Crop improvement by mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding & rootstock breeding for Apple, pear ,peach, plum & strawberry. Crop improvement for apple, pear, peach, plum, and strawberry is facilitated through mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, and rootstock breeding. Mutation breeding induces genetic variation by exposing plants to mutagenic agents, leading to desirable traits such as disease resistance and improved fruit quality. Polyploidy breeding involves creating plants with multiple sets of chromosomes, enhancing traits like fruit size and yield. Rootstock breeding focuses on selecting rootstocks with traits like disease resistance and tolerance to environmental stresses to improve overall plant vigor and productivity. These breeding methods contribute to the development of high-yielding, resilient fruit varieties, ensuring sustainable fruit production and quality.

1. Welcome

2. INDIRA GHANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
Masteral seminar on
Abid solanki
COLLEGE OF AGRICULUTURE, RAIPUR (C.G.)
Department of Fruit Science
Crop improvement by mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding &
rootstock breeding for Apple, pear ,peach, plum & strawberry.
SEMINAR INCHARGE
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
Head ,
Dept. of Fruit science
college of agriculture Raipur
SPEAKER
Aabid Solanki
M.Sc. Previous year
Dept. of Fruit science
Id -20220253

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CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Mutation breeding
 Polyploidy breeding
 Rootstock breeding
 Case study
 Conclusion

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Crop improvement
The aim of plant breeding or crop improvement is to ‘maximize the probability of creating and
identifying, superior genotypes which will make successful new cultivars. In other words, they
will contain all the desirable characteristics/traits necessary for use in a production system’
(Brown and Caligari, 2011).
Prior to commercial release of a new cultivar, the breeding process
requires
 identification of variable germplasm
 hybridization to combine genetic materials from different sources into a single
entity
 selection of superior genotypes with a favourable combination of
characteristics
 multiplication of stable cultivars.

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1. Mutation breeding
Mutation is defined as “heritable changes in an organism's genetic material that are not the
result of genetic segregation or recombination”
(Van Harten, 1998)
Chemical alterations at the gene level are the cause of these modifications. Such alterations
may result in new and heritable character variants in plants, which can be identified and used
to develop crop varieties with novel traits.
Mutation in fruit breeding
1. Intragenic or point mutations: occurs within a gene in the DNA sequence and restore
function of mutant gene product.
2. Intergenic or structural mutations within chromosomes: chromosome breaks and
rearrangements are the cause of structural mutations. It includes inversions, deletions
translocations, and duplications. Haploidy, polyploidy and aneuploidy are chromosomal
number alterations caused by mutations.

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Application of mutation breeding
 In improving specific characteristics of well adapted high yielding variety.
 Mutagens has been successfully used to improve various quantitative characters
including yield.
 When a desirable variety has an oligogenic genetic defect.
 There is tight linkage between desirable and undesirable traits.
 Desired variability exhausts in cultivated species and germplasm.
 Crop does not have sexual cycle thus lacks variability.
 The generation cycle is very long ,such as plantation crops ,fruit trees….there
mutation breeding is the short cut way for genetic improvement.

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Mutation breeding in Apple:
Spontaneous mutations are exceedingly rare, and bud-sport selection is a promising
horticultural breeding strategy.
• 12 bud sports originating from cv. Royal Delicious, 9 of which were found in Kinnaur
and 3 in Lahaul and Spiti
• which differed in fruit color and belonged to distinct groups.
• Bud wood from every identified apple bud sport was collected and conserved to
produce plants for future investigation
• Commercialization of such bud sports will not only raise market values but also lead
to a reduction in the use of coloring chemicals for fetching early market.
• late coloring and late-maturing bud sports will help to extend the season of apple fruit
availability.
• These detected bud sports could represent a valuable gene pool that could be
exploited as a source of genetic material in apple breeding programs or introduced as
a new cultivar
Anshul et.al. Scientia Horticulturae

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CULTIVAR DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUCED MUTATION IN APPLE
Cultivars released Mutagens Year Country Improved
traits
Picture
Golden Haidegg Gamma rays
(50Gy)
1986 Austria Fruit size
McIntosh 8F-2-32 Gamma rays
(50Gy)
1970 canada Skin colour
Blackjoin BA 2 520 Gamma rays
(50Gy)
1970 France Fruit colour
Balrene EMS 1970 France Earliness
Lys golden Gamma rays
(50Gy)
1970 France Rust
resistance

