The Dual Diagnosis Service Users Essay.pdfThe Dual Diagnosis Service Users Essay

The Dual Diagnosis Service Users Essay
Methodology
This section will provide the rationale of the methods employed and highlight how the study will be
performed. The study will examine the dual diagnosis service users with the sample size identified,
data collection method and its analysis will be offered.
Research Approach
This study draws on an array of evidence based literature to promote positive behaviour amongst
dual diagnosis service users. An examination of the research literature was used to inform the design
of the study and the research questions. The research approach influences the study's entire
formation and its outcome will be dependent on the approach used (Silva et al, 2015). The research
purpose is to formulate a research question and follow a plan to adequately answer it (Maltby et al,
2014). A selected research approach depends on the question being examined, Parahoo (2014).
Within research, there exist three identified approaches namely qualitative, quantitative and mixed
methods.
This study will utilise a qualitative approach to obtain dual diagnosis service users perspective on
minimising violent and aggressive behaviour. I will use focus groups to collect data from the
patients and interview staff using semi structured questionnaires. This will permit me to examine the
perspectives and experiences of dual diagnosis service users and staff as argued by Newell and
Burnard (2006).
Qualitative research places emphasis on the importance and understanding of values and depth of
meaning,
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Grounded Theory Paper
Research Design: This study will utilize a grounded theory approach to qualitative research.
Qualitative research methods are used to uncover meanings individuals or groups assign to a social
or human problem (Creswell, 2013, p.43; Denzin & Lincoln, 1998, p.8) and to allow for a "unified
theoretical exploration" (Corbin & Strauss, 2007, p.107; Denzin & Lincoln, 1998, p.8). Specifically,
a qualitative approach is warranted when the nature of research questions requires further
exploration (Stake, 1995). Qualitative research questions usually often begin with how or why
statements, to allow the researcher to gain in, in–depth understanding of what is going on relevant to
the topic at hand (Seidman, 1998; Patton, 2002, Charmaz, 2006, p.130). ... Show more content on
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However, external validity, such as the ability to generalize these findings to the experience of all
providers who screen for perinatal mood disorders in adolescents is not possible. However,
applicability of the study to the reader's personal experience, however, is a goal. This applicability
would allow readers of this study and future researchers to identify pieces of the data that may
create interest or spark the development of general and routine screening for perinatal mood
disorders in adolescents throughout their pregnancy and until the child reaches his or hers first
birthday.
Grounded theory is culturally sensitive and applicable to a variety of settings and populations
(Strauss, 2015). The procedures that encompass grounded theory enable researchers to examine
topics and related behaviors from many different lenses thus developing comprehensive
explanations (Strauss, 2015). Ground theory processes also provide opportunities to gain new
insight into old problems as well as to study new and emerging areas in need of investigation
(Strauss,

A Grounded Theory Approach Into The Development Of Career...
A grounded theory approach into the development of career goals during childhood to adulthood
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to investigate whether career goals changed during childhood to adulthood, and
what influences an individual to change their career goals. The study employed a grounded theory
approach to analyse the three participants career goals. Two participants, age 20 and 21, attended the
University of Westminster. The third participant was a 20–year–old, employed at ASOS. All three
participants took part in a twenty minute, semi–structured interview. The study identified four main
themes, which were 1.) Changes in job occupation goals; 2.) Impact on career goals; 3.) Career
preparation and 4.) Level of certainty and attitude. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there is a lack of pressure for children to make an immediate decision on their career path,
children begin to develop a career ambition through interest, rather in relation to their abilities
(Tracey & Ward, 1998). However, during adolescence, career ambitions are alternated based on the
individual's academic abilities (Tracey, 2002).
Further research, by Schultheiss, Palma & Manzi's (2002) exhibited that children were more likely
to show an awareness of a profession, in regards to social support from family, role models and
friends. Previous research has also identified that parents are more likely to influence an adolescent's
career goal (Dietrich & Kracke 2009). Qualitative research discovered that parents allowed their
offspring to decide their own career goals (Krace & Noack, 2005). Parents, who engaged in their
offspring's career ambitions, also advised their adolescent to expand their career interests. However,
Young & Valach et al (2001) discovered that certain parents tended to force their offspring to abide
by their own ideal career interests.
Qualitative literature has suggested that career preparation is also a contributing factor to the
development of career goals. Findings obtained from a longitudinal study, clarify that career
planning is increased during adolescence, however, this continues to decrease during late adulthood
(Stringer, Kerpelman &

Qualitative Research Appraisal
According to Schneider, Elliot, LoBiondo–Wood & Haber (2004), qualitative research methods,
search for the meaning and understanding of human experiences in a naturalistic setting. A
researcher obtains subjective facts in order to explore the experiences of each participant (Schneider,
Elliot, LoBiondo–Wood & Haber 2004). As a result, qualitative research is a means in which a
researcher gains an insight into the participant's point of view concerning their personal experiences;
in order gain an understanding of the information given. Therefore this allows a researcher to collect
subjective information to create a description of the phenomenon (Vishnevsky & Beanlands 2004).
Qualitative research is a foundation of information, which can ... Show more content on
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For example, a grounded theory study by Spinewine, Swine, Dhillon, Franklin, Tulkens, Wilmotte &
Lorant (2005), was conducted to uncover appropriateness of use of medicines in elderly inpatients.
The researchers found that nursing staff, pharmacists and geriatricians agreed that prescribing of
medications and counselling of patients was insufficient and the data that was shared with the
medical officer upon discharge was not adequate. Grounded theory focuses on a group, not
individuals and is larger than ethnographic and phenomenological methods.
There are strengths and weaknesses within each qualitative methodology. Qualitative research
within the nursing environment deals with people / patients feelings, beliefs, cultures and past
experiences. The strengths that come from dealing with the above are an increased empathy of
nurses towards their patient's holistic care (Schneider et al 2004). Weakness found within qualitative
research according to Schneider et al (2004) can be linked to poor research questions, inappropriate
method used, inaccurate data collection and analysis.
The Study
The study by Maclean N, Pound P, Wolfe C and Rudd A (2000), was designed to identify attitudes
and beliefs of stroke patients that have been recognized by professionals as experiencing "high" or
"low" motivation for rehabilitation.
Semi–structured

