Digital Transformation of the Heritage Sector and its Practical Implications

Berner Fachhochschule | Haute école spécialisée bernoise | Bern University of Applied Sciences
The Digital Transformation of the Heritage Sector and its
Practical Implications
Beat Estermann, BUAP, Puebla, 11 April 2024
Ball Game, Palace of Water, Acropolis, Toniná. National Museum of Anthropology. User:Toyotsu, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA.
Unless otherwise noted, the contents of this slide deck are provided under the CC BY 4.0 License.

▶ Towards a New Model of Public Administration in the Digital Era
▶ Digital Transformation of the Public Sector
▶ Political Guidelines: The Tallinn Declaration on eGovernment
▶ Digital Transformation of the Heritage Sector
▶ Open GLAM as an Empirical Phenomenon
▶ Open GLAM as a Movement
▶ GLAM-Wiki Cooperation
▶ Current Trends
▶ Open GLAM @ BUAP
Overview

Locating Switzerland and the European Union…
Image by User: TUBS, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0. Image by User: Kolja21, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0.

-
1.1
Digital Transformation of
the Public Sector

Models of Public Administration Through the Ages
1900 1980 2000
Images under copyright.

First Generation E-Government Maturity Models
Online Presence
Interaction
Transaction
Integration
Transformation
Around 20 different "e-government
stage models" were published
between 2000 and 2012. All but one
focus on the first four stages of
e-government development.
What comes next remains largely
speculative in the first-generation
e-government maturity models.
Cf. «E-Government Nirvana»
(Coursey & Norris 2008)
Source: Estermann (2018)

Transformation of the Public Sector
Logic Conclusion of the NPM Reform
• Breaking through organizational silos, in order to offer
seamless cross-organizational services
• Customer-centered design of digital public services
• Digital forms of citizen participation, including e-
voting
In addition to other characteristics of NPM-inspired
change, such as:
• Disaggregation of large public-sector hierarchies into
smaller structures and introduction of competitive
elements through market-like arrangements
• Increased focus on service quality and customer
responsiveness
• Shift in accounting principles inspired by the private
sector
• Increased use of pecuniary-based performance
incentives for public sector employees
Beginning of the Post-Managerial Era
• Citizens as Prosumers: Citizens are no longer passive
«consumers», but co-producers of public services;
online collaboration.
• «Government as a Platform»: Public adminstration as
a provider of data and infrastructure services which
third parties can build upon.
• «Open Government»: Transparency and
empowerment of citizens and civil society to help
them solve societal problems.
• «Collaborative Governance»: Closer cooperation
between public and private sector players;
coordination via networks, not markets.
• «Governments as Catalysts for Change»: Moving away
from the concept of administration as a "service
provider"; public entrepreneurship as a driver of social
change.

-
1.2
Political Guidelines for the Digital
Transformation:
The Tallinn Declaration

Common orientation framework of
EU and EFTA countries for the digital
transformation of public
administration
Digital transformation of public
administration not only as a
national, but also as an international
coordination task
Link: original text of the declaration
Image under copyright.

The Five Principles of the Tallinn Declaration (1/3)
In order to increase the efficiency and user orientation ("user centricity"), the
services of public administrations should be digital, inclusive, accessible and barrier-
free by default ("digital by default", "inclusiveness", "accessibility").
1
For central services of the public sector, the principle applies that citizens or
businesses need to provide the same information to the public administration only
once ("once only"); the administration takes care of the internal transfer of the
information at the behest of citizens or businesses.
2
Public services must be trustworthy and secure ("trustworthiness", "security"),
whereby privacy is to be respected and national eID solutions are to be used.
3
Source: Marti, Estermann, Neuroni (2022)

In the spirit of openness and transparency ("openness", "transparency"), citizens
and companies should be enabled to manage data concerning them in base regi-
stries themselves and to exercise a certain degree of control over their use.
Furthermore, administrative data that is useful for the economy or society should
be made available as open data for free further use ("open by default") and linked
to reference databases ("automatic linkages to databases"). In addition, long-term
digital preservation of public sector data and information must be ensured (“long-
term preservation”).
4