9. Mohammad, 2001, Sattar et al., 2021
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Courtavel gamma rays
(50 Gy)
1972 France Softness
Courtagold gamma rays
(50 Gy)
1972 France Softness
Senbatsu-
Fuji-2-Kei
Gamma rays
(60 GY)
1985 Japan Fruit
colour
Shamrock Gamma rays 1986 Canada Earliness

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CULTIVAR DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUCED MUTATION IN PEAR
Cultivars
released
Mutagens Year Country Improved
traits
Picture
Fuxiangyan
ghongdli
Gamma rays
(2.5 Gy)
1983 china Disease
resistance
Gold
Nijisseiki
Gamma rays 1993 Japan Disease
resistance
Kotobuki
Shinsui
Gamma rays 1996 Japan Disease
resistance
Chaofu 1 Gamma rays
(2.5 Gy)
1989 [Neimenggu]
China
Shortness
quality
Chaofu 2 Gamma rays
(2.5 Gy)
1989 [Neimenggu]
China
Chaofu 10 Gamma rays
(2.5 Gy)
1989 [Neimenggu]
China
Fruit scent
Mutation breeding review IAEA 2001

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Cultivars
released
Mutagens Year Country Improved traits Picture
Shaji 2 Co2 lasers 1985 Yunnan
China
Lateness
quality
Shaji 2 Co2 lasers 1985 Yunnan
China
Earliness
quality
Magnif 135 Gamma rays 1968 Argentina
Fuku-ekubo Gamma rays
(30 Gy)
1996 Japan
Shimizu
Hakutou RS
Gamma rays
(30 Gy)
2004 Japan
CULTIVAR DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUCED MUTATION IN PEACH

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CULTIVAR DEVELOPED THROUGH INDUCED MUTATION IN PLUM
Cultivars
released
Mutagens Year Country Improved
traits
Picture
Spurdent
e-Ferco
Gamma rays 1988 France Late variety
Mirabelle
*natural
mutation of a
wild plum
France yellow-
fleshed plum
Black
Splendor
Japan dark-skinn
Elephant
Heart
plum
*natural
mutation of a
Japanese plum
Japan heart-
shaped

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Emerald Beaut
plum
California
USA
Greenish
yellow
Ruby Queen
plum
Japan excellent
flavor.

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Cultivar developed through induced mutation in strawberry
Cultivars
released
Mutagens Year Country Improved traits Picture
Honeoye
1970 Cornell University early ripening
Seascape
1990 California Unique flovour
& aroma
Pineberry
South America
Albion
Sweet flavour
& disease
resistance

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2. Polyploidy breeding
An organism with more than two sets of homologous chromosomes is referred to as
polyploid.
Polyploid is an individual with more than two identical or distinct genomes.
Polyploidy is produced by multiplication of a single genome (autopolyploid) or
combination of two or more divergent genomes (allopolyploid)
(Chen and Ni, 2006)
Application of polyploids in Crop Improvement
• Bridging cross
• Creation of new crop species
• Interspecific gene transfer
• Tracing the origin of crop species
In fruit crop genrerally triploids are common. Because Triploid cultivars are
characterized by more regular fruit-bearing, more marketable fruit of larger size, and
scab resistance.
Some triploid varieties have an increased content of biologically active substances in
fruit
(Sedov, 2011)

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1.Bridging cross- Amphidiploids can be as a bridge where direct cross between two
species is not possible due to sterility in F1.
2.Creation of new crop species- Alloploid sometimes helps in creation of new crop
species. Such as Triticale, Raphanobrassica, triploid (AAC), tetraploids .
3.Interspecific Gene Transfer- unavailability the desirable characters within the
species, it is transferred from the related species.
4.Tracing the origin of crop species -Alloploidy study is use to identify he origin of
natural alloploidy plan
Characters of polyploids
1. Leaves are large in size
2. Thicker and stouter stem
3. Precocity is delayed (juvenile phase is long)
4. Polyploid plants exhibit disease resistance
5. Fruit size are bigger
6. More intense colour of leaf and fruit

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Polyploidy breeding in temprate fruit crop
• Polyploids have a selective advantage over diploids, as evidenced by various
advantages of polyploidy observed in natural species.
• Fruit crops with a limited genetic background can benefit from polyploidy to
produce new kinds. It will help generate fruit cultivars that are drought and salt
stress resistance as well as pest and disease resistant.
• The created types will be accepted and praised by the majority because no direct
genetic manipulation is involved.
• Several protocols for artificial polyploidization employing various chemicals and
methods in a variety of fruit species have been devised in temprate fruits.
• Polyploids often exhibit some morphological features that are different or greater
in forms than their diploid progenitors (Salma et al., 2017).
• Colchicine at different concentrations and time durations of exposure have been
used to induce polyploidy in many Horticultural crops through different
application methods like dipping, whole plant immersion, soaking or use of
cotton wool and lanolin methods (Manzoor et al., 2019).