What Is Grounded Theory ( Glaser And Strauss )
1. Method
We use a single case study methodology to focus on a failed IS project implementation. The study
uses grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967; c.f., Charmaz 2013; c.f., Corbin and Strauss 2015)
in its focus on principles of emergence by which systematic generation and conceptualization of
data provides meaning and relevance to concepts (Glaser and Strauss 1967). In accordance with the
recommendations of engaged scholarship by Van de Ven (2007), the project began with the
identification of a research problem identified to be relevant to experienced practitioners in leading
organizations of IT project management. To develop a base understanding of the challenges
experienced in the execution of IT projects, we engaged informally with key industry informants.
Observations made in this stage were used to inform the specific research objectives and question
put–forth in the Introduction. Specifically, observations were used as data that was conceptualized
based on theoretical sensitivity in line with grounded theory (Glaser 1978; Strauss and Corbin
1990). Data complexity was used in the early stages of the research to allow the relevant themes and
findings to emerge from the data and to avoid forcing the data to fit existing theories (Urquhart
2013). The conceptual development aspect of grounded theory allows us to discover theory from the
data and identify the theories and tenets within that are applicable to IT contexts of interest
(Jabareen 2009; Birks et

The Interpretive Approach For Communication
The Interpretive Approach to Communication In communication, there are three different
approaches: social science, interpretive, and critical. All three approaches differ greatly in their
paradigms, or belief systems, on how the study of communication should be approached. Of the
three approaches, the Interpretive Approach is the one that suits me the best. Why you might ask?
Simply put, it just makes sense. The interpretive Approach, also referred to as the Humanistic
Approach, is looking at communication through a system of thoughts that celebrate human nature
and it's potential. Simply put, this approach looks specifically at human nature as it pertains to a
specific person, or specific group, as a whole rather than the general consensus. As with the other
methods, the Interpretive Approach has it's own assumptions, theories and methods, ethical issues,
and strengths and limitations. When studying communication, there are certain assumptions to be
made. These assumptions vary depending on the paradigm that the researcher is following. In the
Interpretive Approach, the major assumption is that humans construct their own reality, and
researchers must tap into and understand that reality. This could not be truer, as everyone has their
own perception of the world around them and reality in general. It is also assumed that the focus
will be on the communicator. The Interpretive Approach draws focus on the creativity of humans
rather than our predictability. Following the

Data Analysis Method
Throughout our observation week we were able to collect vast amount of data both from
observations and interviews. In order to let our data speak to us and help us to understand how the
collaborative work is conducted between ITB and Royal Danish Library we have adopted grounded
theory method as a main data analysis practice to work with. This decision involved summarizing
cons and pros of using this approach. According to Glaser, Barney G & Strauss (1967), using
grounded theory involves development of theory rather by logical deduction then from experimental
data itself. The publication of The Discovery of Grounded theory finds it relevant in practical
applications and enable prediction and explanation of behavior. As our field setting is not often
overflown with different actors we have decided to unlock behavioral patterns and get insight also
on the profiles of employees. By this approach we have enriched our data, by being able to see
connection between artifacts and articulation work, that draws an implication of artifacts in
collaborative work. Moreover we have observed that each artifact might have different purpose of
use as it is observed by different point of views from different subjects.The fact that we were able to
actually observe appropriation in collaborative work, which can be described such as an assimilation
of technology by group of people in completely different manner as designer firstly intended to,
made us to logically distinguish between different

A Short Note On Failure And Emergency Department
Congestive heart failure (CHF) as a disease which nearly five million Americans suffer from and
this number is expected to double in prevalence by the year 2030. CHF is the most common reason
for hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits by those 65 years and older in the United
States (American Heart Association, 2002). Horowitz, Rein, and Leventhal (2004) wanted to
conduct research on problems with self–managing CHF and whether patient had the adequate tools
for self–management. The title of Horowitz et al. (2004) article " A story of maladies,
misconceptions and mishaps: Effective management of heart failure" tells us this study recognizes
patients do not understand self–care practices to prevent or minimize CHF ... Show more content on
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Horowitz et al. (2004) found interventions done to date did not benefit from sufficient data in which
potentially modifiable factors are responsible for suboptimal treatment, inadequate self–
management, and adverse CHF outcomes. The researcher's perspective on the problem of self
managing CHF came from determining whether a patient understands and perception of CHF
demonstrated the features of the disease, which are important for participation in their own care.
According to Polit and Beck (2008), literature reviews vary in purpose and length in order to
critically appraise the state of research evidence. There are major steps which must be completed in
order to properly analyze literature. Literature review broadens the understanding of a research
problem and summarizes the existing body of knowledge related to the phenomenon of interest.
Horowitz et al. (2004) reviewed different sources, which provided a solid base for this study. The
researchers utilized current studies and trials to provide reliability and validity to their study. The
researchers integrated the literature throughout the study, highlighting clinical guidelines and current
thoughts of best practice. Although the majority of literature reviewed was pertinent and timely,
there were several journal articles dating back 15 years, which may render the information
questionable to current

Grounded Theory
The grounded theory method is a method which allows counselors to understand the basis of the
research in its full context; it can later be tested, and is usually used when there is little information
is known about the subject in relation to counseling (Sheperis, C. J., Young, J. S., & Daniels, M. H.
2010). The grounded theory model was founded in the 1960's by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss.
Glaser came from a positivist background where quantitative research was dominant and Strauss
came from a strong background of qualitative research. Together, the formed the grounded theory
method which focused on allowing data to lead to the development of a theory (Sheperis et al.,
2010). In the article entitled "'It's not just you two': A grounded ... Show more content on
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120). Data using the grounded theory method is collected using journals, case notes, and
information from previous studies (Sheperis et al., 2010). In addition, it was stated that interviews
and data collected from interviews is the richest type of data since the data has such variety
(Sheperis et al., 2010). However, in order for the participants to feel like the researcher can be
trusted, allowing the participant to further open up and divulge information, the researcher must be
sensitive and open in order to maintain a good client–researcher relationship (Sheperis et al., 2010).
A limitation of this type of theory would be a researcher who does not possess the skill of being
open and sensitive to their clients, not allowing proper data collection to take place on part of lack of
provided information from participants. In comparison, a strength of this type of theory is that the
grounded theory model looks at the data first, making researchers stop, take a look at the data,
thinking about what was gathered, and then looking at the word or the topic which was researched in
a different set of lenses or from a different view (Sheperis et al., 2010). Furthermore, this type of
theory can be used to analyze complex social problems such as violence within groups or
relationships. These problems can be between people and social structures or groups, without
needing the

