Building material Structure

1. W0ll0 University
Department of Architecture
KIOT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
(ARCH 3161)
LECTURE - 1
INTRODUCTION

2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION(CENG 3103)
Course Objective:
• To understand the fundamental of construction
planning, design procedures and site selection.
• To develop skills and knowledge in the
preparation of working drawing.
• To understand the concepts of various
components of a low – rise building and their
construction methods.

3. Course content:
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
–Types of building
–Classifications of building
Chapter Two: Building Drawing
–Introduction
–Drawing Instruments
–Basic types of drawing
–Graphical symbols.

4. Cont’d…
Chapter Three: Soil Investigation
– Introduction
– Soil Sample
– Depth of Soil Investigation
– Soil Investigation Methods
– Boring Method
–Soil Assessment
Chapter Four: Building Component
– Sub-structure
– Super-structure

5. Cont’d…
Chapter Five: Prefabricated Building Systems.
 Types of Prefabricate
 Comparison of Pre-cast & In-situ construction
 Production Technology
Chapter Six: Damp Prevention
– Introduction
– Causes of Dampness
– Effects of Dampness
– Prevention of Dampness
–DPC Material

6. Cont’d…
Chapter Seven: Formwork & Scaffolding
–Formwork
–Scaffolding
Chapter Eight: Framed Structures
 Timber framed structures
 RC framed structures
 Steel framed structures
Chapter Nine: Shell & Dome structures
 Introduction
 Shell analysis

7. References:
1. Fundamentals of building Construction,
EDWARD ALLEN
2. Building construction hand book R. Chudle
& R. Greeno.
3. Building construction Illustrated, Francis
D.K.Ching & Cassandra Adams (3rd Ed.)
4. A text book of Building Construction, Abebe
Dinku.

8. .
Teaching Methods:
• Lecturing
• Consulting/Lab demonstration
Assessment:
• Assignment ................................. 20%
• Mid Exam …………………………………. 30%
• Final Exam ……………………………….. 50%
Total ………………………100%

9. 1. Introduction:
Construction:
• A construction is some thing made by man for
one specific purpose or another.
• It may be a road or a path, a bridge, a dam, a
dwelling place, airport or building e.t.c.

10. Cont’d…
Building:
Any structure for:
 whatsoever purpose
whatsoever materials constructed
 whether used as human habitation or not
 includes foundations , floors, roofs , plumbing
and building services, fixed flat forms, verandah,
balcony, cornice or projections, any wall
enclosing the plinth.

11. Development of Building construction
• The primary motive for building house and still is
the desire for better living condition.
• The initial cause which compelled man to
obtained a dwelling or look for a shelter were:
 Fear for wild animals during the night & the day.
Seeking protection against the cold at night and heat
during the day.
Shelter against rain and wind,
The desire for a place where every thing belonging
to the family, such as cattle , equipment should be
gathered.

12. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING
• The planning and construction of a building
should be aimed at fulfilling the following
requirements:
1. Strength and stability
2. Dimensional stability
3. Resistance to dampness
4. Resistance to fire
5. Heat insulation
6. Sound insulation

13. Cont’d…
7. Protection against termite attack
8. Durability
9. Security against burglary
10. Lighting and ventilation
11. Comforts and convenience
12. Economy.

14. Types of Building
 Depending up on their occupancy, buildings
are classified as follows:-
1. Residential Building:
 Those building in which sleeping
accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes with or with out cooking
or dinning or both facilities.
 E.g. Dormitories, apartment houses, hotels

15. Cont’d…
2. Educational Building:
These include any building used for
Academic purpose like School, College,
or day care purposes for more than 8
hours per week involving assembly for
instruction, education or recreation.

16. Cont’d…
3. Institutional Building:
These Includes any building or part which is
used for purposes such as medical or other
treatment or care of persons suffering from
physical or mental illness, disease, for penal
or correctional purposes.
Institutional buildings ordinarily provide
sleeping accommodation for the occupants.
e.g. Hospitals, penal institutions.

