feb 2006
Brown vs. Board of Education,
                        Topeka, Kansas
             May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v.
                  Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine.

      Segregation of children in public schools on the basis
                  of race was unconstitutional and discrimination.

                     States ordered to integrate their schools.
Brown vs. board
little rock




 •Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the
       first high school in the South to integrate.
   •1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to
accompany the nine black students attending an all white
                      high school...
EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS
                   MOVEMENT
                       Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
                        – “Little Rock Nine”




Little Rock-white student yelling at Elizabeth
Eckford, September 4, 1957
(Wide World)
Members of the Civil Rights Movement used
a variety of methods to get results. These
included practicing non-violence and passive
   resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom
  rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King.
                                     civil rights
“SIT IN”
 1980, Greensboro,
NC sit in at a
Woolworth’s lunch
counter
 Blacks were not
allowed to sit a the
counter because of
Jim Crow laws.
GREENSBORO SIT-INS (1960)
FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of
1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses
 bound for the South to register African Americans civil rights
                                                     to vote.
The Freedom Rides
 The Purpose of the Freedom Rides
                                           Violence Greets the Riders
 • The 1960 Supreme Court case
    Boynton v. Virginia expanded the       • Although the freedom riders
    earlier ban on bus segregation to          expected confrontation, the violence
    include bus stations and restaurants       which greeted a bus in Anniston,
    that served interstate travelers.          Alabama, was more than they had
                                               anticipated.
 • In 1961, CORE and SNCC
    organized the Freedom Rides to         • A heavily armed white mob disabled
    test southern compliance with this         the bus and then set it on fire. As
    ruling.                                    riders escaped from the bus, they
                                               were beaten by the mob.



•Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally been opposed
to lending federal support to the Freedom Rides. However, he
later sent federal marshals to protect the riders.
•Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission
to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation. The Justice
Department began to sue communities that did not comply.
FREEDOM
 RIDERS
May 24-25, 1961: National Guard troops protect a Trailways bus near the Mississippi
state line as it travels from Montgomery to Jackson on Highway 80. The troops were
  called out after prolonged violence in Montgomery. Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006
                                                                   Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.
•August of 1963, Civil
   Rights March on
  Washington, Martin
Luther King gives his “I
Have a Dream Speech”.
•Considered to be one of
  the best speeches in
    American History.
civil rights
I Have A Dream Speech (cont.)
         The powerful words of Martin Luther King Jr.
           “I have a dream that one day this nation will
            rise up and live out the true meaning of its
            creed: - 'We hold these truths to be self-
            evident, that all men are created equal.’”
           “I have a dream that my four little children
            will one day live in a nation where they will
            not be judged by the color of their skin but by
            the content of their character.”
           “black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,
            Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join
            hands and sing in the words of the old Negro
            spiritual: "Free at last! Free at last! Thank
            God Almighty, we are free at last!"
•March from
                        Selma, Alabama
                        to Montgomery,
                           Alabama to
                           register to
                             vote…..
                        •Two marches:
                        • March 3, 1965,
                         1st march was
                         unsuccessful.

March 15, 1965, President Johnson
 introduced the Voting Rights Act.
March 21, 1965, MLK
                        led a 2nd march from
                               Selma to
                            Montgomery.
                         President Johnson
                         sent in the National
                          Guard to protect
                              marchers.
                            Successful in
                          registering 3200
                         African Americans.

August 1965, President Johnson signed into
        law the Voting Rights Act.
African-American
                                 Civil Rights Law

                                      Abolished the use of voter
                      Civil Rights     registration or a literacy
                      Act of 1964
                                     requirement to discriminate
                                          against any voter.
•President Johnson
   meeting MLK           24th
  discussing Civil      Amend
      Rights.            ment           Banned the poll tax.
                        (1964)
•President Johnson’s
   support of Civil
     Rights was        Voting          Banned literacy tests in
   continuation of     Rights        counties where over half of
President Kennedy’s Act of 1965        eligible voters had been
stand on Civil Rights.                     disenfranchised.
                                                        civil rights
Malcolm X
X Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was
  the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks
  to stand up for their rights.
X His father was killed by White Supremacist in
  Michigan, in 1931.
X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he
  became involved in gambling, drug dealing and
  robbery.
X Malcolm Was Arrested at the age
  of 20 for armed robbery. In jail
  he studied the teaching of the
  Elijah Muhammad.
Malcolm X: The Activist