Grounded Theory
The Terms
This paper looks at the descriptions of six terms based on the context of their use within the class
Principles of Research. Consequently, the terms examined are: (1) Phenomenology; (2) grounded
theory; (3) case study; (4) ethnography;(5) narrative analysis; and (6) critical research. Accordingly,
the following six sections explore each term or word and offers a brief description of each.
Phenomenology
Phenomenology, as a philosophy, informs all qualitative research and studies the framework of an
experience (Merriam, 2002). The purpose of phenomenological research is to probe the unexamined
daily experiences (Merriam, 2002). Shared experiences remain central to the phenomenological
method (Merriam, 2002). If those experiences are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A type of naturalism, ethnography attempts to explore the realities of social situations through the
lens of the participants (Babbie, 2016; Merriam, 2002). The information provided is information
known to be true to those involved and does not speak to outside perspectives or conclusions
(Babbie, 2016). A potential problem with using ethnography as a research method is its potential to
overgeneralize or simplify the observed results (Babbie, 2016). Duneier, as quoted by Babbie (2016)
suggested that researchers avoid the potential to overgeneralize by not using broad assertions such
as "the poor" or "cheerleaders" (Babbie, 2016, p.

Application Of Constructivist Grounded Theory
Following the underpinning philosophical perspectives mentioned earlier, the researcher decided to
choose qualitative research method, as theories are developed by people involving their routines
daily (Flick, 2009). This is very much related to the view of social constructionism view for the
research. In order to ensure the research to become rigorous and to achieve the comprehensible
objective, qualitative method will be a practical way of conducting research (Tracy, 2010). Studying
entrepreneurship makes it sensible for qualitative research method because it involves "real–world
situation" (Yin, 2010) and contains collaboration with the community. This research will use case
study with the application of constructivist grounded theory method (Charmaz and Smith, 2003;
Glaser et al., 1968) as it intended to develop theory from the emerging themes and interests
(Charmaz, 2008). It is the most relevant method to apply as the researcher has similar background
and interests with the participants (Charmaz and Smith, 2003) plus similar passion making it highly
impossible for her to make use of the their background stories and natural proclivities (Mills et al.,
2006). Charmaz (2008) emphasises that Glaser and Strauss are both "objectivists" (Easterby–Smith
et al., 2012) and do not comply with a subjectivist's view of research.
As Gioia and Chittipeddi (1991) assert in their study that interpretivism implies that the researcher
must "be grounded" in the culture of the

Qualitative Research-Grounded Theory
Qualitative research is about non numerical data and can be defined as a type of research that is used
to understand a given behavior, and it provides a general knowledge of the issue to develop
hypotheses. This kind of research adds to the nursing practice, science, and knowledge, by filling in
the gaps where quantitative knowledge fails to explain a health problem. In providing a hypothesis,
it sets the grounds for other studies to be done. It is the kind of research that provides clinicians the
why for implementation of a given practice. It does not provide cause and effect. Qualitative
research gets at the how and why of the story, in ways that quantitative research cannot. The key
concept of the study is often referred to as central phenomenon ... Show more content on
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A qualitative study/grounded theory design was found. This study analysed/collected data from 430
patient that underwent laparoscopic colectomy. Data collected included gender, American Society of
Anesthesiology score, operative indication, resection type, operative stage at conversion, in–hospital
complications, direct hospital costs, unexpected readmission within 30 days, and
mortality...conversion of a laparoscopic colectomy does not result in inappropriately prolonged
operative times, increased morbidity or length of stay, increased direct costs, or unexpected
readmissions compared with similarly complex laparotomies (Casillas, Delaney, Senagore. Brady, &
Fazio, 2004). Another study found was qualitative/cohort design, in which the objective was... to
explore patient expectations of outcomes related to bowel function after sphincter–preserving
surgery for rectal cancer (Park et al., 2014). They were more focused on what they considered more
important and imminent concerns about being cancer free and getting through surgery (Park et al.,

Theoretical Concerns Of Reflexivity And Subjectivity
Abstract
Who am I? The very first question I asked myself before I began my research. The first thoughts that
came to mind were – a female, an Indian, an academic. As an individual I'm aware that my identity
forms my opinions. My education, ethnicity and upbringing play a huge part in my research. One
could argue that research is largely based on facts and figures. But I believe there is far more to
research than just the numbers. I believe that research done from different (individuals) perspectives
can lead to multiple equally–viable answers. In my personal research I intend to use a Qualitative
method of analysis – a method that forms with the help of opinions and more importantly, one that
derives meaning. In the following essay I shall be discussing theoretical concerns of reflexivity and
subjectivity in qualitative research from a postmodernist approach.
"Can reflexivity be encouraged and enhanced by building it into our research methods and
processes, and by creating appropriate times, spaces, and contexts to be reflexive? At the same time,
is there a limit to how reflexive we can be, and how far we can know and understand what shapes
our research at the time of conducting it, given that these may only become apparent once we have
left the research behind and moved on in our personal and academic lives" (Mauthner & Douchet
2003).
Reflexivity is generally perceived as an extrinsic process in qualitative research where the
researcher continuously reflects on how their

