Gender

1. GENDER
Topic 2

2. I. THEORIZING GENDER
How do we explain
gender in society?
There are various perspectives on the origins of
gender. But for this part, we will focus on the
biological, psychological and sociological theories of
gender.

3. A. Ordained by Nature:
Biology constructs the sexes
Biological explanation have the ring of “true”
science to them because their theories are based
on “objective scientific facts the arguments of
natural scientists are extraordinarily persuasive.
Also , this perspective seems to be different to us
most of the time so different, in fact, that we often
appear to be from different planets.

4. B. The Evolutionary
imperative:
Sociobiologist tend to ignore other behavior
among primates. For example, sexual contract
with same-sex others is
“part of the normal sexual repertoire of all
animals, expressed variously over the lifetime
of an individual”

5. Sigmund
Freuds
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

6. Oral Stage:
Birth to 1 year old
Sigmund
Freud's
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

7. Oral Stage:
Birth to 1 year old
Anal Stage:
1 year – 3 years old
Sigmund
Freuds
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

8. Oral Stage:
Birth to 1 year old
Anal Stage:
1 year – 3 years old
Phallic Stage:
3 years old – 6 years old
Sigmund
Freuds
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

9. Oral Stage:
Birth to 1 year old
Anal Stage:
1 year – 3 years old
Phallic Stage:
3 years old – 6 years old
Latency Stage:
6 years old – 12 years old
Sigmund
Freuds
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

10. Oral Stage:
Birth to 1 year old
Anal Stage:
1 year – 3 years old
Phallic Stage:
3 years old – 6 years old
Latency Stage:
6 years old – 12 years old
Genital Stage:
12 years - Up
Sigmund
Freuds
Stages
of Psycho-
sexual

11. C. Sociological Theories on
Gender
Sociological theories help sociologist to explain
complex human behavior, social phenomena, and
social structures.

12. Structural
Functionalism:
Views gender roles as
essential for social
order.
Conflict Theory:
Highlights power
imbalances and
gender inequalities.
Symbolic
Interactionism:
Explores how
individuals construct
gender through
interactions.
Feminist Theory:
Addresses gender
inequality, with
various perspectives.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

13. Social
Constructionism:
Argues that gender is
socially constructed.
Queer Theory:
Challenges traditional
gender and sexuality
norms.
Intersectionality:
Considers how
multiple identities
intersect.
Gender
Performativity:
Gender is something
people do, not just
have.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

14. Hegemonic
Masculinity:
Examines dominant
forms of masculinity.
Gender
Stratification:
Focuses on hierarchy
and disparities in
gender roles.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

15. D. Social Construction
The social construction of gender is a term
that highlights how the meanings we
ascribe to genders are socially and
culturally mediated. Since the late 1980s,
scholars in women's, media, and cultural
studies have highlighted the ways gender is
constructed through language, media, and
dominant cultural discourses.

16. FOR SOCIETY, GENDER
MEANS DIFFERENCE:
Gender differences exist in
society because of the
prevailing societal and
cultural norms about how
women and men are
perceived (Acker, 2006).
FOR INDIVIDUAL, GENDER
MEANS SAMENESS:
individuals born "sexed" not
"gendered" - no essential
female/ male-ness, but once
gender is ascribed the social
order constructs individuals
to strongly gendered norms
and expectations. for society
gender means difference.
"only what we do is
perceived as different"
GENDER BENDING:
a person who dresses and
behaves like a member of the
opposite sex. gender-
bending.
SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION

17. II. Socialization: How do we learn
gender?
The organization of society is profoundly gathered,
meaning that the “natural” distinction between male
and female, and the attribution of different qualities
of each, underlies institutional structures from the
family, to the occupational structure, to the division
between public and private, to access to power and
beyond.

19. AGENTS OF
GENDER
SOCIALIZATION

20. Are typically a child’s first source of information
about gender. Starting birth, parents
communicate different expectations to their
children depending on their sex.
PARENTS

21. Teachers and school administrators model
gender roles and sometimes demonstrate gender
stereotypes by responding to male and female
students in different ways.
TEACHERS

22. Peer interaction also contribute to gender
socialization. Children tend to play with the
gender peers.
PEERS

23. Media, including movies, TV, and books, teaches
children about what it means to be a boy or a girl.
Media conveys information about the role of gender
in people lives and can reinforce gender
stereotypes.
MEDIA

24. III. GENDER INEQUALITY
Over the years, the world has gotten closer to achieving gender
equality. There is better representation of women in politics,
more economic opportunities, and better healthcare in many
places of the world. However, the World Economic Forum
estimates it will take another century before true gender equality
becomes a reality. What drives the gap between genders? Here
are the causes of gender inequality:

25. UNEVEN ACCESS TO
EDUCATION: women still
have less access to education
than men. Young women
between 15-24 will not finish
primary school.
CAUSES OF
GENDER
INEQUALITIES
LACK OF EMPLOYMENT
EQUALITY: Only 6
countries in the world give
women the same legal
work rights as men.
JOB SEGREGATION: One
causes for gender
inequality within the
employment is the division
of jobs.

26. LACK OF LEGAL
PROTECTION: Over one
billion women don’t have
legal protection against
domestic sexual violence
or domestic economic
violence.
CAUSES OF
GENDER
INEQUALITIES
LACK OF BODILY
AUTONOMY: Many
women around the world
don’t have authority over
their own bodies or when
they become parents.
POOR MEDICAL CARE:
women overall receive
lower quality medical care
than men.

27. LACK OF POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION:
Women are still grossly
underrepresented in
government and political
process.
CAUSES OF
GENDER
INEQUALITIES
RACISM: It affect what
jobs women of colors are
able to get and how much
they’re paid, as well as
how they are viewed by
legal and healthcare
system.
SOCIETAL MIDSETS: Its
less tangible than some of
the other causes on this
list, but overall mindset of
a society has a significant
impact on gender
inequality

28. Lesson 2: Gender
(Reporters)
Caidoy, Krishna Faye
Alberto, Danrey
Andrada, Nekko
Arenas, Mark Anthony
Aoki, John Aiver
Buranday, Bryden
Cabidog, Kenth