17. Cont’d…
4. Assemblies Building:
These Includes any building or part of building
where group of people congregate or gather
for recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil,
travel and similar purposes.
e.g. Theatres, dance halls, assembly halls etc

18. Cont’d…
5. Business Buildings:
 These Includes buildings for the transaction of
business, for taking or giving of professional service
and the keeping of accounts & records for similar
purpose.
e.g. garage, barber shop, City halls, court houses,
libraries
6. Mercantile Buildings
 These Includes any building or part of building which
is used as shops, stores, markets, for display and sale
of merchandise, either whole sale or retail.

19. Cont’d…
7. Industrial buildings:
 Any building or part of a building or structure
in which products or materials of all kinds
and properties are fabricated, assembled or
processed.
 e.g. Assembly plants, laboratories, power
plant, pumping stations refineries

20. Cont’d…
8. Storage Buildings:
 These used primarily for the storage or
sheltering of goods, wares, merchandise
 e.g. Warehouses, cold storage, store houses,
freight deposit.
9. Hazardous Buildings:
These used for storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products
which are liable to burnt with extreme rapidity
and/ or which produces poisonous fumes or
explosions.

21. Classifications based on construction
Under this category buildings are classified
on the basis of resistance to fire of the
element of the building.
Type 1- Fire resistance construction:
A type of construction in which elements of
the building are non-combustible.
Type 2) Non-combustible construction:
This is a construction in which walls,
partitions, structural elements, etc are non-
combustible with less fire.

22. Cont’d…
Type 3) Heavy timber construction:
 Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non-
combustible materials and interior structural
members are out of timber either solid or
laminated forms.
Type 4) Ordinary construction:
 Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non-
combustible materials and interior structural
members are partially or wholly out of wood
of relatively smaller section unlike the Heavy
timber construction.

23. Cont’d…
Type 5) Wood Frame Construction
This is a type of Construction in which
Particularly the whole of the building is out
of wood or other combustible material

24. Chapter Two
Building Drawing
• Construction Drawings are so that designers
can communicate their requirement to the
contractor in a clear, concise unambiguous
manner.
• It is important to insure that drawings are not
unnecessarily congested or complicated.
• The write description on drawing should be as
brief as possible, consistent with completeness
and the lettering should clear.

25. Drawing Equipments
• Some of the most important items of drawing
instruments are discussed as follows:
1.Drawing board: It shall be firm to produce an
even backing.
 The size of drawing board is variable. For
instance, a drawing board of height 50cm
and length 62cm is adequate for a drawing of
size A2

26. Cont’d…
2. Drawing Paper: It is relatively thick, non-
transparent, which can be used to prepare the
draft drawing, which is usually made with
pencil.
After checking is completed, it is then traced on
a thin, transparent paper using various size and
quality of rapido graphs.
3. pencil:
4. T- square
5. Setsquare
6.Eraser and Ruler

27. Cont’d…

28. Cont’d…

29. Scale
• The scale of a drawing is a fixed relation that every
distance on the drawing bears to the
corresponding distance on the ground.
Methods:
1. Engineering scale: The scale on which one CM on
drawing represents some whole number of
meters on the ground.
E.g.: 1cm= 5m or 1cm = 10m
2. Fractional scale: the scale on which unit of length
on the drawing represents some number of the
same unit of length on the ground.
E.g.: 1:500, 1:1000 or 1/500, 1/1000

30. Cont’d…
3. Graphical scale: the scale in a line sub - divided
in to plane distance corresponding to
convenient unit of length on the ground.
E.g.:

31. Drawings for house construction
• For identification purposes, drawings
associated with construction and the
building trades can be categorized into
four main types. Such as:
1. Preliminary drawings
2. Presentation drawings
3. Working drawings, and
4. Shop drawings

32. 1. Preliminary Drawings
These drawings are essentially intended to
be concept design explorations and means
of communication between the architect
and the client.
They are not intended to be used for
construction but rather to interpret the
client’s needs and instructions.

33. 2. Presentation Drawings
These drawings are selling tools and normally
consist of perspective views based on the
preliminary design concept of the project.
 Presentation drawings are drawn to highlight
the aesthetic qualities of a project and, in
addition to perspectives, may include
isometrics, colored elevations, and colored
floor plans.

