1. electricity markets_ Transmission
•Als PPT, PDF herunterladen•
0 gefällt mir•463 views
Empfohlen
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Andere mochten auch
Andere mochten auch (13)
Ähnlich wie 1. electricity markets_ Transmission
Ähnlich wie 1. electricity markets_ Transmission (20)
Mehr von Silvester Van Koten
Mehr von Silvester Van Koten (8)
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)
1. electricity markets_ Transmission
- 1. Economic Policy Energy and the electrical system Silvester van Koten CERGE-EI, Prague Florence School of Regulation LEE, VŠE Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 2. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 3. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 4. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 5. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 6. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 7. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 8. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 9. Florence School of regulation: Transparency award Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 10. Economic Policy Energy and the electrical system Silvester van Koten CERGE-EI, Prague Florence School of Regulation LEE, VŠE Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 11. The electrical system Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 12. Transmission Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network 1. Line limits 2. Principles of dispatch 3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market and the 2050 carbon targets Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 13. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 14. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 15. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 16. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 17. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 18. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 19. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 20. Power plants Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 21. Distributors Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 22. Transmission Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 23. Industrial consumers Transmission Other countries Distributors Power Plants Residential consumers: Households Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 24. 2. Transmission lines Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 25. September 28th, 2003 Huge blackout cripples Italy! Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 26. Rome’s “white night” Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 27. 110 trains stopped night” Rome’s “white Thousands of people stuck Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 28. Huge blackout cripples Italy! Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 29. Sils-Soazza Tree flashover! “Cross-border transmission lines” Mettlen- “Interconnectors” Lavorgo 03:01 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 30. Sils-Soazza Tree flashover! Mettlen- Lavorgo 03:01 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 31. Sils-Soazza Mettlen- Lavorgo 03:01 03:01-03.16 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 32. The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures TSO= Transmission System Operator 03:11 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 33. Sils-Soazza Tree flashover! Mettlen- Italy reduces Lavorgo import by -300 MW 03:25 03:21 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 34. Sils-Soazza Tree flashover! Mettlen- Lavorgo 03:25 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 35. All interconnectors are automatically disconnected 03:26 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 36. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 37. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 38. 1. Transmission lines limits 2. Dispatch 3. Frequency and synchronicity 4. Transmission shortage in the EU Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 39. Transmission lines limits Sils-Soazza Tree flashover! Mettlen- Lavorgo 03:01 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 40. Transmission lines limits flashover Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 41. Transmission lines limits High voltage Dramatically lowers losses to resistance 1 KV-> 10KV Loss falls to 1% Factor 100 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 42. Transmission lines limits 1 KV-> 100KV Loss falls to 0.01% Factor 10.000 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 43. High voltage Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 44. Line flashover 2 risk factors for line flashover Factor 1: high voltage Factor 2: proximity to other objects (trees) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 45. Transmission lines limits High load Sagging of the line Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 46. Transmission lines limits High load Sagging of the line Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 47. Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 48. Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 49. Thus limit of a line is dependent on - The line itself - air temperature & wind - Maximum allowed sagging - For example, Increase in temperature from 30C to 40C can lower the limit with 10% Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 50. 1. Transmission lines limits 2. Dispatch Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 51. Dispatch Sils-Soazza Mettlen- Lavorgo 03:01 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 52. 2 node network Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 53. Dispatch Net Injection: Injection: 50MW 100MW Injection: 20MW ? A B Withdrawal: Net Withdrawal: 50MW Withdrawal: 70MW 50MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 54. Dispatch Net Injection: 50MW Physical flow: 50MW A B Net Withdrawal: 50MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 55. Dispatch ∆-10MW Net Injection: 50MW 40MW ∆ -10MW Physical flow: 50MW 40MW A B ∆ -10MW Net Withdrawal: 40MW 50MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 56. Dispatch Net Injection: 40MW Physical flow: 40MW A B Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere Net Withdrawal: Any flow is the RESULT of the 40MW injection and withdrawals Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 57. Net Injection: 80MW 40MW Limit: 50MW A B Limit: 50MW 40MW Net Withdraw: 80MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 58. Net Injection: 80MW A B 40MW Net Withdraw: 80MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 59. Net Injection: 80MW A B Limit: 50MW 40MW 80MW Net Withdraw: 80MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 60. Net Apply N-1 security standards Injection: 50MW 40MW 25MW Limit: 50MW A B Limit: 50MW 25MW 40MW Net Withdraw: 50MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 61. Reserve generation of Apply N-1 security standards 30MW available Net Injection: 80MW 40MW (within 15 min) Limit: 50MW A B Limit: 50MW Decrease of 40MW 25MW Net Withdraw: 30MW is possible 80MW (within 15 min) Both lines can have 80MW (15 minuts) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 62. Reserve generation of Apply N-1 security standards 30MW available Net Injection: (within 15 min) 80MW A B Limit: 50MW Decrease of 40MW 25MW 30MW is possible Net Withdraw: (within 15 min) Both lines can 80MW have 80MW (15 minuts) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 63. Apply N-1 security standards Net Injection: 50MW A B Limit: 50MW 50MW 25MW Net Withdraw: 50MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 64. Reserve generation of Apply N-1 security standards 30MW available (within 15 min) A B Limit: 50MW Decrease of 80MW 25MW Both lines can 30MW is possible have 80MW (within 15 min) (15 minuts) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 65. Net Injection: 80MW A B Limit: 50MW 40MW 80MW Net Withdraw: 80MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 66. The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures Dispatch is done by national TSOs 03:11 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 67. 