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Kinh teá Vi moâ
1
27.04.2023
CHƯƠNG 2
CAÀU, CUNG VAØ CAÂN
BAÈNG THÒ TRÖÔØNG
1
CAÙC NOÄI DUNG CHÍNH
2.1 Caàu thị trường
2.2 Cung thị trường
2.3 Traïng thaùi caân baèng cuûa thò tröôøng
2.4 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng
2.5 Chính saùch can thiệp của chính phuû
2
Kinh teá Vi moâ
2
27.04.2023
2.1 Caàu thị trường
 Khaùi nieäm.
Caàu cuûa moät haøng hoaù, dòch vuï laø soá löôïng cuûa
haøng hoaù, dòch vuï ñoù maø nhöõng ngöôøi tieâu
duøng saün loøng mua töông öùng vôùi caùc möùc giaù
khaùc nhau trong moät khoaûng thôøi gian xaùc
ñịnh.
3
2.1 Caàu thị trường
 Haøm soá caàu.
QD = f (P)
Neáu laø haøm tuyeán tính : QD = aP + b (a < 0)
 Quy luaät caàu.
Khi giaù moät maët haøng taêng leân (trong ñieàu
kieän caùc yeáu toá khaùc khoâng ñoåi) thì löôïng caàu
maët haøng ñoù seõ giaûm xuoáng.
4
Kinh teá Vi moâ
3
27.04.2023
2.1 Caàu thị trường
Giaù baùn Löôïng caàu
5 100
4 200
3 300
2 400
1 500
5
2.1 Caàu thị trường
D
Löôïng caàu (QD )
Giaù (P)
P1
P2
Q1
Q2
 Ñöôøng caàu
6
Kinh teá Vi moâ
4
27.04.2023
2.2 Cung thị trường
 Khaùi nieäm
Cung cuûa moät haøng hoaù, dòch vuï laø soá löôïng
cuûa haøng hoaù, dòch vuï ñoù maø nhöõng ngöôøi
baùn saün loøng baùn töông öùng vôùi caùc möùc giaù
khaùc nhau trong moät khoaûng thôøi gian xaùc
ñònh.
7
2.2 Cung thị trường
 Haøm soá cung
QS = f (P)
Neáu laø haøm tuyeán tính : QS = cP + d (c > 0)
 Quy luaät cung.
Khi giaù moät maët haøng taêng leân (trong ñieàu
kieän caùc yeáu toá khaùc khoâng ñoåi) thì löôïng cung
maët haøng ñoù seõ taêng leân
8
Kinh teá Vi moâ
5
27.04.2023
2.2 Cung thị trường
Giaù baùn Löôïng cung
5 500
4 400
3 300
2 200
1 100
9
2.2 Cung thị trường
S
Löôïng cung (QS)
Giaù (P)
($/Ñôn vò)
P1
Q1
P2
Q2
 Ñöôøng cung
10
Kinh teá Vi moâ
6
27.04.2023
2.3 Traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng
Q
D
S
P0
Q0
P
($/Ñôn vò)
11
Cô cheá thò tröôøng
D
S
QD
P1
Dö thöøa
QS
Q
P
($/Ñôn vò)
P0
Q0
12
Kinh teá Vi moâ
7
27.04.2023
Cô cheá thò tröôøng
D
S
QS QD
P2
Thieáu huït
Q
P
($/Ñôn vò)
Q0
P0
13
2.4 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò
tröôøng
Traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng thay ñoåi theo
thôøi gian laø do:
 Caàu thay ñoåi (ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)
 Cung thay ñoåi (ñöôøng cung dòch chuyeån)
 Caû cung vaø caàu ñeàu thay ñoåi
14
Kinh teá Vi moâ
8
27.04.2023
Thay ñoåi caàu (Ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)
 Thay ñoåi caàu khaùc vôùi thay ñoåi löôïng caàu
 Thay ñoåi caàu