34. 3. Working Drawings
The term “construction drawing” is generic in
that it includes all the drawings needed by the
various trades’ people to complete a building
project.
These drawings are prepared by the architect,
engineer, and other specialists depending on
the complexity of the project.

35. 4. Shop Drawings
A shop drawing is needed to ensure that it will
fit into the structure and that the structure will
accommodate it.
Approval of the shop drawings usually precedes
the actual fabrication of the components.
 With shop drawings the architect or designer is
able to check the quantity of other components
that subcontractors propose to furnish.

36. TYPICAL WORKING Drawing
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS
• Architectural drawings contain required
information on the size, material, and makeup of
all main members of the structure, as well as
their relative position and method of
connection.
Types of Architectural Drawing.
A. Site Plan B. Floor Plan C. Foundation Plan
D. Elevation E. Section F. Detail

37. A. Site Plan
• A site plan is a section of land which is made
up of one, two or more plots.
• A site plans are used to indicate the location
of the building with regards to the dimensions
of perimeter, proximity to the road e.t.c in a
scale of 1:100 or 1:200 (large scale) and 1:500,
1:1000 (for small scale).
• The direction of the north point should be
clearly shown on the site plane.

38. Cont’d…
• Several components are used to represent a
site plan as shown in figure 2.

39. B. Floor Plan
• A plan is actually a part of the architectural
drawing that represents a view of the project
from above.
• A floor plan is a two-dimensional view of a
space, such as a room or building.
• It is a view of the space from above, as if the
space were cut through horizontally at the
windowsill level with the upper half removed
and You are looking down at the floor.
• It identifies the locations and sizes of
components.

40. C. Elevations
• Elevations are orthographic views that
show the exterior (or interior) of a building.
• They are basically flat, two-dimensional
views with only the height and width
obvious.
• Four elevations are normally required to
show the features of a building.

41. Elevation and floor plane

42. D. Foundation Plan
• Different types of foundations are designed for
different building depending on the nature of
the soil on which the building is to be erected.
• Foundation plan shows the width of
foundation, setting out of foundation trench,
center line of the trench for foundation of wall
and column footing, etc.
E. Sections:
• A floor plan or foundation plan, cut by a
vertical plane is a section.
• They offer a view through a part of the
structure not found on other drawings.

43. Section of a multistory building

44. F. Detail Drawing
• Details drawings are enlarged drawing that
provide essential specific information and often
enlarged segment of another section.
• The purpose of detail drawing is to describe and
define specific points which are too small using
accurate measurement.
• Detail may be presented in section, plan, and
elevation in a scale of 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20

46. STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
• The structural drawings provide the reader with
a view of the structural members of the building
and how they will support and transmit its loads
to the ground.
• They are normally located after the architectural
drawings in a set of working drawings.
• For new construction, structural-engineering
drawings will be needed for foundation and
footing details, the structural frame design,
beam sizes, and connections.

47. PLUMBING (SANITERY) DRAWINGS
• Plumbing drawings provide all pertinent
information on the design of the plumbing
system for a project, including line sizes and
location, fixture location, isolation valves,
storage-tank capacities, hot-water heater
capacities and locations, and drain locations
and routing.

48. Cont’d…
• Plumbing systems involve two major
components:
 water supply and
drainage.
• Water is supplied under pressure through
pipes to plumbing fixtures. Drainage works
by gravity, Drain pipes must slope
downward.

49. Isometric piping diagrams of hot- and cold-water riser systems

50. ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
• The final group of working drawings is usually
the electrical drawings.
• Architects usually hire electrical consultants to
design the electrical services in buildings .
• The electrical drawings show the various
electrical and communication systems of the
building, and they provide the client, the
builder, and the permit department with the
complete power layout for the project.

51. Electrical diagram

52. 2.3 Graphic symbols
• Graphic symbols are generally used to show how
a building, object, or system is to be constructed,
implemented, modified, or repaired.
• One of the main functions of graphic symbols on
construction drawings are to reference other
drawings within the set.
• Graphic symbols are often used on building plans
to show elements such as gas and water service
lines and window types as well as to list drawing
notes and identify finishes.
• Used to give common understanding.

53. Cont’d…

54. Cont’d…

55. Cont’d…

56. .