Critical Analysis Of Evidence Based Practice
Critical Analysis of Evidence
Pressure ulcers occur over bony prominences when skin is compressed for long periods of time,
affecting the blood supply to certain areas, leading to ischaemia development (Waugh and Grant,
2001). Compression of skin is caused by pressure, shearing and friction, but can also occur due to
pressure exerted by medical equipment (Randle, Coffey and Bradbury, 2009). NICE (2014) states
that the prevalence of pressure ulcers in different healthcare settings in December 2013 was 4.7%,
taken from data available for 186,000 patients. The cost of treating ulcers can vary depending on
severity from £43 up to £374 (NICE, 2014). Evidence based practice skills are essential in nursing
as it allows the best available evidence to be used to improve practice and patient care, while
improving decision–making (Holland and Rees, 2010). I will be critiquing two research papers;
qualitative and quantitative, using a framework set out by Holland and Rees (2010), and will explore
the impact on practice. Using a framework provides a standardised method of assessing quality and
reduces subjectivity.
What influences the impact of pressure ulcers on health–related quality of life? A qualitative
patient–focused exploration of contributory factors (Gorecki, Nixon, Madill, Firth and Brown, 2012)
The article topic should be an area in which there is a gap between knowledge and practice, and in
qualitative research, emphasises the experience of a condition (Holland and Rees,

The Importance Of Qualitative Research
A general definition of research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and
sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is an important part of many
people's lives both personally and professionally. What kind of car to buy? What are the most recent
therapies to combat breast cancer? What is the best stock to invest in? Research needs to continually
and systematically be conducted for society to move forward. Qualitative research is one type of
research "that encompasses a number of philosophical orientations and approaches." Early in the
20th century, scientists, such as anthropologists and sociologists went out into the world to ask the
questions of how and why the societal and cultural world was the way that it was. Inquiry was done
to better understand social phenomenon. As time went on, different professional fields such as
education, law, health, and social work also embraced qualitative research. Today hundreds of books
and journals exist on qualitative research, as well as various strategies, paradigms, and methods for
conducting such research.
The definition and meaning of qualitative research is broad and complex. There have been
philosophical, historical and disciplinary influences on the emergence of qualitative research.
Basically, qualitative research is conducted to discover what type of meaning people have given to
the world. Researchers are interested in finding out how people are able to make

Mccarthy's 4 The Principles Of Persuasion
Relevant Topics: Below are the topics relevant to the project: Branding & Marketing: Marketing is
the process of creating, communicating and delivering benefits that have value for customers
(Johnston, 2015). Branding is the process of creating a unique name and image for the product in
consumers' mind (BusinessDictionary.com). A good marketing and branding strategy helps the
organizations to create products and services with best chances of making profits, set apart from
your competitors, customer satisfaction, and greater sales motivates the employees to achieve more.
Principles of branding are differentiation, focus, simplicity, consistency, and visual appeal. The two
main theories/principles used in marketing are McCarthy's 4 Ps and Porter's 5 forces. Persuasion:
Persuasion is the process of changing a person's attitude or behavior towards an idea, event, person,
or an object. Persuasion specifically applies to the promotions, and builds on customer behavior to
lead them to purchase. Persuasion is used to convince consumers to purchase the products over
competing brands, companies usually focus on differentiating their products, building brand
awareness and loyalty, and providing consumer education. The six main principles of persuasion are
authority, likeability, reciprocity, consistency, consensus, and scarcity (Cialdini, 2006). Some of the
theories used to persuade consumers are amplification hypothesis, conversion theory, priming,
scarcity principle, social

The Problems Faced By Prisoners And Women Experience...
Ravit Grimberg
212847570
Andrea Kalmin
Tutorial #5, Tuesday 11:30am
Formerly imprisoned men and women experience hardships when re–entering society after spending
time in incarceration. Released individuals face the issues of employment with a criminal record,
education and family relations when trying to adjust back into society (Cobbina 2010). Researchers
to this day focus on individual experiences in order to better understand the challenges ex–prisoners
stumble upon when transitioning back into everyday life. This is important to study today because
there are a high number of people in North America that get released from prison and are faced with
difficulties transitioning into societal norms. In order to be able to assist released prisoners with their
re–entry to society, it is important to do research on experiences of previous released prisoners and
their hardships. The purpose of this paper is to explore the methodological ways in which
researchers went about investigating the experiences pre–released, incarcerated, and post–released
prisoners. Researchers also examined service professionals that assist prisoners in their reintegration
process to better understand factors that account in the transition. This review will expand on
samples of people, interviews conducted, ethics, and the grounded theory method approach. The
research question is how is reintegration experienced among released prisoners in North America?
Sample
Researchers gathered

Facilitating Career Planning for African American Women in...
Most nonprofit agencies follow the same management structure. The structure normally consists of a
vertical hierarchal structure with the chief executive manager at the helm, and divisional leaders
rounding out the strategic leadership team. Since 9/11, then government shutdowns, multiple wars,
natural disasters, and the government sequester, the challenge to most nonprofits is to compete for
every available charitable dollar. Chief Executive Officers (CEO) of nonprofits must not only be
skillful in maximizing the outcomes with fewer dollars, but also politically savvy in vying for
monies for federal, state, local, foundation, and private funding sources. Because of this conundrum,
political, academic, and social connections become ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One identified contributor to women's slower than expected assent into leadership is the persistence
of assumptions and stereotypes that women are intrinsically "communal" or "dependent" and
"passive", and therefore, lack the capacity to succeed as leaders. (National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2006 as cited by
Isaac, Kaatz & Carnes, 2012). The main problem is the challenges to recruitment and retention of
women in general, and the particular subset of African American women in particular. Quantitative
analysis will be used to ascertain and organize data to offer empirical evidence that supports the
claims of low representation of African American women in Philadelphia leadership roles; however,
this qualitative study will delve into the causality of this phenomenon, and this qualitative study may
offer new insights into the involvement, and articulation of business strategies surrounding
recruitment and retention of, African American women in levels of leadership within the
Commonwealth. And while this topic may cause discomfort to both the researcher and the
interviewees, "discomfort is an important, even desirable component of qualitative research. Being
uncomfortable makes us more aware and alert, stretches our thinking, and enriches our insight about
the very struggles and experiences of the marginalized or