 Thay ñoåi löôïng caàu
15
D
P
Q
P1
Q1
P2
D’
Q2
Thay ñoåi caàu (Ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)
 Thu nhaäp
 Thò hieáu ngöôøi tieâu duøng
 Giaù kyø voïng
 Giaù haøng thay theá
 Giaù haøng boå sung
 Soá ngöôøi mua
 Thôøi tieát, khí haäu
 Quy ñònh cuûa chính phuû Q’
1
Q’
2 16
Kinh teá Vi moâ
9
27.04.2023
Thay ñoåi cung (Ñöôøng cung dòch chuyeån)
 Trình ñoä coâng ngheä
 Giaù yeáu toá ñaàu vaøo
 Gía kyø voïng
 Chính saùch thueá vaø
trôï caáp
 Ñieàu kieän töï nhieân
P
S
Q
P1
P2
Q1
Q2
S’
Q’1
Q’2
17
D’ S
D
Q1
P1
QD
P
Q
Q0
P0
Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng
18
Kinh teá Vi moâ
10
27.04.2023
S’
QS
P
Q
S
D
P1
Q1
Q0
P0
Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò
tröôøng
19
2.5 Chính saùch can thiệp cuûa chính phuû:
2.5.1 Giaù toái ña (Giaù traàn)
Q
P
S
D
P0
Q0
Pmax
QS QD
Thieáu huït
20
Kinh teá Vi moâ
11
27.04.2023
Pmin
QD QS
2.5.2 Giaù toái thieåu (giaù saøn)
Q
P
S
D
P0
Q0
Dö thöøa
21
2.5.2 Giaù toái thieåu (Giaù saøn)
22
Kinh teá Vi moâ
12
27.04.2023
wmin
LD LS
Thaát nghieäp
S
D
w0
L0
Möùc löông toái thieåu
L
w
23
D
S
2.5.3 Thueá giaùn thu
Q
P
P0
Q0
Q1
PD
1
t
PS
1
S’
24
Kinh teá Vi moâ
13
27.04.2023
D
S
2.5.4 Trôï caáp
Q
P
P0
Q0 Q1
s
PS
1
PD
1
25

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Chuong 2 Cau cung va can bang thi truong.pdf

  • 1. Kinh teá Vi moâ 1 27.04.2023 CHƯƠNG 2 CAÀU, CUNG VAØ CAÂN BAÈNG THÒ TRÖÔØNG 1 CAÙC NOÄI DUNG CHÍNH 2.1 Caàu thị trường 2.2 Cung thị trường 2.3 Traïng thaùi caân baèng cuûa thò tröôøng 2.4 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng 2.5 Chính saùch can thiệp của chính phuû 2
  • 2. Kinh teá Vi moâ 2 27.04.2023 2.1 Caàu thị trường  Khaùi nieäm. Caàu cuûa moät haøng hoaù, dòch vuï laø soá löôïng cuûa haøng hoaù, dòch vuï ñoù maø nhöõng ngöôøi tieâu duøng saün loøng mua töông öùng vôùi caùc möùc giaù khaùc nhau trong moät khoaûng thôøi gian xaùc ñịnh. 3 2.1 Caàu thị trường  Haøm soá caàu. QD = f (P) Neáu laø haøm tuyeán tính : QD = aP + b (a < 0)  Quy luaät caàu. Khi giaù moät maët haøng taêng leân (trong ñieàu kieän caùc yeáu toá khaùc khoâng ñoåi) thì löôïng caàu maët haøng ñoù seõ giaûm xuoáng. 4
  • 3. Kinh teá Vi moâ 3 27.04.2023 2.1 Caàu thị trường Giaù baùn Löôïng caàu 5 100 4 200 3 300 2 400 1 500 5 2.1 Caàu thị trường D Löôïng caàu (QD ) Giaù (P) P1 P2 Q1 Q2  Ñöôøng caàu 6
