Essay Nvqundertake Physiological Measurements

Essay Nvqundertake Physiological Measurements
James Edwards 03/04/1985
CU2698 Undertake Physiological Measurements
1.
1.1
2. Physiological state in defined as "the condition or state of the body or bodily functions". This can
be measured when we perform our observations. By measuring a patient's respiratory rate, oxygen
saturations, peak flow (in asthma patients), pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, core
temperature, blood sugar, pupil reaction and Glasgow coma scale. All these combined measurement
can give us an insight into the patient's health or Physiological state.
2.1 The heart is simple a pump which forces the blood around our bodies through the pipe work we
call our arteries and veins. We can measure this force on our vascular system by measuring our
blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From above you would think this was only a good thing. But unfortunately a systolic blood pressure
of below 90mmHg can cause real problems. The lower you blood pressure becomes the less blood
reaches our vital organs like the brain. This can cause simple symptoms such as dizziness or faints.
However prolonged hypotension below 80–90mmHg can cause toxins to build up in the blood, this
is because the kidneys need a certain amount of blood pressure to filter the blood properly. This can
be fatal if left untreated.
2.2 Body temperature is a measurement of the body's ability to generate or get rid of excess heat.
When the body gets to hot the blood vessels near the skin dilate to carry the excess heat to your
skins surface. You will also begin to sweat as the sweat evaporates this helps cool you body. When
the body becomes too cold our blood vessels contract, this reduces the blood flow to the skins
surface to conserve body heat. As we become colder the body can start an involuntary response
called shivering. This is where the muscles of the body rapidly contract this extra muscle activity
helps generate more heat. Normal body temperature is around 37°C this is an average of normal
body temperatures. Your temperature may actually be 0.6°C above or below 37°C depending on the
outside temperature or you level of activity.
Pyrexia is an elevated body temperature usually above 37.5°C. This is one of the ways are immune
system attempt to fight an infection. Usually the
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Breathing Rate Lab Report
Aim: To investigate the relationship between exercise levels and respiratory functions.
Hypothesis: If respiratory functions are measured after different exercise levels are completed, then
there will be an increase in those functions which include heart rate, breathing rate and carbon
dioxide production levels.
Materials:
Test tube rack
Safety glasses
Measuring cylinder
Dropper
Balloon
Large test tubes
Stopwatch / timer
Glass pipette
20 ml of water
Bromothymol blue
Up to four group members
An exercise
Pen / pencil
Paper / tables to record information
Method:
Heart rate:
A timer was taken out as a pulse was being found. Once found, in 30 seconds the pulse beats were
counted. When finished, the pulse count was doubled to represent heart ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If a pulse was measured and recorded as student 1's results, the same person is to be used again as
student 1, or therefore results would be inaccurate. If it were to be two different people being
measured for student 1's results column, results would be inaccurate because two people may have
different pulses, breathing rates and carbon dioxide productions. One person may be more calm, or
more energetic than the other, and those factors would give uneven results. There was not enough
time to complete the full investigation, therefore results for table 3, the carbon dioxide production,
was taken from another group. This has affected data, making it inaccurate, because these results
were measured on other group members. Another factor that could have affected this investigation is

the exercise type. The same exercise is to be completed by all members of the group throughout the
whole investigation. If one member was to do 1 minute of simple star jumps, while another chose to
do sprints, that would affect the the results, because more intensity would of been put into sprinting
than star jumps, and that person would have a more increased function, making the results
somewhat

Experiment to Determine if Physical Activity Will Increase...
Introduction The ancient Greeks believed that the human heart pumped an endless supply of
"pneuma", or life energy. Galen, a Greek physician, believed that the "pneuma" and blood flowed
from the heart like a fountain. He believed that there was an endless supply of this precious life
source. It was not until 1616 that William Harvey determined that Galen was not entirely correct.
Due to the practice of bloodletting during Harvey's time, his belief that blood is in fact finite was not
warmly welcomed. (O'Brien) In 1733, the first blood pressure was recorded when Reverend Stephen
Hales connected a combination of brass and glass piping to a horse's artery. He noted that upon
releasing the ligature on the artery, the blood flowed through the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once the patient returned, she was asked to expose her arm to the middle portion of her bicep, and
her wrist and forearm were placed on the laboratory desk. With the patients arm resting on the desk,
approximately equal to the patient's heart level, pulse palpation began. The left radial artery was
visually located. The researcher lightly placed an index and middle finger over the left radial artery
and began palpation of the radial pulse for fifteen seconds. The pulse rate was calculated by
multiplying the total pulse count for the fifteen second duration by four to determine the heart rate.
The rate was recorded as the Post–exercise pulse rate. The earpieces and bell of the stethoscope
were cleaned with the alcohol wipes again and positioned in the researcher's ear with the openings
inferior and anteriorly positioned. The cuff of the sphygmomanometer was placed on the patient's
left arm approximately one and a half inches proximal to the antecubital fossa. With the patients arm
resting on the laboratory table, approximately equal to the patient's heart level, the cuff of the
sphygmomanometer was wrapped around the patient's bicep with the arrow directly in line with the
brachial artery, leaving two to three centimeters space between the cuff and the patient's bicep. The
stethoscope diaphragm was placed between the cuff and bicep, superior to the brachial artery. The
cuff was then inflated to 160 mmhg on the pressure gauge to occlude the brachial artery. The

How Routine Data Collected Throughout Health And Social Care
d how routine data collected in health and social care informs the planning of care for individuals
3.1 Explain the recordings and use of routine measures in health and social care In health and social
care recordings and use of measures are a vital signs for determine a patients state of health. This is
so important which will decide the appropriate treatment a patient need and in which condition this
patient health is at present. Nurses see the patient more than any other care provider. For that reason.
Nurses are in the best position to observe the patient's development, finding problems early and
judge what care is needed to resolve the problem. The care provider always checks the charts and
recordings before entering into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Visual Observation Visual Observation is observing a patient by listening to the patient's breathing,
look at his or her colour, and see whether the patient is awake. This will immediately tell the
patient's health problems if you see any indicators that the patient is having trouble breathing, is
breathing too fast, or his or her colour is unnaturally pale or reddish, or if the patient appears to be in
distress. It will suggests the problems to the nurse in duty or the doctor. But, when the patient is
breathing, colour, or position in the bed indicates unconsciousness rather than normal sleep, the
nurse will try to wake up the patient to provide the certain treatment. And visual observation is best
for the recordings while it can be useful to measure the breathing process. Another visual
observation is via talking to the patient to see if the patient is awake, to ask if they feel comfortable,
about any pain, treatment and medication already taken, whether the patient has been eating or
drinking. Talking with the patient will also indicate about the urinary, facial rejection, any previous
medical conditions and if the patient is able to speak and contribute information, about symptoms
can be found like fatigue, nausea and any other respiratory problems. Body Temperature Body
temperature is maintained within a fairly regular range by the hypothalamus that is found in the
brain. The hypothalamus