IT applications of the public sector should be interoperable ("interoperability by
default"). In addition, open source solutions and open standards should be used
to increase the reusability of IT applications – both within the public administra-
tion and beyond ("make ICT solutions available for reuse"). When setting up
service infrastructures, duplications should be avoided ("avoid sectoral
duplication of service infrastructures").
5

Several accompanying measures are intended to promote the digital transformation of
the public sector:
▶ Promotion of “digital skills” within the public administration at all levels
▶ Promotion of “digital leadership skills” among top civil and public servants
▶ Broader use of data by the public administration itself (“widen and deepen the use of
data and analytics”)
▶ Faster innovation cycles (“more and faster innovation”)
▶ “Agile ways of developing and deploying digital technology”
Tallinn Declaration: Accompanying Measures

What Type of Transformation of the Public Sector?
Sources: Estermann (2018); Marti, Estermann, Neuroni (2022)
Logic Conclusion of the NPM Reform
 Breaking through organizational silos, in order to offer
seamless cross-organizational services
 Customer-centered design of digital public services
 Digital forms of citizen participation, including e-
voting
In addition to other characteristics of NPM-inspired
change, such as:
• Disaggregation of large public-sector hierarchies into
smaller structures and introduction of competitive
elements through market-like arrangements
• Increased focus on service quality and customer
responsiveness
• Shift in accounting principles inspired by the private
sector
• Increased use of pecuniary-based performance
incentives for public sector employees
Beginning of the Post-Managerial Era
 Citizens as Prosumers: Citizens are no longer passive
«consumers», but co-producers of public services;
online collaboration.
 «Government as a Platform»: Public adminstration as
a provider of data and infrastructure services which
third parties can build upon.
• «Open Government»: Transparency and
empowerment of citizens and civil society to help
them solve societal problems.
• «Collaborative Governance»: Closer cooperation
between public and private sector players;
coordination via networks, not markets.
• «Governments as Catalysts for Change»: Moving away
from the concept of administration as a "service
provider"; public entrepreneurship as a driver of social
change.

-
2.1
Open GLAM as an Empirical
Phenomenon

Adoption of various Internet-related practices among Heritage
Institutions

Crowdsourcing refers to situations where an institution proposes to a group of
individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open
call, the voluntary undertaking of a task, that usually would be performed by staff
members.
Cf. Estelles-Arolas & Gonzalez-Ladron-De-Guevara, 2012
The term collaborative content creation is used alternatively to refer to
crowdsourcing situations where online collaboration among volunteers is involved.
Cf. Estermann 2018
Defining Crowdsourcing

-
2.2
Open GLAM as a Movement

Let’s engage global audiences!
(go where the people are!)
Logos under copyright / protected by trademarks.

Let’s improve the discoverability and
inter-connection of collections
Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2014,
by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/ CC BY-SA 3.0

Let’s create new possibilities for
participation by users / visitors
Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Swiss National Library,
Simon Schmid, Fabian Scherler - CC-BY-SA

Let’s facilitate the re-use of heritage items, their digital
representations, and the information about them

OpenGLAM Principles (2013)
1. Release digital information about the artefacts (metadata) into the public
domain using an appropriate legal tool […]
2. Keep digital representations of works for which copyright has expired
(public domain) in the public domain by not adding new rights to them.
3. When publishing data, make an explicit and robust statement of your
wishes and expectations with respect to reuse and repurposing […]
4. When publishing data, use open file formats which are machine-readable.
5. Opportunities to engage audiences in novel ways on the web should be
pursued.