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Apple
Triploid cultivar development is desirable because triploid forms and
cultivars have more regular fruit-bearing, more marketable fruit .
Have greater size, stronger autogamy, and scab resistance than diploid forms and
cultivars .
The most promising types of crosses for breeding triploid seedlings are 4x x 2x
and 2x x 4x.
Salt stress tolerance: produced by colchicine treatment in autotetraploid plants of
'Hanfu' and 'Gala.’
Triploid apple varieties have a couple of important characteristics which
need to be considered when growing them:
 Their pollen is effectively sterile and cannot be used to pollinate other
apple trees.
 They are usually not self-fertile, and therefore need another compatible
apple variety nearby to pollinate them. (Some triploid varieties have a
degree of partial self-fertility).

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For planting triploid varieties, it is best to to make sure you have the necessary
pollinator trees nearby.
You will need either one self-fertile apple variety (or crab-apple) or two other
varieties which can cross-pollinate each other as well as the triploid variety.
Although the pollination requirements might be inconvenient, triploid varieties
have several advantages which make them desirable for the home or community
orchard:
 They usually produce vigorous trees, which can support large crops.
 The apples are often quite large.
 They usually display a good degree of natural disease resistance.
 They can often survive in difficult conditions.

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Some of the best-known triploid varieties are
Ribston Pippin
Newtown Pippin
Roxbury Russet
Winesap
Crispin / Mutsu

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Zabergau Reinette
Belle de Boskoop
Gravenstein
Jonagold

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Pear
Polyploid pear cultivars have larger organs and good quality especially triploid pear.
(Huang et al., 1990)
Pear have gametophytic S.I, so Kadota and Niimi (2002) developed tetraploid plants
from a diploid cultivar Hosui,
to obtain self-compatible plants for use as mother plants or pollen parents to produce
triploid plants by crossing.
Cao et al., 2001 studied efficiency of hybridized combination of ploidy for pear
polyploid breeding and found 4x×4x is the best combination type for tetraploid breeding
and 4x×2x is the ideal combination type for triploid breeding.

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Beurré Diel
Beurré d’Amanlis
Catillac
Pitmaston Duchess
Merton Pride

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Polyploid variety in plum
Name Ploidy Picture
Satsuma plum triploid
Redheart plum tetraploid
Mirabelle de nancy
Prunus salicina 4n japnease plum
Prunus domestica 6n European plum

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Name Ploidy Country Picture
Kawana kajima
Hexaploid 6X
Japan
Scarlet prince
Tetraploid 4X USA
Flaman fury PF 13
Hexaploidy 6X Japan
Flaman fury PF 11
Hexaploidy 6X Japan
Red haven
Tetraploid 4X Michigan USA
Polyplody variety in peach

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3. Rootstock breeding
Breeding for rootstock
In fruit crops fundamentally different and more difficult than breeding for fruiting
cultivars of those same crops
because rootstock breeding differs from fruiting cultivar development in the length of
the breeding cycle
Rootstock breeding is particularly important in temperate fruit crops, such as apples,
pears, cherries, and plums, because these trees are often susceptible to various soil-
borne diseases and pests.
Rootstocks can help to provide resistance to these problems and improve tree
performance.
rootstock breeding plays a crucial role in the production of healthy, productive, and
resilient fruit trees in temperate regions.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ROOTSTOCK BREEDING
First used in European vineyards in the late 1800s (1855-1862) to
combat devastating problem in grape orchards
Jules-Emile Planchon – French
Botanist (1860s)
Phylloxera insect

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TYPES OF ROOTSTOCK
Seedling rootstock Clonal rootstock
These are the developed from seeds.
These are mostly use for tropical and
sub tropical fruit crops. plants do not
retain viruses occuring in their
parents plant.
Rootstock developed from vegetative
parts (also included parthenogentic,
polyembryonic and apomitic seeds).
Clonal rootstocks are genetically same
as parents plants.

