Chris Lowe's presentation at the Cambridge Phenomenon Conference

1. NOVEL POINT-OF-CARE BIOMEDICAL
SENSORS
FUTURE TRENDS INTECHNOLOGY AT THE
INTERFACE OF ICT, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND
BIOLOGY
INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
CHRISTOPHER R LOWE

2. GLOBAL MEGATRENDS AND INFLUENCES : 2010-2050
CLEAN WATER/
NUTRITIOUS FOOD
DWINDLING RESOURCES
HEALTH AND WELFARE ISSUES
RICH-POOR GAP
GLOBAL ICT
CONNECTIVITY
DEMOCRATIZATION
CHANGING RISK PROFILE
URBANISATION
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY S&T
INTEGRATION
GLOBAL ETHICS 1
2
3
6
5
4
8
7
10
9
12
11
13
14
15
CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS
ENERGY
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC
GLOBALISATION
PEACE/CONFLICT

3. THE DEVELOPMENTAL RISK TRANSITION
CHEMICAL INTELLIGENCE
TRADITIONAL RISKS
MODERN RISKS
LIFESTYLE
WELLBEING
OBESITY
CANCER
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS/
NEURODEGENERATIVE
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
DIABETES
FOOD/WATER QUALITY
URBAN AIR QUALITY
OCCUPATIONAL RISKS
RISK
SIZE
TIME
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
LIFESTYLE
HEALTH & WELFARE
CLINICAL DISORDERS
UNDERNUTRITION
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
WATER
SANITATION
HYGEINE

4. FOOD/WATER/AIR QUALITY
LIFESTYLE
STRESS
SLEEP DISORDERS
MIGRAINE
GENETIC PREDISPOSITIONS
PREGNANCY
FERTILITY
DIABETES
CANCER
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
COPD
NEURODEGENERATIVE/
NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
HIV/AIDS
BLOOD ANALYTES
LIVER/KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION
FAECAL OCCULT BLOOD
GLUCOSE
HAEMOGLOBIN A1C
ASTHMA
MENOPAUSE
COAGULATION/PLATELET FUNCTION
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
STI
HEALTHY WORRIED WELL SICK
EARLY
SYMPTOMS DISEASE
HOME
PHYSICIAN’S OFFICE
CLINICAL CENTRE
HOME
WORKPLACE
A&E
BEDSIDE
ITU
CENTRAL LABORATORY
DISEASE PROGRESSION

5. PATIENT SENSOR MONITORING FORMATS
NON-INVASIVE
INVASIVE
MINIMALLY
INVASIVE
CONTACT LENS
WATCH
FINGERSTICK
INTELLIGENT
CLOTHES/
ACCESSORIES/
JEWELLRY
NON-INVASIVE
(SPECTROSCOPIC)
INDWELLING
CATHETERS
SUBCUTANEOUS
IMPLANTS
BREATH
ANALYSIS
SMART TATTOO
SKIN E-PATCH
DIGITAL PLASTER
COSMETICS
TEAR FLUID
SALIVA
SWEAT
SEMEN
URINE
FAECES
EXHALED/
CONDENSED
BREATH
CSF
BLOOD
ISF
BIOPSY

6. BIOSENSOR PRINCIPLES AND TRANSDUCERS
ANALYTE
(BIO)RECOGNITION
SYSTEM
TRANSDUCER
ELECTRICAL
OPTICAL
ACOUSTIC
MAGNETIC
THERMAL
MICROENGINEERED
INSTRUMENTATION

7. MICROFABRICATED BIOSENSORS
MICROAMPEROMETRIC GLUCOSE SENSOR
ENCODED MICRO-SPR
LOVE WAVE DEVICE MICRO-PCR

8. MAGNETIC ACOUSTIC RESONATOR SENSOR (MARS)
RF COIL
NdFeB MAGNET
LIQUID SAMPLE
N
S
AIR GAP
ACOUSTIC WAVE
RF COIL
PIEZOELECTRIC
QUARTZ DISC
(AT-cut, 0.25mm
thick, 12mm dia)
ALUMINISED
GLASS DISC