Respiratory Rate
Despite its importance, respiration rates are being found to be documented less often that any other
vital sign. . This may be due to inadequete understanding of the physiology of respiratory rate and
the potential problems that an increased or decreased respiratory rate could mean. (Ansell, Meyer &
Thompson 2014). Respiratory rate remains the only vital sign taken manually, without a machine,
which could also contribute to why it is inconsistantly taken. Respiratory rate is a highly sensitive
marker of patients' conditions and of early signs of deterioration, and their assessment can help
health practitioners detect subtle changes in patients' physiology and reduce the risk of multi–organ
damage, arrest or death. (Smith et al 2011, Cretikos

Present Data Collected Before and After a Standard Period...
Pulse rate before the exercise.
1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd attempt
69 77 80
After the exercise:
115 110 108
The pulse rate increases each time due to the acknowledgment of the pulse and I therefore was able
to get more accurate results.
Breathing rate before the exercise:
28 24 19
After the exercise:
45 39 31
Before the exercise the breathing decreased when I was counting how many breaths I can take in a
minute. However whilst breathing, my breathing rate was not normal but it was essential for me to
keep the results reliable.
Temperature before the exercise:
1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the exercise, we then took the measurements of our pulse, breathing rate and temperature too
to see the change. Once we had completed this the first time, we then did it 2 other times, so in total
3 time so that the data was reliable and trustworthy. (Stretch, B., & Whitehouse, M. (2007).
Also as none of us had any allergies, we therefore had no need to take any medication whilst the

exercise was taking place. Before the exercise had taken place me and my partner were both calm
and relaxed, however one the exercise had been undertaken we then started to breathe very heavily
and also consumed a full water bottle due to dehydration.
The pulse can be taken on two pressure points. One on the neck this is called carotid artery however
it is sometimes quiet hard to find, so people measure from the wrist, the Radial artery, with two
fingers as the thumb as a pulse but is uneven and can affect accuracy. The average heart rate for 15–
20 year olds is 122–163 bmp. Exercise causes the blood to pump faster, making our intake for
oxygen more and temperature rise, which creates sweat.
The results of my pulse rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after the exercise are down
below.
Pulse rate before the exercise.
After the exercise:
36.9 36.9 36.9
The temperature was relatively constant before and after the exercise.
Bar charts for the results
Key=
Series 1=

Dementia and Diarrhea Essay
Clinical History
Comprehensive: Nursing Home, dementia, diarrhea
DOB: 3–17–13
March 14, 1995
ANNUAL H&P DICTATION – Completed/Dictated 3–9–95
CODE STATUS: DNR/DNI
This resident is an 81–year–old gentleman who is pleasant and cooperative but not a good historian
due to his dementia.
Chief complaint:
Resident has been having diarrhea according to his records for the past week, since the 24th of
February. He has been having two to three large loose brown stools per day primarily in the evening
and at night. He has no nausea, no vomiting, no decrease in appetite, no abdominal pain and no
fever. He has some vague complaints of heart burn from time to time, pain in both groins and in
both legs. These complaints are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He has no siblings and no known relatives. He has never married and has no children. He lived
alone all of his life. He served in World War II. He did farm work and worked at a Meat Packing
factory. He had a good friend who was quite close to him and looked after him the later years of his
life. Resident has a positive outlook on life.
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: A review of systems was attempted but not completed because the
resident was unable to concentrate and his answers were not reliable.
PHYSICAL EXAM: Height 5'6". Weight 221 pounds. Weight 1 year ago: 205 pounds. Blood
pressure: 130/70. Pulse: 78. (What is the temperature? What is the respiration rate?)
Skin: Warm and dry, no rashes, bruises or suspicious lesions, numerous seborrheic keratoses over
the back, neck and head. (No skin turgor evaluated due to diarrhea?)
Head: Hair thinning, scalp and skull normal.

Eyes: Vision good in right eye but very poor in left eye; has corrective lenses but does not wear
them. Unable to test EOMs or fields because resident does not cooperate. Red reflex seen in both
eyes and vessels appear normal. Discs not visualized. PERRLA, conjunctiva pink, sclera clear.
Ears: Drums obscured by wax bilaterally, acuity good to whispered voice.
Nose: Mucosa pink, no sinus tenderness.
Mouth: Mucosa pink, poor dentition, tongue midline, no lesions on tongue or under tongue or on
buccal surfaces, pharynx pink.
Neck: trachea

Difference Between A Resting Heart Rate
This experiment was conducted to see, what is the difference between a resting heart rate in girls
and boys compared to their scared heart rate. What was done to test the variable (heart rate) was I
got each person in a room alone and they watched a video ("YouTube"). They were told that it's a
slide show of different videos, because most people said, "there 's going to be a pop up". In the
video that was shown to them is a picture of a cat and it is on the screen for about 30 seconds then a
scary woman screaming pops up. The results concluded that the majority of people's heart rates went
down. Going against the hypothesis stated.
Introduction
Nearly 100,000 beats per day, or about 37 million beats per year; most of the time you are unaware
that your heart does this ("WebMD"). The question is, what is the difference between your resting
heart rate, compared to your scared heart rate. For the age group tested (12–16 year olds) their
healthy heart rates could vary between 70 and 100 beats per minute. The importance of this project
is knowing if you are "pushing" yourself too hard, and to know if certain things trigger unhealthy
problems, like horror movies. The hypothesis stated is, if you scare a person from a resting heart rate
to a scared heart rate their heart rate will increase because adrenaline is released into the blood.
In addition, heart rates vary according to exercise, physical needs, age, gender, air temperature, etc.
In this experiment the dependent variable