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Importance of rootstock in fruit crops
Vital component of grafted plant.
Reduction in juvenility and tree vigor.
Directly affect - water and nutrients uptake.
Improved degree of uniformity and consistency.
Determines the success or failure of orchard.
Influences - tree size, productivity, fruit quality, pest
resistance, stress tolerance.
(Dhoot et al., 2017)

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Aims of Rootstocks Breeding
To create rootstocks resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases.
To increase the adaptability to different soil and environmental conditions.
To impart to the scion high yield, superior fruit quality and size and other essential
traits.
Successful rootstock should produce a large number of seeds, where possible, nuclear
to facilitate large scale
multiplication.
Should show least differential effect on its desirable traits when grafted with different
genotype scions.
For dwarfism, makes suits for high density planting.
For precocity in bearing

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ROOTSTOCK IMPROVEMENT
Conventional methods
• Introduction
• Selection
• Intraspecific hybridization
• Interspecific hybridization
• Intergeneric hybridization
Biotechnological approaches
• Somaclonal variation
• Somatic hybridization
• Transgenic breeding
(Dhoot et al., 2017)

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CORRELATIONS FOR PREDICTING DWARFING
CAPACITY OF ROOTSTOCKS-
1. Through correlation between dwarfing propensity and
various structural features as-
a)Percentage of live tissues of root cross section.
b)Bark : wood ratio
c)Percentage of ray tissues in root cross section.
d)High stomatal density on leaves.
2. Bark is the key factor as it reduces translocation of auxins,
sugars and other compounds.
3. Genes exert their effect on dwarfness.
Dhillon

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PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF ROOT STOCKS INDUCING DWARFNESS
a) Anatomy of dwarfing rootstock-
Have smaller xylem vessels and fibers
Have high bark : wood ratio in roots
Have a higher percentage of living tissues than lignified cells
b) Nutrition
uneven partition of carbohydrates between stock and scion
Dwarf stock supplies greater proportion of CHO to fruit production rather than to leaves
d) Hydraulic conductivity
Reduced hydraulic conductivity of roots
e) Translocation of water and minerals
Less efficient in uptake of nutrients
Less efficient in translocation
Partial blockage at graft union affects water and nutrient translocation
e.g. reduction of translocation of P and Ca.
Bukovac et al., 1958

34. (Shukla et al., 2004)
STEPS IN ROOTSTOCK BREEDING
Natural variability Created variability
•Introduction
•Domestication
•Germplasm collection
through exploration
•Mutation
•Somaclonal variation
•Polyploidy
•Hybridization
Mass variability available
Selection of ideotype (elite plants)
Performance evaluation
Mass multiplication and distribution

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Rootstock in Apple
Clonal rootstock
Mailing series
Merton series
EMLA series
Geneva series
Seedling rootstock
Crab apple
Maharajaji seedling
(Dolgo ,Antonovka)

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(Future forest. 2020)

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Malling rootstocks
Vigorous : M 12, M 16, & M 25
Trees require wider spacing, Well anchored, Come into bearing comparatively later
than M 25.
Semi-dwarfing : M 2, M 7
Trees on these rootstocks produce plants Of moderate vigour except
Dwarfing : M 9
Most widely used dwarfing rootstock for high density plantation Major demerit is
brittle & shallow root system.
Super-dwarfing : M 27
Trees on this rootstock attain half the size of M 9,Used for meadow orcharding.
Malling Merton Series (MM)
Malling series Rootstocks were susceptible to wooly aphid, To overcome this problem
John Inns Institute Merton & East Mailing Research Station Jointly started breeding
programme of Malling Series Northern Spy of New Zealand (resistant to wooly aphid
MM 104 –Vigorous
MM 106- Produces strong well anchored tree Has good number of roots Is free from
wooly aphid Good for slightly heavy to light soil Easily propagated by stooling Most
commonly used rootstock nowadays.

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P (Polish Series) developed in Poland by crossing common Antonovka with M4 & M9.
Winter Hardy (Susceptible to Fire Blight)
P 18: Semi dwarfing & others Dwarfing
P 2 & P 22: Induce very early and heavy fruiting and show promise as dwarfinginterstocks
OH & O ( Ottawa Hybrid seedlings — OH). Ottawa Clonal ( O ) series.
OH-1 ,OH-6 :still under the test most of them are resistant to latent viruses.
O-1 ,O-14 : two rootstock O4 & O8 are more hardy and more productive than MM-106
Robusta 5(Originated in Canada)
Easy to propagate, Vigorous, Winter hardy Resistant to Fire Blight.
Bemali Originated at balsgard,Sweden
Rootstocks are dwarfing in the range of M9 ,M26 precocious and productive