3 node network Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 68. Dispatch with 3 nodes Injection: 120MW 30$/MWh A 80MW 40MW С B 40MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW 30$/MWh Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 69. Limits Injection: 120MW 30$/MWh A 80MW 40MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B 40MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 70. Solution 1: lower injection Injection: 120MW Injection: 60MW 30$/MWh 30$/MWh A 40MW 80MW 30MW 20MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B 30MW 20MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW 60MW 30$/MWh 60MWh is shed! Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 71. Solution 1: Counter flow Injection: 120MW 30$/MWh W A B: M 20 20 B: M W W M A: 80 4 0M A: W Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 40MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW B: 40MW Inject 60 MW Supply of A+B: 180MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 72. Solution 1: Counter flow & Injection: 120MW Injection: 80MW proportional 30$/MWh downturning MM WW A B: B: 2 3 :1 20 10M 3M B:B WW M WW M A: A:40 8503 27MW A:: A M W Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 27 MW A: 40MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW B: 40MW B: 27 MW Inject 60 MW Inject 40 MW Supply of A+B: 120MW Supply of A+B: 180MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 73. Up till 60MW from A no problem Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 74. Limits Injection: 60MW 30$/MWh A A:40MW A:20MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 20MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 75. Limits Injection: 60MW +1 MW 30$/MWh B: + ⅓ MW A A: +⅓ MW A: 40MW A: 20MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 20MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW +1 MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 76. Limits Injection: 60MW +30 MW 30$/MWh B: +10 MW A A:+10 MW A: 40MW A: 20MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 20MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW +30 MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 77. Limits Injection: 90MW 30$/MWh B: 10MW A B: 10 MW A: 60MW A: 30MW Limit: 500MW Limit: 20MW С B A: 30MW 70$/MWh Withdrawal: 120MW B: 20MW +30 MW Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 78. Dispatch Sils-Soazza Mettlen- Italy reduces Lavorgo import by -300 MW 03:25 03:21 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 79. 1. Transmission lines limits 2. Dispatch 3. Frequency and synchronicity Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 80. Frequency and Synchronicity Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 81. Frequency and Synchronicity 50 Hertz Alternating Current (AC) Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 82. Frequency and Synchronicity Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking? Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 83. VID Wednesday 1_ light bulb.divx Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 84. Frequency and Synchronicity 50 Herz is the frequency in Europe Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 85. Frequency and Synchronicity A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall Slight shortage Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 86. Frequency and Synchronicity A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise Slight surplus Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 87. Frequency and Synchronicity http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 88. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 89. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 90. Frequency and Synchronicity http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 91. Russian frequency Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 92. All generators are synchronized UCTE = Continental Synchronous Area Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 93. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 94. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 95. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 96. UCTE = Continental Synchronous Area Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 97. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 98. UCTE = Continental Synchronous Area Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 99. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 100. Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 101. •Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine •Armenia •Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia •Uzbekistan, Tajikistan •Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan? Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk, http://so-ups.ru/index.php?id=ees
- 102. Frequency and Synchronicity All interconnectors are automatically disconnected 03:26 Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 103. Frequency and Synchronicity Mini circuit breakers Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
- 104. Frequency and Synchronicity High voltage circuit breakers Silvester van Koten, www.energyeconomics.tk,
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Incompatible Power Grids . Incredibly, the southwestern half of Japan, which largely survived the earthquake and tsunami unscathed, cannot help the northeastern half of the nation, which took the brunt of the damage, because the two sections of the country operate on two separate power grids that are incompatible. As NPR reported on March 24, the southwestern section can actually produce surplus power, but the transmission and distribution system there operates at 60 Hertz, and the northeastern region's grid operates at 50 Hz. This awkward situation, seen clearly on the Japanese map above (blue is 60 Hz, red is 50 Hz), is the legacy of a historic oddity: the "east," as it's referred to in Japan, built its grid based on the German 50 Hz system, and the "west" followed the American 60 Hz system. (An English adaptation of a similar map is here.) Converting power from one system to the other is a complex task that requires enormous yet highly sensitive machinery. The country has only a few, meager "interconnect" facilities that can do the job, which have nowhere near the capacity to minimize the need for rolling blackouts. The U.S. has a less dramatic but similarly tenuous setup. The nation is divided into three grids. All three operate at 60 Hz, but again, only a few interconnects exist between the regions. Japan's electric infrastructure comprises two main power grids. One system, in the west of the country, operates at 60 hertz, like power in the U.S. The eastern parts of the country, where Tokyo and Fukushima are located, run on a 50-hertz system, like the one used in Germany. Ordinarily, this isn't a problem — there are enough power plants in each of the grids that electricity can be shifted around if there are spikes in power demand or outages at a plant. There are also ways to pass some power across the 50-hertz/60-hertz divide between the power systems, but this is only available for a limited amount of electricity. The trouble comes when there's a big, unplanned shortage of power, like what's going on now with the destruction of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant. Creating new linkages between the 50-hertz and 60-hertz systems is incredibly expensive and couldn't happen for years. So Tokyo Electric Power Co., or TEPCO, which operates the stricken plant, is rapidly trying to secure more power to make up for the loss in production. Until that happens, though, Tokyo could see more rolling blackouts or other measures introduced to reduce electrical demand.