-
2.3
GLAM-Wiki Cooperation

▶ First Generation Cooperation Projects
(since 2008)
Geared towards providing content for
/ by the means of Wikimedia projects:
Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, etc.
▶ Second Generation Online Collaboration
Projects (since 2020)
Wikimedia Movement Strategy 2030 goal:
Knowledge as a Service – Become a platform that serves knowledge in many formats
and builds tools for allies.
GLAM-Wiki Cooperation

Some Examples of Early GLAM-Wiki Cooperation…
British Museum
 Wikipedian in Residence
 Hoxne Challenge (improvement of a Wikipedia
article; the museum provides all helpful resources)
 Featured Article Prize
 School translation project (French students translate
Wikipedia articles)
 Cooperation between individual Wikipedians and
curators
Photo: User:Klafubra, Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA

British Library
 Edit-a-thon
 Backstage Pass
Photo: Mike Peel, Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA

Derbyshire Museums
 Curators edit Wikipedia
“If our staff can share their knowledge
with Wikipedians, anyone will be
able to learn more about our
collections.”
Courtesy of: Àlex Hinojo & Conxa Rodà

▶ With the participation of staff members of the Swiss National Library, the Zürich Central
Library, the ETH Library, as well as OpenGLAM CH.
▶ 3 Projects:
• Graph-based query expansion
on Library Discovery Systems
• Referencing Archival Fonds on
Wikidata
• Referencing heritage institutions
in Wikidata and displaying data on
Wikipedia
Wikidata for Libraries Hackday Series (2019)

LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group (since 2020)
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group

-
2.4
Current Trends

Trending Topics in Open GLAM over the past five years
Wikidata
Structured Data on
Commons
Algorithms
Machine Learning
Human-Machine
Interaction
FAIR Principles
CARE Principles
Ethical Considerations
Thematic Data
Ecosystems
Trustworthy Data
Spaces
Sharing of Sensitive Data
ML & CS for Data
Enrichment
Responsible Use of AI Global Digital
Public Goods

The ISA Tool for the Tagging of Images
on Wikimedia Commons
Practice Example

A Tool for the Collaborative Tagging of Images

The Technical Solution
Link to File (Wikimedia Commons, User: Beat Estermann, CC BY-SA)

Thematic Data Ecosystems
More about…

The ecosystem metaphor has increasingly been put forward as a tool
for leading change in the public sector and beyond, as it accounts for
the interdependency of social, technological and information systems
and stresses their self-organizing and co-evolutionary character.
The « Ecosystem » as a Metaphor for Leading Change

Key Aspects of Thematic Data Ecosystems
Based on an analysis of 28 academic papers and reports on data ecosystems (2022)
Data Sharing
Interoperability & Shared
Infrastructures
Stakeholder Involvement
Economic Sustainability

Heritage Sector
Public
Administration
Research /
Digital Humanities
Cultural
Sector
Digital Transformation
(Data) Ecosystem Thinking

The CARE Principles for (Indigenous)
Data Governance
More about…

“CARE Principles as a complement of the “FAIR” Principles
Source: Global Indigenous Data Alliance, https://www.gida-global.org/care

Dealing with the Colonial Past
Practice Example

Swiss Open Cultural Data Hackathon 2023

"It is within the framework established by Local
Contexts that I would like us to develop our thinking
around open data. I would therefore like the
Hackathon to take us in this direction and not in the
direction of open data that does not take into account
traditional indigenous knowledge before declaring that
the data is totally free of rights and in the public
domain."
Carine Durant, Director
Geneva Ethnographic Museum
Image under copyright

Global Digital Public Goods
More about…

Global Digital Public Goods – A Definition
“Digital public goods are open-source software, open data, open AI models,
open standards, and open content that adhere to privacy and other applicable
laws and best practices, do no harm by design, and help attain the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” – Digital Public Goods Alliance
The Vision of Digital Public Goods in the Service of Digital Self-
Determination, Digital Sovereignty, and Sustainable Development
are an Ideal Basis for International Cooperation