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(MAC) Michigan apple clone series:
Originated in east lansing,michingan & assigned to Michigan state university
MAC 9 :- Resistant to crown & root rot & latent viruses.
Jork 9 (J9) Originated at Jork in Germany
selected from open pollinated seedlings of M 9. Induces heavier production,
Slightly more dwarfing than M 26 Somewhat more winter hardy
than M 9, More easily propagated than M 9.
Alnarp 2 Introduction from Alnarp Fruit Tree Station , Sweden
Easy to propagate, Winter hardy Resistant to Fire Blight.

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Rootstock in pear
Seedling rootstocks
Pear seedlings
Kainth (pyrus pashia)
Shiara (pyrus serotina)
Quince
Clonal rootstock
OHF series rootstock
Oregon series

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Pyrus communis rootstocks
Old Home x Farmingdale ( Originated near forest grove) Oregon out of 500
Straines 13 have been induced commercially.
Dwarf OH x F 51
Semi- dwarf OH x F 34, OH x F 69, OH x F 87, OH x F 230, OH x F 233
Semi-vigorous OH x F 217, OH x F 267, OH x F 361
Vigorous OH x F 18, OH x F 97, OH x F 112, OH x F 198
• Resistant to Wooly pear aphids
• Highly tolerant to winter cold
• Highly tolerant Bacterial Canker
• Moderately tolerant to Crown gall & Crown rot
• Compatible with P. communis varieties & also
• Compatible with Asian pear varieties

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Pyrus betufolia Rootstocks
Oregon 201, Oregon 260, Oregon 264
• Excellent compatibility
• Very vigorous & Precocious
• Good yield efficiency
• Highly tolerant to hot summer temperature.
Pyrus calleryana rootstocks
Oregon 211, Oregon 249
• Excellent compatibility
• Very good anchorage & uniformity
• Very dwarfing
• Highly tolerant to hot summer temperature & low pH.

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Rootstock in peach
‘Nemaguard’- (persica davidiana)
• reduce cold hardiness of scion cultivars in cold climates
• Uniform and vigorous seedlings
• Resistant to:Meloidogyne incognita,M. Javanica,M. Arenaria
Crown gall (relatively)
(Handoo et al. 2004; Nyczepir et al. 1983;
Zehr et al. 1976)
‘Nemared’
• Uniform and vigorous seedlings
• Few lateral branches, which facilitates budding
(Reighard & Loreti 2008)
‘Guardian’
• Uniform and vigorous seedlings
• Excellent scion vigor and productivity
• Tolerant to: Bacterial canker,Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL)
(Blaauw et al. 2020)

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‘Lovell’
• High seed germination
• Uniform seedlings
• Does not sucker
• Better tolerance than ‘Nemaguard’ to:Ring nematodes, Bacterial canker,
PTSL
(Reighard & Loreti 2008)
‘Flordaguard’
• Low chill requirements
• Red-leaved
• Resistant to M. floridensis
• Single-seeded, thus does not have to be cracked for seed
separation before planting
(Reighard & Loreti, 2008)
‘GF-677’ ( Peach × Almond)
• 10–15% more vigorous than peach seedlings
• Lower replant problems
• Adapted to infertile and droughty soils
• Highly tolerant to iron chlorosis
(Loreti & Massai 2006)

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‘Sirio’ ( Peach × Almond)
• Efficiently propagated in vitro
• Adapted to fertile and permeable soils
• Tolerant to iron chlorosis
• Induces trees about 40% smaller than ‘GF-677’, with an earlier yield
‘Myran’ (Peach × Plum)
• More resistant than peach and peach almond to A. mellea
• Tolerant to alkaline soils (ph~8)
• Lightly more vigorous than peach seedlings
‘MP-29’
• Shows red leaves, which simplifies the identification and removal of
rootstock suckers.
• Readily propagated via softwood or hardwood cuttings and tissue culture.
• Induces significantly lower vigor than peach seedling rootstocks
(Beckman et al. 2012)

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Rootstock in plum
Seedling rootstocks
The plum grown mostly on plum
rootstocks though seedling of
peach, apricot and almond can be
used. In India plum is propagated
mainly on seedlings of wild
apricot (Chuli)
Clonal Rootstock
Myrobalan series
Marianna series
Prunus domestica
Prunus insititia
American plum