Medical Case Study And Analysis
Medical Case Study and Analysis A lot of people around us suffer from different medical conditions
each day. It is important for everyone to be able to assess basic medical reports and make a quick
diagnosis. In this paper, we will be conducting three different case studies relating to
pathophysiological case studies, in order to understand different medical terms related to some very
common medical conditions.
Case Study–1 The first case study we will be analysing is a 60–year–old male patient named Mr.
John Smith. It was noted that recently he has been experiencing strong chest pain, and the onset pain
was described as sudden. Also, no vital signs were noted and the patient had no previous medication
history. And also, it has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, we would recommend to the patient to have an electrocardiogram (ECG) test, in order to be
sure that the pain is not a cause of any heart–related problems. We would also recommend the
patient perform basic physical exercises, as this would be helpful to relieve them of anxiety and
panic (Richardson, 2012). The patient's caretaker should monitor him carefully and contact the
health care center if he displays any sudden condition of anxiety or panic attack.
Case study–2 The subject of our next case study is a twenty–one–year–old female, who is presented
with a shortness of breath after completing a training session. The patient is noted to be producing
an audible wheeze when breathing. The patient is noted to be currently suffering from asthma and
speaks only in short sentences. Her vital signs include using Ventolin inhaler. Paramedic report
shows that her pulse rate is 140 bpm, which should have been between 70–100 bpm. Higher pulse
rate indicates that the person is prone to sudden asthma attacks (Dawson, 2014), especially after any
physical event. Her blood pressure is 130/70, where we can see that her diastolic pressure is low.
Her respiratory rate is 40 bpm, this is a highly dangerous rate for any adult, as respiratory rate
should be between 12–20 for any adult. This indicates that she is suffering from Tachycardia, which
is verified through her ECG reports. Tachycardia is a common type of heart rhythm disorder, where
she beats faster than usual

Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate Essay
Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Pulse Rate
Aim: To see what happens to the pulse rate during exercise.
Prediction: I predict that the pulse rate will increase in order to take more oxygen for respiration.
The heartbeat will increase and become stronger to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from
the muscle cells. The breathing rate will increase in order to get rid of the extra waste such as
Carbon dioxide. Respiration is the release of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs during prolonged
exercise as our heart and muscle use up a lot of oxygen, this prevents oxygen from being transported
to the lungs quick enough. The word equation for this is Glucose–––– Lactic acid and energy. I ...
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The tar, which is found in the cigarette smoke, irritates the air passage and Carbon dioxide then
reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen through the bloodstream. I predict that the non–smokers
heart rate should be smaller during exercise as they have a healthier more effective heart. Oxygen is
easily pumped around the body this reduces the amount of work that the heart has to do therefore
decreasing the pulse rate.
Plan: =====
*The resting pulse rate will be taken and recorded for both the smoker and non–smoker. The
heartbeat will be taken by placing your two middle fingers on your wrist were your artery crosses
with the bone. You must ensure that you do not use your own thumb as this contains a pulse itself.
======================================================================
* The results will then be recorded of the resting pulse rate and placed into
my results table.
* One–minute star jump exercise will begin.
* When the star jump exercise is complete I will then record the heart rate every minute using a
stopwatch, until it returns to it's original resting pulse rate.
Key Factors: In order to make my experiment a safe one we had to follow many obvious rules by

making sure that the area we used was open and away from other people to avoid injury to others.
We made sure that proper

Conventional Three Level Discontinuous Pulse Width...

Generalized Discontinuous PWM for Three–Level T–NPC Inverters Operating at Low
Modulation Index with Variable Power Factor
Subhadeep Bhattacharya, Student Member, IEEE, Diego Mascarella, Member, IEEE, Geza Joos,
Fellow, IEEE, and Jianhong Xu, Member, IEEE
Abstract– Conventional three–level discontinuous pulse–width modulation (DPWM) techniques are
typically employed in variable frequency drive applications to reduce inverter switching losses and
provide maximum benefit for load power factor angles in the range from 30° lagging to 30° leading.
This paper proposes a series of DPWM templates for lower power factors and a generalized DPWM
strategy for three–level T–NPC inverters operating with modulation indices lower than 0.5. With a
change in the power factor, the proposed strategy adapts the inverter pulse sequence by combining
different portions of the proposed DPWM templates within one fundamental cycle and ensures
minimum switching instances during transitions. Consequently, the strategy perfectly aligns the no–
switching durations of the inverter pulse–patterns with the respective load–current peaks, achieving
a 50% switching loss reduction for all operating power factor angles (90° lagging to 90° leading) at
modulation indices lower than 0.5. The paper provides an analytical evaluation of the proposed
strategy on the three–level T–NPC inverter switching losses. The simulation and experimental
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed three–level generalized

Cardiorespiratory Strength Lab Report
Lab 3.2 evaluated by cardiorespiratory endurance. I was able to determine my maximum heart rate
and what training within 65 & 90% intensity looks like in terms of where my heart rate should be. I
found this lab extremely helpful because now I can determine my heart rate and at what intensity I
am working at, and if I need to adjust to push harder or slow down. I currently have a fit bit and I
am able to see my heart rate constantly throughout a workout, but should I not have it, it is good to
know how to determine where I am based on my pulse. In this lab I was able to determine that when
I work out I am often at 90% of my maximum heart rate when I am doing cardio, my recovery is
very good after a finish and I usually feel pretty good after

Dr. Steward's Priority Problems With Impaired Cardiac...
Focused Assessments and Priorities Mr. Steward's priority problems include impaired cardiac tissue
perfusion, impaired gas exchange, and pain. We are concerned about impaired cardiac tissue
perfusion because the pt. is exhibiting signs of myocardial ischemia including chest pain and
shortness of breath (Gillespie, 2012). Although we acknowledge that impaired cardiac tissue
perfusion can decrease the function of the heart and will have the potential to affect the perfusion
and delivery of oxygen to other end organs, our primary focus will be a focused cardiovascular
assessment (House–Kokan, 2012). At 1800, Mr. Steward was SOB, had shallow and rapid breathing
(RR = 44), and a SaO2 of 72% on RA. Due to the fluid buildup in his lungs, Mr. Steward has
impaired gas exchange, and requires supplemental oxygen to maintain his SaO2; this warrants a
focused respiratory assessment. Mr. Steward was pain free until this morning. He initially
complained of right–sided chest pain and then complained about pain in his hip and ankle. We
recognized this was a new onset of pain that persisted, despite giving him some pain medication.
When Mr. Steward was discovered in his room clutching his chest, we recognized this as a non–
verbal sign of pain and asked him whether he was having chest pain. Although Mr. Steward doesn 't
provide a definitive answer, he displayed non–verbal signs of pain, such as restlessness, frequent
shifting in bed, and act of clutching his chest. Recognizing Mr.