         X To his admirers, he was a
           courageous advocate for the
           rights of African Americans, a
           man who indicted white
           America in the harshest terms
           for its crimes against black
           Americans.
         X His critics accused him of
           preaching racism, black
           supremacy, antisemitism, and
           violence.
Malcolm X Speaks, 1965
X “Be peaceful, be
  courteous, obey the law,
  respect everyone; but if
  someone puts his hand
  on you, send him to the
  cemetery.”
X “Nobody can give you
  freedom. Nobody can
  give you equality or
  justice or anything. If
  you're a man, you take
  it.”
X “You can't separate peace
  from freedom because no
  one can be at peace
  unless he has his
  freedom.”
Black Panther Party




 U.S. African American Militant group.
 Founded in 1966 in Oakland.
 Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
 Believed violent revolution was the only
 way to receive freedom.
 Urged African Americans to arm
 themselves.
The Violent Panthers
         In the late 60’s party
         leaders got involved in
         violent confrontations
         with the police.
           The results was death on
            both sides.
         Huey Newton was tried
         in 1967 for killing a
         police officer.
         Black Panther activist
         Bobby Seale, was a
         member of the Chicago
         Eight.
           A group of eight people
            who disrupted the 1968
            Democratic convention.

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H oye civil rights

  • 1. Civil Rights Positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people…. No discrimination on basis of race, sex, religious belief, etc. Civil Rights Acts Voting Amendments
  • 2. social reality Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote. Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate. Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….
  • 3.  Crime for any individual to deny full equal use of public facilities and public places.  Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.  Shortcoming  lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.  No new civil rights act was attempted or 90 years!
  • 4. The Struggle for African American Suffrage African American Vote After Slavery 1865 1900s-1940s Jim Crow Civil War ends 1950s-1960s laws prevent African Civil Rights Reconstruction Americans from voting movement begins. begins 1870s Reconstruction ends. 15th Amendment Plessy vs Ferguson effected social equality for Black Americans from 1896 to 1960’s
  • 5. Which way will the scale tip? Social equality vs. legal equality
  • 6. social reality Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court legalized segregation throughout the nation. •“Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities were equal •Problem: Black facilities never equal to White facilities
  • 7. Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 US would be segregated until the 1960’s.
  • 8. Booker T. Washington How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Southern Perspective •Former slave •Wrote a book/Up From Slavery •Don’t confront segregation head on •Before you are considered equal in society--must be self sufficient like most Americans •Stressed vocational education for Black Americans •Gradualism and economic self-sufficiency •Founder of Tuskegee Institute
  • 10. W.E.B. Dubois How do Black Americans overcome segregation? Northern Perspective • Fought for immediate Black equality in society • Talented 10%: Demanded the top 10% of the talented Black population be placed into the “power positions” • Gain equality by breaking into power structure • Founder of NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  • 12. Improving Conditions for African Americans Lynching – Ida Wells – The Red Record.
  • 13. South’s Backlash1 Lynchings of Whites/Blacks 0 to 20 20 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 200 200 or more
  • 14. Lynching took the place of “the merry-go-round, the theatre, symphony orchestra” (H.L. Mencken) For which crime was someone lynched? For illegal crimes, such as murder, rape, or theft But also, people were lynched for insulting a white person, buying a car… Or even, especially if it was a black lynching, for no crime at all. Just to remind blacks to stay in their place.
  • 16. December 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42 yr. old Black woman was ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her seat to white passengers. •Refused, arrested and fined $10 for sitting in the white section. •Blacks refused to ride buses until the law was changed. •Begins the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality for Black Americans. Rosa parks
  • 17. Rosa parks •Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses. •Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. •Montgomery City Government ended segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. •Leader for Black Civil Rights •End Jim Crow •Promote integration •Increase voting rights •Bring about a true democracy •Rights deprived since Civil War
  • 18. Montgomery Bus Boycott On December 5, 1955, through the rain, the African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses. 40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles. The boycott lasted 382 days. The bus companies finances struggled. Until the law that called for segregation on busses was finally lifted.
  • 19. MLK: Career As A Leader In 1955 he became involved in The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement. He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation. During The March On Washington he delivered one of the most famous speeches of 20th century titled, “I Have A Dream” Before he was assassinated in 1968, he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