Grounded Theory Of The Theory
grounded theory of 1967 and this development and testing of theory involved in grounded theory
will make it difficult to be classified as ordinary inductive based on the fact that theory not
necessarily meant to be tested in purely inductive research. Another point is the fact that classic
grounded theory originally is expected to commence without theory make it fundamentally different
from case study strategy. This is a point of argument between the two originators of the theory
Glaser and Strauss after they split on the opinion on whether it is possible to commence grounded
theory with conceptual framework. Strauss and his new partner Corbin in Corbin and Strauss (1990)
agued to support opportunity for conceptual framework at the start of a research study while Glaser
in Glaser (1992) countered the position of Strauss and Corbin by affirming that the essence of
grounded theory is to developed theory from empirical data and that issue of testing or verification
is not part of grounded theory. Today, theorists are fundamentally split along these two directions.
This research study is aligned with Strauss and Corbin direction but will not use classic grounded
theory to avoid confusion but the basic principle of Strauss and Corbin in the use of both inductive
and deductive approaches will be employed.
Ethnography: Ethnography is a naturalistic, time consuming research that have its origin attached to
the field of anthropology (Saunders et al., 2009). Researcher using this

Grounded Theory
Grounded theory – aims to generate theory which can explain the psychological phenomenon and
also help him understand how social interaction is used by human beings to define reality. focuses
on the process and connects different stages of theory together.( example: To gain understanding of
psychological experiences of patients suffering from a specific disease)
This type of theory will help to researcher identify the behavior of the patient; it is the aim of
understanding the core process responsible for change rather than focusing on social groups.
The ethnographic study – will help to understand a particular phenomenon and explain alternative
realities which were projected by the participants of the study in a particular culture. This type of
study is helping to build a substantive grounded theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
P –questions focused on the meaning of participant personal experience(researcher have to
understand that).
E– purposeful sampling used ,due to extensive knowledge of certain topic. P– Sample chosen
because they live the experience which is researched and aim to understand a persons experience.
Similarities: Between G and E theoryes.
1.Numerous of data collected approach used in both the methodologies ( it helps to provide multiple
interpretations, enhance the accuracy, and credibility of the study.
2. In both methodologies, the researcher studies the phenomenon in its natural context and uses a
holistic approach to studying the phenomenon (Calvin, 2004).
3.The report is represented from the perspective of participant.( his experience in a natural setting).
Reference:
Edleman, C. L., & Mandle, C. L. (2002). Health promotion throughout the lifespan.
Toronto, ON: Mosby.
Calvin, A. O. (2004). Haemodialysis patients and end of life decisions: A theory of personal
preservation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46,

Grounded Theory Essay
The use of illicit substances has become increasing common in schizophrenia (Asher & Gask,
2010). Illicit substance use by persons with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has long been associated
with increased severity of psychosis, psychiatric hospital inpatient admissions, higher rates of
readmission and poor treatment outcomes (Asher & Gask, 2010; Charles & Weaver, 2010;
Hambrecht & Hafner, 1996; Swofford, Kasckow, Scheller–Gilkey & Inderbitzin, 1996). It has also
been acknowledged that persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to use illicit
substances within their lifetime than the general population, with rates of comorbid substance use
fluctuating from 15 to 65% in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia (Charles & Weaver, 2010;
Malchow et al, 2012). So ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approach
For this research article the author has chosen to use a grounded theory approach. Grounded theory
is a qualitative method of research which allows the researchers to construct meaning of the selected
topic via a process of development and reflection of the data collected (Charmaz, 2014). Grounded
theory provides a flexible and intuitive process to data collection and analysis allowing the
construction of a theory that is truly grounded from the data (Charmaz, 2014).
Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by two sociologists with the idea that meaning is
developed through interaction with experience (Polit &Beck, 2017; Starks & Brown Trinidad,
2007). It is often used to explain and explore social process and the lived experience and perceptions
of others, providing enlightenment to researchers, practitioners or clinicians on the chosen topic. For
the purpose of exploring the consumers' experiences of comorbid schizophrenia and substance abuse
grounded theory will allow real world experiences to be collected and compared to then generate
meaning and understanding which can assist clinicians in the development of

The Nursing And Midwifery Council
The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) states that nursing care must be evidence or best
practise based. In order to excellently provide such care Boswell and Cannon (2009, p. 2 & 7) states
that nurses must base their delivery of care on the most current, up–to–date health information
available and rigorous nursing knowledge. According to Melnyk & Fineout–Overholt (2005) defines
Evidence–based practise (EBP) as a problem solving approach to clinical practise that integrates: A
systematic search for and critical appraisal of the most relevant evidence to answer a burning
clinical question, one's own clinical expertise and patient preferences and values. The benefits of
EBP include resolving problems in the clinical setting; provide clinicians with evidence–based data,
introducing innovation, Achieve excellence in care delivery and improves efficacy and reducing
variation in clinical performance.
It is therefore vital for students to be able to evaluate and critique research papers in order for them
to regulate the validity of a study and to apply theories to practise. A research critique measures the
value and importance of a study and this is going to be determined by evaluating the strengths and
weaknesses of the study (Brockopp & Tolsma, 2003, p. 400). Critical appraisal is the process of
carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and
relevance in a particular context (Astin 2009). The aim of this essay is to

Grounded Theory Approach
According to Munhall (2012), the aim of the grounded theory approach is to generate a theoretical,
which is useful to explain human behaviors in social context. I think it is challenge for researchers to
determine grounded theory approach is suitable for their research design.
I found an interesting article regarding my dissertation, which is an example of using grounded
theory approaches. Stengel, Kraschnewski, Hwang, Kjerulff, and Chuang (2012) used grounded
theory approach to identify how the health care provider advice received during pregnancy on
gestational weight gain (GWG) and exercise in overweight and obese women, and how the women
viewed that advice. This issue is one of my interesting point, which provides the benefit information

Qualitative Grounded Theory
A qualitative research method will be used to understand the perceptions of women and to form
theoretical conceptualization based on how women in technology contribute to technological
research. Specifically, the qualitative grounded theory is selected because this method can illustrate
the casual and contextual elements of a phenomenon that are too complicated for other research
methods (Yin, 2003). An emergent–grounded theory approach is utilized to handle the research
question and sub–questions as well as to promote the finding of themes disclosed by participants
(Strauss & Corbin, 1998). The purpose of this study was to discover the ways in which individual's
environment, gender role beliefs, cultural norms, perceptions and aptitude, and