▶ Data
• Once Only
• Open by Default
• Semantic Interoperability
• Interlinking with Reference Databases / Base Registers
▶ Applications
• Interoperability by Default
• Make ICT solutions available for reuse / Prioritization of Open Source Software
• Avoid sectoral duplication of service infrastructures
▶ eGovernment Services
• Trustworthiness & Security
• Inclusiveness & Accessibility
Digital Public Goods as a Means to Promote Public Sector
Transformation in Line with Tallinn Principles

-
3
Open GLAM @ BUAP

Bootstrapping an Open GLAM Programme for the State of Puebla
CultureFLOW @ BUAP
Lead: Sandra Palacios & Beat Estermann
Seminar at ARPA
on the Digital Transformation
of the Heritage Sector
Beat Estermann (Visiting Scholar)
Local Coordinator: Sandra Palacios
Open GLAM & GLAM Hackathon @ PUE
Key Interlocutors: Héctor Díaz Furlong (ARPA), Marco Serrano (CCU Libraries), …
Integration of Open GLAM in
ARPA & UPA Curricula
International Cooperation
Projects

CultureFLOW @ BUAP
More about…

• CultureFLOW is a methodology that has been developed to extend the
traditional GLAMhack approach as used in Switzerland, Austria and elsewhere.
• CultureFLOW is intended to encourage and facilitate public participation and
artistic creation around the themes covered by GLAM hackathons.
It is being concretized and tested at the occasion of the 10th edition of the
GLAMhack taking place in Lucerne on 6-7 September 2024, with the involvement
of heritage institutions in Switzerland and students at BUAP (creative arts &
heritage management).
What is CultureFLOW ?

#GLAMhack24
5-7 September 2024, ZHB Luzern
10 Years Jubilee Edition
“On the Move”
Kapellbrücke, Lucerne. User: Slav Yakounin, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.

Engaging Ethnographic Museums in Switzerland

Project Ideas Currently in Focus
Different Perspectives on the Habsburg
Website and Installations at Habsburg
Memory Sites
Pluralist Views on Artifacts in Ethnographic
Collections (artistic, participatory, etc.)
Online Application & Installations in Museums
Improved Access to Mesoamerican
Collections Worldwide
Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikipedia
Images under copyright

-
Q&A
Reflections on Next Steps

Now, the Ball is in Your Camp… ;-)
Small detail of a reproduction of a mural at the Tepantitla complex of Teotihuacan. Daniel Lobo (Daquella manera), Wikimedia Commons via Flickr, CC BY 2.0.

-
Bibliography & Contact

▶ Bonazzi, G., & Tacke, V. (2014). Max Weber: Bürokratie als legale Herrschaft. In Geschichte des organisatorischen
Denkens (pp. 173-192). Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
▶ Coursey, D., & Norris, D. F. (2008): Models of e-government: Are they correct? An empirical assessment. Public
Administration Review, 68(3), 523–536.
▶ Dunleavy, P., & Margetts, H. (2015). Design principles for essentially digital governance. In: 111th Annual Meeting of the
American Political Science Association, 2015-09-03 - 2015-09-06.
▶ Estelles-Arolas, E., & Gonzalez-Ladron-De-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition. Journal of
Information Science, 38(2), 189–200.
▶ Estermann, B. (2020). Wikidata for Libraries Hackday Series. This Month in GLAM, Switzerland Report, 10(1), January
2020.
▶ Estermann, B. (2018). Development Paths Towards Open Government – An Empirical Analysis Among Heritage
Institutions, Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 599-612.
▶ Marti, M. D., Estermann, B., & Neuroni, A. C. (2022). Die Tallinn-Prinzipien als Wegbereiter der digitalen Transformation
des öffentlichen Sektors in der Schweiz. In Digitale Transformation in der Öffentlichen Verwaltung in der Schweiz: Stand,
Entwicklungslinien und Praxisbeispiele: Bd. Pleger, L. und Mertes, A.
Bibliography

Contact
Beat Estermann
Opendata.ch
Member of the Board
beat.estermann@opendata.ch
https://openglam.ch
Bern Academy of the Arts
Coordinator Open Science / Digital Humantities
beat.estermann@hkb.bfh.ch

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