Abstract:. The Consequence Of Exercising On Respiration
Abstract:
The consequence of exercising on respiration rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse rate
activity of the heart was examined. The experiment included equal numbers of male and female
students to test short term cardiopulmonary effects for all factors. Small gender distinction for pulse
rate was first detected. Then drastic, short–term changes for respiration rate along with MAP were
noted. The great contrast in effects witnessed for male and female subjects with regard to electro
cardiac activity was unidentified. Therefore, additional studies were designated to establish whether
these outcomes were subjective by small trial size or imitating distinctive physiological response by
the differences in gender to the outcomes of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate exercises potential effects on cardiopulmonary
functions and to determine if differences in gender play a key role in these functions
(Cardiopulmonary System 2017). The hypothesis and null hypothesis was used to determine the
outcomes of the experiment:
Hypothesis: Exercise had an impact on cardiopulmonary function, and there were gender–specific
cardiopulmonary dissimilarities.
H (0): Exercise had no impact on cardiopulmonary function, and there were no gender–specific
cardiopulmonary dissimilarities.
Methods:
The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the
heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were
noted as described in Harris–Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position
and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also
noted sitting ECG traces from Harris–Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P
wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for
males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.
Results:
Respiration rate: Respiration rates for both males and females escalated from sitting to exercising
but dropped back after a certain amount of time (Figure 1). Males had greater respiration

Explain How Does Heart Rate Change With Exercise
How does heart rate change with exercise?
When someone who exercises a lot such as a person that does sports the pulse rate level rises much
less than in a person that doesn't exercise a lot or does sports. You can check your heart by taking
the tips of your first two fingers to press gently over your blood vessels on your wrist count your
pulse for 10 seconds and multiply by 6 to find your beats per minute. You want to stay between
50percent to 85 percent of your heart rate. That is how you check your pulse.
The heart becomes stronger as a result of exercise so it can pump blood through the body with every
beat and continue working at an easy level. It might be surprising but our heart isn't really on

How Does The Circulatory System Affect One's Heart Rate?
Research: A normal resting heart rate varies from 60 to 100 beats per minute. A resting heart rate is a
heart pumping the lowest amount of blood due to the lack of physical activity. A lower heart rate at
rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. A well–trained athlete
might have a normal resting heart rate closer to 40 beats per minute. To measure heart rate one has
to check their pulse. They place the index and third finger on their neck to the side of your windpipe.
They can also check the pulse on their wrist by placing two fingers between the bone and the tendon
over your radial artery. Many factors can influence one's heart rate. For example of influences to
one's heart rate: activity level, fitness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The skeletal system's main function is to hold up body structures and shapes and helps the muscles
move. The bones we have in our body are all part of the skeletal system. We need our bones that are
made up of living cells and protein fibers to grow muscle. Bones give us the strength to participate
in daily tasks. The skeletal system has many parts that allow our bones to work together to move.
One part this system contains is cartilage, which gives shape and connect the bones. Another part is
the ligaments that hold bones together at the joints. Joints are the place where two or more bones
connect together allowing movement. When the subjects were jumping they needed the skeletal
system to allow the bones to bend and jump up and down 30 times. The muscular system is also a
huge part of this trial because it is another main system that allows us to move. Not only with our
bones, but it helps move blood with arteries, veins, and capillaries through the body. It pumps blood
to the heart helping our lungs to breathe. The muscular system has three types of muscles, smooth,
skeletal, and cardiac. Digging deeper into the smooth muscle, which has tissue in walls of organs,
arteries, and veins it also has involuntary movement. Involuntary movement is being able to move
by itself and cannot be controlled. In other words a muscle contracts without conscious control. The
smooth muscle also controls the way blood flows through the circulatory system. On the other hand,
the skeletal muscle has voluntary movement. This means it can be controlled and are done under
conscious control. The skeletal muscle is attached to the legs, arms, back, and torso which helps
move the bones. The cardiac muscle is only in the heart, which has involuntary movement. The
skeletal system and muscular system work together to help us move our body. Without these

PULSE: Peers Understanding Listening Supporting Education
Tucked away under the Health Center lies a glass door. A glass door that doesn't lead to another o–
chem lab or history class, but to a group of students who devote their time to the health and
wellbeing of the rest of the 20,000 students who attend Cal Poly SLO. These students comprise a
group called PULSE.
PULSE: Peers Understanding Listening Supporting Educating. Each word describes exactly how
PULSE serves the college. From daily consultations to campus–wide events, PULSE makes its
presence known on campus, reaching out to serve and to advocate for students' needs. PULSE
recognizes that there is nothing more important than students' health. Sure, there are the academic,
athletic, artistic, and social lives to be lived, but success in all of these aspects of life rely on the
premise that the student is healthy. To first–year environmental science major Sebastian Gonzales,
health can be summarized using three simple words: "Sleep. Diet. Exercise." While this remains ...
Alexandra has volunteered for REAL for the past quarter and provided an insight on how REAL
serves Cal Poly. For a typical week, Alexandra is given three one–hour consultation periods in
which she meets with students who walk in or sign up. Typically, the whole hour is taken up, and
during this time, Alexandra simply listens to the student's concerns, questions, and problems, and
offers educational resources. Some reasons why many students visited REAL, as Alexandra lists,
include anxiety, depression, stress management, or grief. Oftentimes, the students who visit REAL
even schedule a follow–up consultation weeks or months later, checking in with their PULSE
confidant. And Alexandra never had an empty hour of consultations; every week her fall quarter,
Alexandra filled her schedule with three different students, listening to and supporting their
emotional

Stochastic Modelling Of Essential Parameters For Wireless...
STOCHASTIC MODELLING OF VITAL PARAMETERS FOR WIRELESS BODY AREA
NETWORK (WBAN)
ManickavasagamBalasubramanian 1, AmuthaBalakrishnanB 2,
AlankritPatnaik3, KarthickNanmaran4
1 M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India –603203 manipooja1990@gmail.com 2 Professor, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India – 603203
amutha.b@ktr.srmunicv.ac.in 3 M.Tech Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
SRM University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India –603203 alankritenator@gmail.com 3 Research Associate, Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India –603203 ...
The identified values are converted into the relevant binary format, and this binary format of human
values sent to the hospital server for doctoral assessment through General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS), by using of Microcontroler Unit or Master Node. Results: In the identification process, If
the master node identifies any one above mentioned human parameter values have been exceeded
the threshold value, then it sends the alert message to the human care person through Short Message
Service (SMS), all communication encrypted with Festiel Cipher Structure.
Background
In the contemporary gadgeted era, human patients are continuously monitored during their stay in
the hospital. It gives rise to inconvenience and psychological strain to the patients during their stay
in hospitals. Factors like trauma, pain, treatment cost, time spent and human energy also add up to
the stress and health detoriation, which leads to early discharge from hospital care. This heath issue
can be carried over at home as well with minimal or no monitoring. To avoid this kind of issues,
improving the monitoring facilities and identifying the health condition before the emergency in
remote areas or at patient's home can be done by using Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSN).
A. Wireless Body Sensor Network
The Wireless body Sensor Network (WBSN), or Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) or a Body
Sensor Network (BSN) is a wearable computing wireless network device In specific, the network
made up