An Interpretive Phenomenological Research Study Essay
Appraising an Interpretive Phenomenological Research Study Shannia Warkentin Red Deer College
Appraising an Interpretive Phenomenological Research Study Problem Statement In the qualitative
article by Dykes, Slade, and Haywood, the phenomenon of interest is clearly identified as long–term
implications of termination of pregnancy (TOP) and is promptly introduced in the abstract. The
authors state that TOP is a common procedure in the United Kingdom (UK) and implies importance
to the nursing profession due to the prevalence of this procedure as well as confusion demonstrated
by recognized health care organizations on how TOPs affect women. Based on psychological
impacts discussed, this topic is important in order for nurses to understand the vulnerability of
women to negative TOP–associated thoughts and to improve lifelong accessibility to post–TOP
counselling. The twofold aim of the study is presented as exploration of the long–term experiences
of perimenopausal women who had a TOP and their perceptions of connections or lack thereof
between TOP and menopausal experiences. The qualitative approach is appropriate for investigating
the long–term implications of TOP. This is because the stated aim regarding emotional effects on
women fits with the naturalistic emphasis on understanding human experiences. The researcher also
identifies the chosen approach allows exploration of the complexity of emotional experiences with
TOP and therefore will support a

Research Methodology : Methods For Collecting Information...
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction:
The heart of any research is the methodology that is used to support the whole research through
appropriate methods for collecting information and interpreting them. The main two types of
Research methodology are: qualitative and quantitative. Based on the research type, literature
reviews, the problem that the research has to address are always linked to the methodology.
Qualitative research is a constructed understanding and there are multiple realities. The direction in
which it moves is several and there is prolonged engagement in field. While Quantitative research as
defined by Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) is "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data
that are analysed using mathematical methods"
Quantitative research helps in having a starting point and have boundaries limited when it comes to
interaction. The quantitative data collection attracts large sample size for generalisation of findings
on the target population across different groups and communities.
These methods can be used separately but if needed they can be mixed. The time frame and the need
for strong verification of data and in–depth analysis leads to usage of Triangulation.
Triangulation–the use of two or more methods or different measures of the same variable.
Example: Research used for activism in slums: The records in the respective department will
provide you the number of times they have encroached the

Intervention ( Plano Clark And Creswell
intervention (Plano–Clark & Creswell, 2010, pp. 171–172). This is followed by further observation
during and after the intervention to determine if the treatment affects the outcome. Researchers use
single–subject designs when they seek to determine whether an intervention impacts the behavior of
a single participant. They also use this design for situations where they have the opportunity to
observe the person's behavior over time. Single–subject designs have the following key
characteristics: the researcher examines the effect of a treatment on a single individual, the
researcher establishes a baseline of behavior and then manipulates the conditions experienced by the
individual, the researcher plots the individual's behavior over ... Show more content on
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Correlation designs are very common and share these key characteristics: the researcher studies a
single group of participants, collects information for each major variable, statistically relates
variables, and the researcher concludes the extent to which variables are related to each other.
Survey research designs are procedures in quantitative research for administering a survey or
questionnaire to a small group of people (called the sample) in order to identify trends in attitudes,
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a large group of people (called the population) (Plano–
Clark & Creswell, 2010, p. 175). Researchers use a survey to describe trends, such as community
interests in school bond issues or state or national trends about mandatory student uniform policies.
To identify this design, look for the following key characteristics in the report: the researcher studies
the attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of a large group, chooses a large number of participants using
random selections, gathers information and describes trends in the data, and the researcher makes
conclusions about the larger population. Researchers need to select individuals who are part of the
population for their studies. That is, from all possible people or organizations in the population, they
select a sample for study from the population. A sample is a subgroup of the population that the
researcher plans to study for generalizing about the population (Plano–Clark & Creswell,

An Extension Of The Activities Essay
Research is a systematic, precise and rigorous inquiry or investigation that allows people to
understand the nature of a problem or idea (Grossoehme, 2014; Stringer, 2014). All research can be
visualised as an extension of the activities we engage in day by day, which requires one to move
past the day–to–day understandings and engage in a more precise and rigorous description,
observation or explanation of the problem or idea (Stringer, 2014).
The general distinction between qualitative and quantitative research is that quantitative research
uses empirical data in the form of numbers, while qualitative research uses empirical data that is not
in the form of numbers, usually words, but there is much more to the research designs than their use
of numerical data or not (Stringer, 2014; Punch, 2009). Qualitative research is associated with
research conducted in the social world, as opposed to quantitative research which focuses on
predicting and controlling phenomena on the physical world, and both have their own way of
thinking and approaches to research and collecting their data (Stringer, 2014, Punch, 2009). For the
purpose of this assignment we will look into the ideas, thinking and approaches of two qualitative
research designs; grounded theory and action research.
Grounded theory
Grounded theory is both a strategy of research and a style of analysis that uses the procedures to
develop a theory grounded in the data, using an inductive, theory discovery method, whose

The Resistance Of Female Leadership
Advancing Scientific Knowledge
Phenomena under discussion: Disparity, discrimination, gender bias, and resistance to female
leadership in churches, and historical ties to modern churches.
Historic phenomena such as events, gender bias, tradition, and mistranslation may
influence/instigate the resistance to female leadership in mainline American Protestant churches
today and will be the main thrust of this study. The findings from this study may advance scientific
knowledge or add to literature by providing understanding about how traditions, gender bias,
organizational culture, and other phenomenological reasons play a role in the resistance to female
clergy. Furthermore, the study results will provide an educational tool that may lessen the resistance
to female clergy.
The theory: There are historical phenomena involved such as events, gender bias, tradition, and
mistranslation that continues to cause resistance to female leadership in Protestant churches in
addition to, or unrelated to biblical beliefs.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant because it is not known why historical phenomena continue to instigate and
influence resistance to female leadership in mainline American Protestant churches. Under
discussion will be: Disparity, discrimination, gender bias, organizational culture, and resistance to
female leadership in churches and historical ties to modern churches. This qualitative,
phenomenological study, in examining the collected data, reveals a