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Myrobalan 29C (P. cerasifera)
compatible with most of the cultivars and tolerates a wide range of soil types and
climatic conditions. It produces a hardy, vigorous, long lived, standard size tree, but is
prone to suckering
(Anderson et al. 2006)
Myrobalan series
Myrobalan B
This is one of the six clonal selections from Myrobalan seedlings made at the East
Malling Research Station, UK Myrobalan-B has proved outstanding (Tukey, 1964). It is
now recognized as the standard clonal rootstock for vigorous plum trees. it tends to
delay ripening and is a good co-absorber.
(Okie, 1987)
Myrobalan GF 31
It produce a vigorous tree and can easily be propagated throught cutting. It is
precocious and perform well even on dry stony soils.
Myrobalan 2-7
A vigorous tolerant to drought rootstock exhibits very good K absorbtion
Myrobalan 5-Q
The rootstock tends to delay ripening but has not been fully tested

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Mariana 2624 (P. cerasifera x P. munsoniana)
compatible with most cultivars and produces a semi-dwarf tree (10 to 15 ft). This
rootstock is typically used in northern California because it tolerates wet, heavy soils
It acclimates well to a wide range of soil types and climatic conditions. It is resistant
to oak root fungus, crown rot, crown gall, and root knot nematode
(Southwick et al. 1999)
Mariana series
Mariana 4001
The rootstock produce vigorous trees with every good anchorage and is reported to
be tolerant to drought
(Okie 1987)
Mariana GF 8-1
Thought the trees produced on this stock are vigorous , yet they are precocious.it is
resistance to waterlogging ,viruses and rootknot nematode.
(Okie 1987)
Buck plum (Morrison’s plum stock)
This is vigorous rootstock compatible with all Japanese and most European plums. It
is resistant to crown gall.

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St. Julien stock
St. Julien A
It is of value as semi-dwarfing rootstock for plum which is precocious and exhibits
good Ca absorption.
St. Julien K
This is a very dwarfing plum rootstock but has not been fully tested as yet.
St. Julien GF 655-2
It produces semi-dwarfing tree with a very good productivity rating .it is resistance to
bacterial canker and viruses but is susceptible to high soil pH
(Okie 1987)
St. Julien hybrid 1
Selected from a cross between prunus insititia and prunus domestica is pruduces a
vigorous tree.
St. Julien hybrid 2
Also selected from a cross between prunus insititia and prunus domesica it is a semi-
dwarfing rootstock.it is unsuitable for light stony soils.

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St. Julien W 61
A promising semi-vigorous rootstock which can be vegetatively propaged under mist.
Trees on it yield high with large fruit
(Riesen and zbinden 1986)
Black Dames
It is also known as the black damascena and resemble st. Julien.it can be propagated
by seed as well as by layers and cutting .it produces a vigorous to an intermediate
tree and may delay fruit ripening.
(Tukey.1964)

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CASE STUDY
Effect of EMS induced morphological mutation in strawberry
In recent past, the strawberry cultivation has
been becoming popular in India due to very high
returns per unit area in the shortest possible span.
In India, the cultivated area under strawberry is
nearly 15,600 ha and commercially grown in
Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttrakahand ,
Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
The complicated genetic background(2n=8x=56)
presents a formidable barrier in the improvement
of strawberry through conventional breeding
methods. Mutation is the only way to induce
variability within short span of time.

52. Abid solanki

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The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of EMS induced
morphological mutation in strawberry cv. Camarosa.
Explant was subjected to different EMS concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %) along
with control for various treatment durations (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 h).
Runner tips, shoot tips, leaf disc (abaxial and adaxial). At room temperature (27±2 °C).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The 0.4 % concentration level of mutagen EMS being found lethal to the explants
caused their complete mortality and no data could be recorded, hence, this treatment
was discarded from the statistical analysis.
Runner tip Shoot tip Leaf disk

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‘Ishtara’ (Peach × Plum)

55. Abid solanki
References
1. Anjum, M.A., Abid, M. and Naveed, F. (2001). International journal of
agriculture & biology, 3 (1): 1-4.
2. Dayal, V., Dubey, A.K., Singh, S.K., Sharma, R.M. and Dahuja, A.(2016).
ScientiaHorticulturae, 199 :186–197.
Basar, H. 2006. Elemental composition of various peach cultivars. Scientia
Hort. 107:
259-263.
1. Beridze, R.K. & M.V., Kvatchadze, 1981. Origin and evolution of cultivated
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