The Head to Toe Assessment
The Head to Toe Assessment
Principles of Assessment for RN's
Edward is a 45 year old male who is present today for his Annual Physical Examination. He is
asymptomatic and has no complaints.
Subjective:
History: The patient has a history of Chicken Pox at 5 years old. He has been a smoker for 25 years
and currently smokes 2 packs a day. He consumes alcohol daily 2–4 glasses of wine. He reports of
history of depression and anxiety 3 years ago after separating from his wife. His is not currently on
any medications. He also has a history of a positive TB skin test with no active disease. The patient
spent 15 years in the military traveling overseas. He had right rotator cuff surgery 10 years ago.
Objective: Head to toe Assessment: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If I had an ophthalmoscope I would use it to inspect the Ocular fundus: red reflex, disc, vessels and
retinal background which could give a preview to diseases such as Glaucoma. There is some
yellowing of the sclera
The extra ocular muscles which are stimulated by cranial nerves III,IV and VI and allow for
voluntary movement of the eye was tested by holding a pencil up and having Edward follow the
movement of the pencil with his eyes. Cranial or eye muscle damage was not evident since he was
able to move the eye downward and inward straight and rotary movement (Jarvis, 2012). The
external eye structures are intact with no lesions; there is no drainage from the lacrimal gland.
Ears
There is no mass, lesions scaling, discharge or tenderness on palpation of the Pinna. The tympanic
membrane would be inspected with an otoscope, if I had one. I would expect the normal membrane
to be gray, with no discharge. Whispers were heard bilaterally with no difficulty.
Nose
No external lesions noted, although he does have some facial acne. Cranial nerve VII seems to be
intact since the cheeks, lips and eyebrows are symmetric bilaterally. Nares are patent as evidenced
by good air passage on both sides when the other side is closed. The internal mucosa is pink with no
lesions or tenderness. There is no tenderness in the maxillary sinuses.
Mouth and Throat
The mucosa and gingivae are pink, no lesions or bleeding.

Essay about Lab Report: Blood Pressure
Variables Affecting Human Arterial Pressure and Pulse Rate
BIOL–204
Introduction:
The woozy feeling when standing up too quickly. After going for a run, feeling as if one more beat
and the heart would project itself out of the chest. Or quite the opposite and being in a very relaxed
state. These are all changes one experiences at some time or another. What causes the different
feelings and how each variable affects pulse rate and blood pressure has many wondering. Because
of this curiosity, an experiment was performed to get some answers. The purpose of the experiment
is to see how different variables affect pulse rate and blood pressure. Before starting the experiment,
self educating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is hypothesized that while doing this, the subject arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase.
This is to be thought because while the subject is spelling the words the mind will be under a lot of
stress therefore causing acts of anxiety or nervousness to arise, making the heart beat faster than
normal.
Procedure:
"For procedures, refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual."
Results: (See Below)
Exercise
Baseline
Immediate
1 Minute
2 Minutes
3 Minutes
Well Conditioned Subject
BP:188/70 mmHg
HR: 61 BPM
BP: 162/62 mmHg
HR: 76 BPM
BP: 138/70 mmHg
HR: 74 BPM

BP:132/68
mmHg
HR:72 BPM
BP: 130/64 mmHg HR:70 BPM
Poorly Conditioned Subject
BP: 122/44 mmHg HR: 60 BPM
BP: 134/65 mmHg
HR: 76 BPM
BP: 128/50 mmHg HR: 64
Discussion/Conclusion: To start off the experiment, a baseline was needed in order to be able to
compare the different variables through out the experiment. The subject was instructed to sit and
relax quietly while the blood pressure cuff and pulse plethysmograph were placed properly. After the
blood pressure was taken and analyzed, it was found that the subject's blood pressure was 122/64
mm Hg and a pulse rate of 60 bpm. Now that the baseline was obtained, continuing with the
changing variables could take place. Starting with the variable of postural changes, the subject first
reclined for three minutes. After the two minutes, the

A Study Of A Patient Who Experienced Chest Pain Essay
Introduction 100 WORDS A systematized and precise assessment is a vital tool for a clinician to
identify not only patients who are in unpredictable life threatening situations but also to recognize
the initial signs of patient's deterioration. (Tough, 2004) In order to accomplish a systematic and
detailed assessment, a sound clinical judgment and a strong, clinical based decision making by the
clinician should be done. (Croskerry, 2009) This will aid in formulating a pertinent diagnosis, which
is the key in devising a safe and effective treatment plan for the patient. (Croskerry, 2009) This
essay is a case study of a patient who experienced chest pain. The goal of this paper is to draw up a
clinical diagnosis that would be based on a complete medical history, a systematic physical
assessment, and the utilization of three significant diagnostic tests to rule out other diagnoses. Word
Count 141 Presenting Complaint / General Appearance 500 WORDS Mr. Z is a 54–year–old Pacific
islander male. Mr. Z was brought to the emergency department in the emergency department via
ambulance. The initial treatment that was given was Aspirin 300mg P.O. Two puffs of GTN
(Glyceryl Trinatrate) and four mg of IV morphine. Mr. Z called the ambulance because of sudden
onset of pain when he was walking up the stairs, about 4 to 5 steps. Another episode of chest pain
was felt two days ago while he was gardening but was relieved with rest; the pain lasted for about
five min. The location of the

The Effect Of Aerobic Exercise On Aerobic Capacity
INTRODUCTION
The body constantly needs energy to work. This energy, at the cellular level, supplied in the form of
chemical potential energy stored in ATP needs to be regeneration in order to fuel more cellular
activity and this can be done aerobically or anaerobically(Astrand 1956). Energy to sustain high
intensity workouts cannot eventually be fully supported by anaerobic pathways, resulting in an
increased reliance on aerobic metabolism (Bogdanis et al. 1996). The level of fitness to carry out
anaerobic exercises may be influenced by aerobic capacity (Kaikkonen et al.2000, Tomlin and
Wegner 2011).
By discovering the relationship between anaerobic fitness and aerobic fitness. It should be possible
for athletes to think about taking an advantage by distributing their physical energy during a match
properly or, for any individuals to understand or make their personal fitness program.
The aim of this study is to compare the maximum number of push–ups achieved by tested
individuals against their change in pulse rate measure before and after a moderate step–up exercise;
and determine how the ability of anaerobic fitness influences aerobic exercise.
It was predicted that being anaerobically fit do not assist in aerobic exercise.
METHOD
Refer to the School of Biological Sciences (2015).
See Appendix 1 for Null and Alternate hypotheses
RESULTS
There is a total of 137 tested individuals involved. There are 49 observations who did less than 25
push–ups and a number of 88