  • 4. Kinh teá Vi moâ 4 27.04.2023 2.2 Cung thị trường  Khaùi nieäm Cung cuûa moät haøng hoaù, dòch vuï laø soá löôïng cuûa haøng hoaù, dòch vuï ñoù maø nhöõng ngöôøi baùn saün loøng baùn töông öùng vôùi caùc möùc giaù khaùc nhau trong moät khoaûng thôøi gian xaùc ñònh. 7 2.2 Cung thị trường  Haøm soá cung QS = f (P) Neáu laø haøm tuyeán tính : QS = cP + d (c > 0)  Quy luaät cung. Khi giaù moät maët haøng taêng leân (trong ñieàu kieän caùc yeáu toá khaùc khoâng ñoåi) thì löôïng cung maët haøng ñoù seõ taêng leân 8
  • 5. Kinh teá Vi moâ 5 27.04.2023 2.2 Cung thị trường Giaù baùn Löôïng cung 5 500 4 400 3 300 2 200 1 100 9 2.2 Cung thị trường S Löôïng cung (QS) Giaù (P) ($/Ñôn vò) P1 Q1 P2 Q2  Ñöôøng cung 10
  • 6. Kinh teá Vi moâ 6 27.04.2023 2.3 Traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng Q D S P0 Q0 P ($/Ñôn vò) 11 Cô cheá thò tröôøng D S QD P1 Dö thöøa QS Q P ($/Ñôn vò) P0 Q0 12
  • 7. Kinh teá Vi moâ 7 27.04.2023 Cô cheá thò tröôøng D S QS QD P2 Thieáu huït Q P ($/Ñôn vò) Q0 P0 13 2.4 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng Traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng thay ñoåi theo thôøi gian laø do:  Caàu thay ñoåi (ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)  Cung thay ñoåi (ñöôøng cung dòch chuyeån)  Caû cung vaø caàu ñeàu thay ñoåi 14
  • 8. Kinh teá Vi moâ 8 27.04.2023 Thay ñoåi caàu (Ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)  Thay ñoåi caàu khaùc vôùi thay ñoåi löôïng caàu  Thay ñoåi caàu  Thay ñoåi löôïng caàu 15 D P Q P1 Q1 P2 D’ Q2 Thay ñoåi caàu (Ñöôøng caàu dòch chuyeån)  Thu nhaäp  Thò hieáu ngöôøi tieâu duøng  Giaù kyø voïng  Giaù haøng thay theá  Giaù haøng boå sung  Soá ngöôøi mua  Thôøi tieát, khí haäu  Quy ñònh cuûa chính phuû Q’ 1 Q’ 2 16
  • 9. Kinh teá Vi moâ 9 27.04.2023 Thay ñoåi cung (Ñöôøng cung dòch chuyeån)  Trình ñoä coâng ngheä  Giaù yeáu toá ñaàu vaøo  Gía kyø voïng  Chính saùch thueá vaø trôï caáp  Ñieàu kieän töï nhieân P S Q P1 P2 Q1 Q2 S’ Q’1 Q’2 17 D’ S D Q1 P1 QD P Q Q0 P0 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng 18
  • 10. Kinh teá Vi moâ 10 27.04.2023 S’ QS P Q S D P1 Q1 Q0 P0 Söï thay ñoåi traïng thaùi caân baèng thò tröôøng 19 2.5 Chính saùch can thiệp cuûa chính phuû: 2.5.1 Giaù toái ña (Giaù traàn) Q P S D P0 Q0 Pmax QS QD Thieáu huït 20
  • 11. Kinh teá Vi moâ 11 27.04.2023 Pmin QD QS 2.5.2 Giaù toái thieåu (giaù saøn) Q P S D P0 Q0 Dö thöøa 21 2.5.2 Giaù toái thieåu (Giaù saøn) 22
  • 12. Kinh teá Vi moâ 12 27.04.2023 wmin LD LS Thaát nghieäp S D w0 L0 Möùc löông toái thieåu L w 23 D S 2.5.3 Thueá giaùn thu Q P P0 Q0 Q1 PD 1 t PS 1 S’ 24
  • 13. Kinh teá Vi moâ 13 27.04.2023 D S 2.5.4 Trôï caáp Q P P0 Q0 Q1 s PS 1 PD 1 25