  • 20. Letter From a Birmingham Jail King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama.  The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.”  The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets.
  • 21. Public School Segregation BEFORE BrownV.Board
  • 22. April 4, 1961: A single, dangling light bulb and a coal-burning stove show the conditions at some black schools in Jefferson County. Birmingham schools were not integrated until September 1963. Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006
  • 23. Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas May 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the "separate but equal" doctrine. Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and discrimination. States ordered to integrate their schools. Brown vs. board
  • 24. little rock •Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to integrate. •1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nine black students attending an all white high school...
  • 25. EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Central High School, Little Rock (1957) – “Little Rock Nine” Little Rock-white student yelling at Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, 1957 (Wide World)
  • 26. Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of methods to get results. These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr. King. civil rights
  • 27. “SIT IN” 1980, Greensboro, NC sit in at a Woolworth’s lunch counter Blacks were not allowed to sit a the counter because of Jim Crow laws.
  • 29. FREEDOM SUMMERS AND RIDERS During the summers of 1961 to 1964, groups of Civil Rights activists boarded buses bound for the South to register African Americans civil rights to vote.
  • 30. The Freedom Rides The Purpose of the Freedom Rides Violence Greets the Riders • The 1960 Supreme Court case Boynton v. Virginia expanded the • Although the freedom riders earlier ban on bus segregation to expected confrontation, the violence include bus stations and restaurants which greeted a bus in Anniston, that served interstate travelers. Alabama, was more than they had anticipated. • In 1961, CORE and SNCC organized the Freedom Rides to • A heavily armed white mob disabled test southern compliance with this the bus and then set it on fire. As ruling. riders escaped from the bus, they were beaten by the mob. •Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally been opposed to lending federal support to the Freedom Rides. However, he later sent federal marshals to protect the riders. •Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation. The Justice Department began to sue communities that did not comply.
  • 32. May 24-25, 1961: National Guard troops protect a Trailways bus near the Mississippi state line as it travels from Montgomery to Jackson on Highway 80. The troops were called out after prolonged violence in Montgomery. Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006 Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.
  • 33. •August of 1963, Civil Rights March on Washington, Martin Luther King gives his “I Have a Dream Speech”. •Considered to be one of the best speeches in American History.
  • 35. I Have A Dream Speech (cont.) The powerful words of Martin Luther King Jr.  “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: - 'We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal.’”  “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”  “black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"
  • 36. •March from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to register to vote….. •Two marches: • March 3, 1965, 1st march was unsuccessful. March 15, 1965, President Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act.
  • 37. March 21, 1965, MLK led a 2nd march from Selma to Montgomery. President Johnson sent in the National Guard to protect marchers. Successful in registering 3200 African Americans. August 1965, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights Act.
  • 38. African-American Civil Rights Law Abolished the use of voter Civil Rights registration or a literacy Act of 1964 requirement to discriminate against any voter. •President Johnson meeting MLK 24th discussing Civil Amend Rights. ment Banned the poll tax. (1964) •President Johnson’s support of Civil Rights was Voting Banned literacy tests in continuation of Rights counties where over half of President Kennedy’s Act of 1965 eligible voters had been stand on Civil Rights. disenfranchised. civil rights
  • 39. Malcolm X X Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights. X His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931. X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery. X Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.
  • 40. Malcolm X: The Activist X To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. X His critics accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, antisemitism, and violence.
  • 41. Malcolm X Speaks, 1965 X “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.” X “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.” X “You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.”
  • 42. Black Panther Party U.S. African American Militant group. Founded in 1966 in Oakland. Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom. Urged African Americans to arm themselves.
  • 43. The Violent Panthers In the late 60’s party leaders got involved in violent confrontations with the police.  The results was death on both sides. Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for killing a police officer. Black Panther activist Bobby Seale, was a member of the Chicago Eight.  A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.