Health Assessment
Health Assessment
Physical Assessment Documentation Form
Date: __3/1/16________
Patient Information
Patient Initials
BR
Age
30
Sex
Female
General Survey
Does patient appear to be their stated age?
Yes
Level of consciousness
Alert and Oriented to person, place and time.
Skin color
Pinkish tan
Nutritional status
Well nourished
Posture and position
Good posture, sitting upright
Obvious physical deformities
None noted
Mobility: gait, use of assistive devices, ROM of joints, no involuntary movement
Steady gait, no assistive devices, no involuntary movement
Facial expression

Symmetrical
Mood and affect
appears to be in good mood
Speech: articulation, pattern, content and appropriate, native ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Soft palate pink and smooth.
Tonsils
Tonsils not present
Uvula (cranial nerves IX, X)
Uvula rises midline on phonation
Tongue (cranial nerve XII)
Symmetric, protrudes midline
Neck
Symmetry, lumps, and pulsations
Symmetric, no masses, tenderness.
Cervical lymph nodes
Soft, non–tender.
Carotid pulse (bruits if indicated)
2+ and equal bilaterally. No bruits.
Trachea
Midline
ROM
Full ROM
Thyroid gland
non–palpable, non–tender.
Chest and Lungs: Posterior and Lateral
Thoracic cage configuration Skin characteristics Symmetric expansion Tactile fremitus Lumps or
tenderness
Pinkish Tan, warm
AP<transverse diameter
Symmetrical
Equal bilaterally
None, No tenderness
Spinous process
Normal spinal profile, no scoliosis

Percussion over lung fields
Lung fields resonant
CVA tenderness
No tenderness
Breath sounds
Clear, equal bilaterally
Adventitious sounds
none
Chest and Lungs: Anterior
Respirations and skin characteristics
Normal, Pinkish tan warm, no lesions.
Tactile fremitus, lumps, and tenderness Equal bilaterally, no lumps tenderness
Percuss lung fields
Lung fields resonant
Breath sounds
Clear in all lobes bilaterally
Heart
Precordium: pulsations and heave
No abnormal pulsation, no heaves
Apical impulse (PMI)
Apical pulse at 5th ICS in left MCL
Precordium and thrills
no thrills
Apical rate and rhythm
62 bpm , regular rhythm
Heart sounds
S1– S2

Athletes Heart Rate Lab Report
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether athletes or non–athletes will
recover faster in a span of 10 minutes from an increased heart rate after running one lap around the
track.
Extra Research: To determine what a subject's heart rate should be after exercising, the "target heart
rate zone" was discovered through research. The target heart rate zone can be determined by
calculating 50% – 85% of the subject's maximum heart rate, which is their age subtracted from 220
BPM.
Hypothesis: If five athletes and five non–athletes run one lap around the high school track, the heart
rate of the athletes will recover faster because their heart rate will resemble their resting heart rate
more after 10 minutes, in comparison to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of the experiment was testing the numerical value of heart rate, so there was very little
qualitative results. However, as each participant was running they each experienced being flushed
and elevated breathing which are qualitative results.
Quantitative:
In total the average heart rate percentage change was 16.94% for athletes and 11.72% for non–
athletes. They all ran the same amount, one lap around the school's track.
Analysis, Discussion, and Conclusion: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
athletes or non–athletes would experience a high percent change in heart rate after having
experienced a raised heart rate, caused by running one lap around the high school track. The agreed
upon hypothesis was that the five subjects in the "athletes" category would recover faster, in
comparison to the "non–athlete" category, due to the fact that the athletes' hearts are more frequently
exposed to elevated heart rates. After examining the collected data, it was determined that the
hypothesis was refuted, given that the average percent change of the athletes was +16.94%, which is
5.22% greater than the average percent change of non–athletes, as shown in CHART #3 –

Continuous Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation Index With...
Generalized Discontinuous PWM for Three–Level T–NPC Inverters Operating at Low
Modulation Index with Variable Power Factor
Subhadeep Bhattacharya, Student Member, IEEE, Diego Mascarella, Member, IEEE, Geza Joos,
Fellow, IEEE, and Jianhong Xu, Member, IEEE
Abstract– Conventional three–level discontinuous pulse–width modulation (DPWM) techniques are
typically employed in variable frequency drive applications to reduce inverter switching losses and
provide maximum benefit for load power factor angles in the range from 30° lagging to 30° leading.
This paper proposes a series of DPWM templates for lower power factors and a generalized DPWM
strategy for three–level T–NPC inverters operating with modulation indices lower than 0.5. With a
change in the power factor, the proposed strategy adapts the inverter pulse sequence by combining
different portions of the proposed DPWM templates within one fundamental cycle and ensures
minimum switching instances during transitions. Consequently, the strategy perfectly aligns the no–
switching durations of the inverter pulse–patterns with the respective load–current peaks, achieving
a 50% switching loss reduction for all operating power factor angles (90° lagging to 90° leading) at
modulation indices lower than 0.5. The paper provides an analytical evaluation of the proposed
strategy on the three–level T–NPC inverter switching losses. The simulation and experimental
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed three–level generalized

The Heart Of The Body Essay
In mammals, there are many different systems that all work together in the body in order to create
life; one of those systems that holds a great portion of responsibility it the circulation system. In the
circulation systematic, the heart is the main component and worker, which for mammals comes in
the form of a dual pump that moves blood throughout the entire body. While moving blood
throughout the body the heart also helps with oxygenating the blood, by pushing it through the
lungs. The heart is composed of 2 atrial chambers and 2 ventricles, left and right. When blood enters
the atrial chambers it is at low pressure and when it leaves the ventricles it is at high pressure, so
that it has the force to be pushed throughout the body. The general pathway that blood travels is it
enters the right atrium, and then travels to the right ventricle where it is forced into the lungs to be
oxygenated. The blood then leaves the lungs and travels back to the left atrium, and then it goes to
the left ventricle where it is then forces to the rest of the body. There are several different factors that
play a role in the overall rate that the heart beats, such as central nervous system, more specifically
the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, and the pacemaker cells. The pacemaker cells, also
referred to as sinoatrial node, which sends out action potentials that contract the ventricles and
spreads to the atrioventricular node to lead to the contraction of the atrium. Electrical