Differences Between Grounded Theory And Narrative Analysis
Grounded theory Is a qualitative approach which calls for simultaneous data collection and analysis
to generate a theory during the research process. A theory emerges inductively through the
systematic data collection and analysis pertaining to a given phenomenon (Strauss & Corbin, 1990).
This has two fundamental characteristics which include: theoretical sampling and constant
comparative analysis. A grounded theory is generated by themes which emerge from the data during
analysis, capturing the essence of meaning drawn from varied contexts and situations
Theoretical sampling, this involves data collection for comparative analysis (Glaser & Strauss
1967). The collected data then gives insights and the analysis leads to further data collection and
analysis.
Constant comparative analysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The similarities between Grounded theory and Narrative analysis include the following,
Both approaches are based on naturalistic inquiry. They focus on how people behave in natural
settings while engaging in real life experiences. Both maintain inquiry stems from the naturalistic
paradigm that places itself opposite positivist paradigm.
Both approaches support flexibility in using multiple sources of data. This allows checking the
reliability and validation of a given phenomenon under investigation through triangulation. For
example use of interviews, document review and observation.
Both methods seek themes through coding process. The main of these two approaches is to capture
themes and subthemes which emerge in the process of data collection. All these are backed by direct
quotes from the participants in the study.
In both methods, texts to be coded into themes or categories follow qualitative analysis
trustworthiness method
Both approaches follow systematic steps in analysis of data. They both maintain the importance and
making of categories and coding. Identifying patterns and connections between and within the

Complementary and Alternative Medicine in New Zealand
How do people from the general population decide to use complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM) in New Zealand?
"Complementary and alternative medicine is a broad domain of healing resources and techniques
that encompass all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and
beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or
culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas self–defined by their
users as preventing or treating illness or promoting well–being" (O'Connor, Calabrese, & Cardena,
1997). This definition is used by the New Zealand health system as advised by the Ministerial
Advisory Committee on Complementary and Alternative Health (MACCAH) (2004).
New Zealand is lacking CAM research with the results of the 2013 National Census not yet
available. The last National Census figures on CAM were conducted between 2006 and 2007 and
reveal little about the social and psychological dynamics that motivate clients to use CAM (Ministry
of Health, 2008). How could I explore this process? My first choice is for grounded theory
methodology based on the interpretive paradigm.
Interpretive research focuses on how meanings are constructed and maintained by individuals and
groups within different social and historical contexts. As Rubin and Rubin (2012) suggest,
qualitative interviewers examine the complexity of the real world by exploring multiple

Children With Special Health Care
The faces of adolescents with special health care needs who once would not have survived past
childhood, paints a vivid picture of the vast medical advances society has made. In fact, as many as
15% of youth in North America have chronic conditions that negatively impact their health
(Kaufman & Pinzon, 2007). With these increasing survival rates into adulthood, the healthcare
system is facing a new set of challenges in transitioning youth with special health care needs into the
adult healthcare system. Transition, as defined by the Society of Adolescent Medicine, is the
"process that involves purposeful, planned efforts to prepare the pediatric patient to move from
caregiver–directed care to disease self–management" (Watson et al., 2011, ... Show more content on
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Much of literature cites the undeniable truth that the period of change from youth to adulthood is
often tumultuous. Unfortunately, for adolescents with chronic illness, this process is exacerbated as
they are simultaneously managing their transition to adult health care (Bell, Ferris, Fenton &
Hooper, 2011; Brumfield & Lansbury, 2004; Fair et al., 2012; Lerret & Stendahl, 2011; Pape et al.,
2013; Stabile et al., 2005). More importantly, a recurrent theme throughout literature points to the
chasm between the pediatric and adult health care models as the main challenge of transition (Bell et
al., 2011; Fair et al., 2012; Lugasi et al., 2010; Van Staa et al., 2011). Specifically, the pediatric
model places a strong emphasis on family–centered care and focuses on the development of the
patient while the adult model emphasizes self–management and autonomy (Brumfield & Lansbury,
2004; Lugasi et al., 2010; Van Staa et al., 2011). This difference has become the main catalyst for
the creation of transition programs.
Adolescent Organ Transplant Recipients
When transition is not made smoothly, there are negative health consequences associated.
Specifically, studies conducted have linked the lack of transition programs to negative health
consequences related to non–adherence (Lochridge et al., 2013; Meaux et

Grounded Nursing Theory
What is the importance of nursing science grounded in nursing theory? What does it mean to be a
nurse scholar? How does the Conceptual–Theoretical–Empirical approach strength the consistency
of nursing research? The importance of nursing science grounded in nursing theory is that the
knowledge base for the discipline of nursing is drawn from nursing theories. Nursing theories serve
as the foundation from which nurses use to guide, describe, predict, and generate further knowledge
to be applied in nursing practice to help guide everyday nurses and research to help nurses
understand and move forward in the development of theoretical knowledge and education (Smith &
Parker, 2015). To be a nurse scholar according to the Position Statement

Is Grounded Theory A Theoretical Model?
In qualitative research, constant comparisons between the perspectives of researchers and their
participants are sometimes used to develop grounded theories about the experiences, influential
conditions, and outcomes of behavior related to a specific phenomenon. Grounded theory is a
"qualitative method of research used to systematically collect and analyze data, with which to
construct a theoretical model" (Morrow & Smith, 1995, p. 24). The process primarily involves
interviewing participants to identify open codes or categories. In collaboration with participants,
researchers then utilize axial coding, which involves forming clusters of topics, and patterns of
interaction between them, eventually resulting in several possible theories. Axial coding further
helps researchers and participants to identify a central category, enabling them select which
categories fall under causal conditions, intervening factors, consequences, and so on, and to them
discriminate the grounded theory from existing theories. This process gives deeper meaning to the
phenomenological experience (Flipp, 2014) by further refining it with each re–examination and
return to exploration of the data. The following describes this process, by examining the study,
"Constructions of Survival and Coping by Women Who Have Survived Childhood Sexual Abuse"
(Morrow & Smith, 1995).
As aforementioned, "one of the essential criteria for grounded theories is that they tell us how the
process works, not from

Using Grounded Theory In Research
Theories help guide researchers with how they will interpret their data. Theories may lean more to
one paradigm than another, however, there is one which has been labelled many things from
paradigm, methodology and theory (Walsh, Holton, Bailyn, & et al., 2015). That theory is Grounded
Theory. A historical account of its development, main assumptions and assessment of its value are
provided. To contextualize Grounded Theory from an interdisciplinary perspective, workplace
bullying in small, isolated organizations is proposed as a research topic. The merits and
disadvantages of using Grounded Theory as the research method will also be discussed.
While researching the experiences of terminally ill patients, sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
589). Not fully studying Grounded Theory and how to apply it can lead to research, particularly
when there is ongoing debate about its paradigm and ontology, can lead to a poorly designed
framework for research and lead to faulty theories (Walsh et al., 2015, p. 587). Additionally,
Grounded Theory is accused of watering down complex data while placing too much importance on
data seen as low–hanging fruit, rather than seeking out the more complex role of social structure –
thus eliminating the analysis of power in a given situation (Thomas & James, 2006, pp. 768–769).
Lastly, the procedures described by Glaser and Strauss are accused of placing too much weight on
procedures and technique at the expense of data interpretation (Thomas & James, 2006, p.