First Do No Harm By Alison Block
Pulse, is an anthology, which gives the readers an insight from numerous authors' point of view
when it comes to dealing with patient treatment and urgent health problems. Inside of Pulse there is
63 different perspectives which all portray a different aspect in the medical field, which gives the
reader a descriptive and vivid detail of what is happening within a couple of pages. Through out
Pulse, the readers see how the patient impacts the doctor. As a result, it shows how the doctors deal
with patients and is able to keep it professional, even though they might become emotionally attach.
The first example of a doctor who is able to stay professional while dealing with a patient is in a
prose called "First, Do No Harm" by Alison Block. She started this journey to become a doctor from
a small fight with her brother and vowed not to hurt anyone. Alison shows that she truly wants to
know her patients and wants to help to the best of her abilities. Alison expresses she is emotionally
touched when talking to patients about their devastating diseases and lives. She says, " I try not to
cry, because it feels unprofessional, and nobody wants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Heustein says "To walk away and leave a man in so much pain felt like a crime–I could sense the
guilt written all over me." He tells the readers that even feeling like superman and going from room
to room helping patients has its moment. Furthermore, being a doctor that seems to not be affected
by anything that he encounters in the hospitable seems to have an emotional encounter when talking
to his patient. Heustein was able to listen to his patient's heart felt story about his wife and him.
Heustein knew his patient was emotionally in pain, but as much as he wanted to stay he had to help
the other patients that were waiting for him. He manages to be professional in a moment where he
completely feels like he is doing the wrong

Cardiopulmonary Pressure
I. Abstract: The effects on different aspects of cardiopulmonary fitness, respiratory rate, mean
arterial pressures, electrical activity of the heart, and pulse rate, were all tested on Freshmen Biology
students in regards to how exercise affects the results and if there is a difference between males and
females. Students did a moderate intensity exercise for two minutes, and the results were recorded.
There was at least a slight gender difference between all three measurements; for all three, males, on
average, had a higher net change after exercise. This, however, could have been in part due to errors.
In addition, both genders saw an increase after exercise in all three measurements, which was
expected. In the future, one should repeat the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Males, on average, increased their mean arterial pressure by 12.835 units. In contrast, females
increased their mean arterial pressure by 2.25 units; however, there was one girl whose mean arterial
pressure dropped after exercising instead of increasing. Both males and females all recovered from
the exercise within the four minutes given to recover.
The pulse rate of both male and female genders increased collectively following exercise, but the
males' increased drastically more on average than the females'. Male pulse rate had an average
change of 30 units, where as the females' pulse rate had an average increase of 19.5 units. One
aspect that might have influenced the female results was the fact that one female's pulse decreased
after exercise instead of increasing. Two males and two females were able to recover their pulse
after exercise near to the rest numbers, but the other four people were unable to return to their
normal pulse.
Finally, the graph taken from one group doing the electrical activity is shown at the end of the
results. It is a standard graph of an ECG, and the specific waves/points are labeled on the graph.
Table 10–8 Class Data Table
*See Attached*
ECG Graph
*See

Pulse Rate Lab Report
The present study was carried out in human subjects to measure the pulse rate in terms of heart rate
by using heart rate sensor instrument. The heart rate was measured during resting state, after
exercise and after watching salamanders. Phobia of particular animals can change the heart rate
when approaching scared animals. 11 The results revealed a significant increase in the pulse rate
during the exercise as compared to the resting state. A Similar trend was seen after I watched
salamanders as well. From the study, it was concluded that heart rate increases during exercise to
maintain the requirement of blood by the muscles. There was not a significant difference between
the state of resting and state of exercise. On the other hand, the pulse rate was statistically
significant between the rest and watching salamanders. There was a significant difference between
resting state and watching salamanders state. Watching salamanders has more impact on heart rate
than in resting state. These effects on pulse rate and pulse wave were conducted by using heart rate
sensor instrument. Watching salamanders has much more effects on heart rate than in exercising
state. My null hypothesis is accepted due to watching salamanders causing the heart rate an increase.
Introduction:
The cardiovascular system comprises of central pumping structure heart, blood vessels and
circulating fluid blood. The flow of blood to different tissues is regulated by the heart that is instead
regulated by

Pulse Asthma
Giving medicine and healing the disease is the last process of any medical treatment. Investigating
symptoms and identifying disease is the foundation of the treatment process. Patient monitoring
device distributors offer an extensive range of products that help to monitor multiple types of
disease as well as health conditions. Products such as fingertip pulse Oximeter, Pulse oximeter,
Syringe Pump proves extremely helpful to take care of personal health care. Advanced technology
blessed us with the convenient and portable devices that can help to check our health updates. With
these medicines to your aid, you don't need a visit a clinic for regular health checkups. Moderate
your blood sugar level and blood pressure with these devices. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This technology is employed to determine the oxygen in the blood level as well as heart rate. Pulse
oximeter is equipped with the advanced technology, which can quickly identify the alteration in the
blood oxygen level. A Pulse Oximetry device is simple to use, it needs to be clipped on the fingertip
to obtain blood oxygen

The Importance Of Vital Signs Of Essential Signs Essay
The Importance of Vital Signs: Introduction Vital signs are common exams performed by medical
professionals that assess the essential functions of the human body. These exams are imperative in a
clinical setting as they help to determine the overall health of a patient. During a routine vital sign
examination, hospital personnel such as nurses or certified nursing assistants must evaluate the
patient's body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure in order to obtain an
adequate assessment of the patient. Typically, radiographers are not often required to collect their
patients' vital signs. However, it is crucial for a radiographer to know how to acquire a patient's vital
signs in case of an emergency situation.
The Importance of Vital Signs: Body Temperature Body temperature is a vital sign that determines
the body's ability to produce and eliminate heat. According to the article, Vital Signs (Body
Temperature, Pulse Rate, Respiration Rate, Blood Pressure), "The normal body temperature of a
person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and in
women, the stage of the menstrual cycle." As a result of the variations in body temperature, the
normal body temperature is given a range between 96.4º F to 99.1º F for an average adult. A
temperature recorded as 100.4º F or above is considered a fever which indicates that the body is
battling against infection or disease. On the other hand, if the body temperature

Explain The Conclusions Gained From The Investigation
Explain the conclusions gained from the investigation:
Results table:
Trials Resting heart rate 5 seconds 10 seconds 15 seconds 20 seconds 25 seconds
1 101 124 112 134 136 136
2 101 125 130 133 137 136
3 101 124 129 134 136 137
Average 101 124 129.5 133 136 136
Standard deviation 0.578 5.9 0.9 3.1 0.6
This is an anomalies result. This was not included when working out my mean.
My graphs, shows the pulse rate increases, though out the exercise. Pulse rate increased to 124 beats
in 5 seconds than resting pulse rate, after the 10 seconds exercise, increased to 129.5 beats, after 15
seconds increased to 133, after 25 seconds of the exercise was over 136. The increasing intensity
levels of exercise causes the pulse rate to increase regularly
Conclusion:
Prediction: For my prediction, I predict that as the amount of exercises increases, the heart rate will
increase too. Looking at my graph, I can see a clearly that there is a strong relationship between
variables:
Variables: Things that I could change in the experiment that could change during the exercise of star
jumps and aim of the experiment was to how do the amount of exercise affects the way your body
functions:
Different types of variables that I used during the experiment there are In my investigation the
independent variable is the type of exercise, was star jumps The dependent variable is the number of
heart beats per seconds The control variables are the time I wait before I take my heart rate after an