Grounded Theory And The Constructivist Theory
Research Design This research will be conducted using grounded theory methods and is intended to
be anchored in the constructivist epistemology. Grounded theory, an inductive qualitative research
method, was chosen for this study because, while many ideas may exist concerning how poor,
working class clients' experiences of counseling may affect their perspectives of and style of
participation in individual counseling, specific factors have not been identified from existing
research. Hence it seems most effective to allow the data to reveal the factors that affect working
class clients' expectations and perspectives about counselor interaction with them during the
counseling process. As counseling can be a unique and different experience ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This process of constructing knowledge is not typically done individually; instead, human beings are
born into a culture of meaning and work with other humans to construct knowledge together (Crotty,
1998). Consequently, the constructivist grounded theory researcher intends to fully describe and
understand the individual participant's knowledge and understanding of the studied object or
phenomenon (Charmaz, 2014). Researcher's Positioning This subjectivity statement is presented to
acknowledge the researcher's related perspectives and experiences. This statement is intended to
allow the reader to further consider the credibility of the study, while situating the researcher and the
study in a particular context. In the tradition of constructivist grounded theory, the researcher's
perspectives and experiences as relating to the topic under study are an important, inextricable
aspect of the research process (Charmaz, 2014). The purpose of this study is to explore, by means of
a series of personal interviews, how poor and working class clients describe their experiences in
individual counseling. Understanding what such clients report to be helpful or unhelpful experiences
about the counseling context will increase our ability to understand

Write An Essay On Grounded Theory
This paper will describe and analyse how using a grounded theory methodology could be used to
investigate how Nurses develop psychological protection strategies to minimise stress and anguish
in high stress situations.
Grounded theory is a highly popular methodology for qualitative analysis (Gibbs 2010), since its
original inception or "discovery" (Glaser and Strauss 1967) has developed into many alternative
schools. For brevity and the purpose of this essay, the author will only consider the Glaserian form
of Grounded Theory which was described originally by Glaser and Strauss (1967) and continues to
be defended as the only true and classical form of Grounded theory by Glaser today (Glaser 2009).
The ontological philosophy of Grounded Theory was not explicitly described in the original work.
In fact, this may have been a deliberate decision by Glaser and Strauss to place their work outside of
the positivist v realist "war" (Birks and Mills 2001). To date Glaser continues to argue that trying to
place Grounded Theory to any ideological flag misses the point and leads to rhetorical arguments
which limits the broad potential of Grounded theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Grounded theory research data is collected until the no new themes emerge known as saturation.
At this point the researcher may look at other groups who experience the same phenomena or stop
data collection (Glaser 1998). An inadequate study sample leads to gaps in the theory (Glaser and
Strauss 1967) which have lead to claims of "mysticism" (Melia 1997 ) from some authors who argue
in some studies that codes and categories appear out of nowhere (Breckenridge and Jones 2009).
Credibility in the grounded theory approach is maintained by sampling until saturation is achieved.
Unlike other forms of quantitative research methodology Grounded theory should have
generalizability beyond the immediate sample group (Glaser

Grounded Theory
The qualitative design I decided to choose or explain about is the grounded theory methodology.
Qualitative methodology is the development of rich descriptions of reality from the data by
describing certain processes that capture aspects of unattained by traditional qualitative
methodology (Sheperis, Young, & Daniels, 2010). Qualitative research is more concerned with non–
statistical methods and analysis of social phenomena (McRoy, 1988). Also, qualitative research most
likely use detailed descriptions from a perspective of the research participants, in which they are
being examined for specific issues or problems during the study (McRoy, 1988). The grounded
theory methodology was originally developed by sociologists and they used the qualitative research
in social work field to systematically the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Strauss and Corbin (1998) described important characteristics of grounded theorists. The main
purpose of grounded theory methodology design is theory creation. But, the existing theories can be
also expanded and challenging (Sheperis, Young, & Daniels, 2010). Qualitative researchers is also
based on the constructivist perspective and it uses theory inductively b starting with a general area
of interest, gathering data, ask questions, forming categories from the data, and describing
processes. Also, by developing a theory or even comparing what may be discovered with existing
theories as well (Sheperis, Young, & Daniels, 2010). Qualitative research differs from quantitative
research because it is characterized by the use of large samples, standardized measures, deductive
approach and highly structured interview instruments to gather data for the hypotheses testing
(McRoy, 1988). Qualitative research is more likely to be referred as a naturalistic research or inquiry
for everyday

Qualitative Research
What is so stressful about caring for a dying patient?
Nursing 314 – Research
February 3, 2013
What is so stressful about caring for a dying patient?
Death is something that we all have to deal with, be it in our profession or in our daily lives. This
article discusses the reasons why caring for dying patients is stressful for nurses and is a high risk
for burn out. The article also gives findings related to the study and gives recommendations based
on the results. The study shows that education is needed for the nurses that care for the dying
patient.
The article gave me the understanding of the purpose of the research study and the findings of the
study. The article clearly states the purpose of the research and the findings. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
"Participants were asked to respond to two measures about death. The first was the
multidimensional fear of death scale. The participants exhibited an average or healthy level of fear.
The second measure was the Frommelt attitudes toward nursing care of the dying scale, which is
show the attitude the participants had toward caring for dying patients. Only 9 completed the scale
and all

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