Body Exercise Lab Report
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HOMEOSTASIS
Purpouse
The purpose of this experiment to see how will the body attract with the skin color
Hypothesis
If the minutes go up the heart rate will increase when the minutes go down the heart will decrease
Materials
Thermometer
Alcohol
Stop watch
Cotton ball
Procedures
Determine who is the subject the person exercising and the experimenters and the person taking and
recording the data the experimenters will take the subject standing heart rate temperature and
breathing rate as well as make observation on the subject color and perspiration heart rate are
obtained by taking the radial pulse or carotid pulse for 10 seconds convert all your heart rate to beats
per minute by multiplying by 6 and record

Pulse Oxymetry
PULSE OXIMETRY Submitted by: Joshua Martin Rhoanne Feleo Submitted to: Mrs. Fontanilla
Pulse Oximetry What is a Pulse Oximeter? * A Pulse Oximeter is a device used to perform the
diagnostic procedure for determining the: * Percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) that is saturated with
oxygen The oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a measure of how much oxygen the blood is carrying as a
percentage of the maximum it could carry and is sometimes referred to colloquially as the "sats"
reading * The heart rate The heart rate refers to the number of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
* Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is a measurement of the percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying a
full load of oxygen. Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) absorbs more infrared light than red light,
while deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) absorbs more red light. By comparing the relative amounts of
different light absorbed, the oxygen saturation (SpO2) can be determined. * However, there are
some possible causes of erroneous readings: Motion artifact: Movement (shivering or tremors) or
improper fit of the sensor can cause erroneously low readings. Hypotension (due to cardiac
arrhythmias, blood loss or peripheral vascular disease) and peripheral vasoconstriction (caused by
hypothermia, smoking or sickle cell disease) can alter readings. Smoke inhalation or carbon
monoxide poisoning can cause high levels of carboxyhemoglobin and also skew pulse oximetry
readings. Response delay: A technical limitation that requires additional time to detect hypoxemia
(SpO2 less than 90 percent). The length of delay can be affected by poor sensor site perfusion and
vasoactive drugs. * Sensors are sized according to weight and it is important to select the correct
size to avoid reading errors. The sensor site should be assessed regularly for skin breakdown,
cyanosis, pulse rate and temperature. * Pulse oximetry is not recommended in the following
situations:

Adam Rudd Case Summary
Case Narrative for Transfer of Adam Rudd to CCU
In the emergency room, Rudd was connected to the cardiac monitor, labs were drawn and a 20–
guage peripheral IV was started in the right arm. An IV infusion of nitroprusside was started and
vital signs were recorded periodically. The Pain was assessed using a PQRST pain assessment
method and Rudd rates throbbing pain bilaterally in the head with a pain score of 8 that aggravates
with moving and does not radiate to elsewhere other than the head. The orthostatic BP shows no
changes. The E.D physician decides to admit Rudd in CCU to further monitor his blood pressure
and watch for any signs of organ damage. The E.D physician writes an order for pain management
and transfer to CCU. The ER nurse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the nurses' station she announces to everyone sitting there, "The patient in 420, Adam Rudd, has
an attitude, he was very rude to me, did not answer my questions and he was complaining about our
hospital and bed. He is 78 years old, no wonder he behaves like this". The charge nurse sitting at the
nurses' station supports Philly and says, "I know, I also felt the same when I went for my morning
meet and greet with the patients. What can we say, old people are grumpy.."
Questions:
1) Was Philly`s behavior appropriate when entering Rudd`s room?
Philly should have knocked on the door, before entering into patient`s room. She should have then
greeted and introduced herself and the student nurse to Rudd. She should have then started the
conversation by addressing him by his name. She should have also enquired about his pain. Philly
should have finished her shift assessment and should have assured him that she will come back with
the morning medications and then left the room. The behavior was very unprofessional.
2) How should have the charge nurse responded to

A Comparative Analysis Of MESFET
4.1 Comparative analysis of GaAs MESFET parameters 4.1.1 Comparative analysis of V–I
characteristic of MESFET for A1, A2 & A3 device.
Fig 16: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A1 Device Fig 17: Comparative
analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A2 Device
Fig 18: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET for A3 Device
4.2.2 Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different Gate width W and VGS
Fig 19: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = 0.0V
Fig 20: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = –0.2V Fig
21: Comparative analysis of V–I characteristics of MESFET at different W & VGS = –0.4V
4.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Design of required device model i.e of NAND gate is initialized with the help of pencil and paper.
Above designed paper model is implanted in LTSPICE IV through various tools present in editor
toolbar like components, label net, ground, draw wires, resistors, drag & move. Fig 22: Circuit
design for simulation of GaAs MESFET as NAND gate
Physical input parameters are fed in this model.
Now, circuit simulation is performed with the help of Run tool present in editor

Pulse Chase Experiment
What is the purpose of a Pulse Chase Experiment? The purpose obtain a half life on a molecule. A
Half life is the amount of time it takes to get to one half of a molecule. However, In Pulse Chase you
can use proteins or mRNA which proteins it uses thirty–five S Met in the pulse and Met in the chase.
The quantity is immunoprecipitate and scintillation counting. In mRNA it ues three UTP in the Pulse
and UTP IN the Chase. The quantity is affinity purify or dot blot and scintillation counting. So the
method begins with the Pulse. Which is radiolabel newly synthesized molecules making them hot.
The Chase is making a new molecules not radiolabeled cold, Then we ask the question how many of
the originally labeled hot molecules are around at any given time? Over the course, of a Pulse Chase
the total number of molecules does not change. The only thing that does is the ratio of hot and cold
molecules. The two thing that factor in is how fast can molecules produced, and how fast hot
molecules can degraded. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But before it begins proteins molecules are being synthesized at a steady state trough a translation of
mRNA by ribosome. The phase of the experiment begins when investigators apply a large dose of a
radioactive amino acid or leucine to the cell culture. The radioactive amino are incorporated in the
proteins manufactured during protein synthesis. The chase phase of the experiment begins when a
very large amount of nonradioactive leucine is added to the simple. After the chase beings no more
radioactive proteins is made. The experiment results in a short period of production of radiolabeled
molecules. Which can be tracked within the

Essay Nvqundertake Physiological Measurements

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