9. KEY FEATURES OF THE MAGNETIC ACOUSTIC
RESONATOR SENSOR (MARS)
1 IgG 1000 µg/ml
2 Protein A 250 µg/ml
3 IgG 250 µg/ml
4 Protein A 250 µg/ml
5 IgG 250 µg/ml
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Frequency (MHz)
Frequencyshift(KHz)
HIGH SENSITIVITY
FREQUENCY TAGGING
(MULTIPLEXING/ARRAYS)
REMOTE MEASUREMENTS
WITH A TOROIDAL
ELECTRIC FLUX
IMPLANTABLE
MULTI-FREQUENCY OPERATION (MHz-GHz)
CELLS
PROTEINS
SMALL MOLECULES
METABOLITES
Frequency (MHz)
10 30 50 100 200 500 1000
0
50
100
150
200
IgG

10. REMOTE ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS WITH
A TOROIDAL ELECTRIC FLUX
TOROIDAL ANTENNA
(TRANSCEIVER)
SUBCUTANEOUSLY IMPLANTED
e-PATCH
CONTACT LENS
MRAS QUARTZ DISC
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
20.1 20.12 20.14 20.16 20.18 20.2
f (MHz)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
6.57 6.59 6.61 6.63 6.65 6.67 6.69 6.71 6.73
Frequency MHz
AmplitudemV
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
Amplitude(mV)
6.57 6.59 6.61 6.63 6.65 6.67 6.69 6.71 6.73
Frequency (MHz)
GASES
pH/IONS
METABOLITES
PROTEINS

11. HOLOGRAPHIC (BIO)SENSORS
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS (°C, hʋ, P)
GASES (O2, CO2, CO, NO, NH3, H2S, alka(e,y)nes)
VOCs (Alcohols, ketones, aldehydes)
IONS (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+)
METABOLITES (Glucose, urea)
DRUGS (Penicillin)
ANTIGENS/ANTIBODIES
OLIGONUCLEOTIDES
WHOLE CELLS
PLANAR
OPTICAL ELEMENTS
BEADS
PARTICLES
FLAKES
OTHER GEOMETRIES
FIBRE OPTICS

12. DIABETIC MONITORING WITH GLUCOSE HOLOGRAMS
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2 4 6 8 10
[GLUCOSE] (mM)
25
15
12
10
8
5
mol% 3-APB
max(nm)
O
HO
HOH 2C
O
HO
O
B
HO
-
WHOLE BLOOD
INDWELLING CATHETER
SUBCUTANEOUS NEAR-IR
CONTACT LENS
SKIN PATCH/TATTOO

13. CONTACT LENS HOLOGRAPHIC GLUCOSE SENSOR
TOXICITY
TEAR [GLUCOSE]<BLOOD [GLUCOSE]
pH VARIABILITY (5.8-7.8)
TIME LAG (~MIN)
SELECTIVITY (LACTATE/FRUCTOSE)
OPTICAL PHYSICS
COMFORT/COSMETIC APPEARANCE
INSTRUMENTATION
80
100
120
140
160
0 12 16 19 23 26
Time [minutes]
Blood-Glucose[mg%]
680
700
720
740
Wavelength
[nm]

14. HUMAN BREATH ANALYSIS
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
RENAL FAILURE
LIVER DYSFUNCTION
ALCOHOL INTOXICATION
CANCER
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
ASTHMA
GIT DISORDERS (H pylori)
HALITOSIS
STRESS
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time (s)
Wavelength(nm)
H2
ETHANE
n-PENTANE
BUTANE
NO
CO
NH3
ETHANOL
ACETONE
THIOLS

15. Time (h)
0.01
0.1
1
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
OD600nm
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
pH
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.3
5.5
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.5
Time (s)
pH
max(nm)
400
500
600
700
4 5 6 7
pH
max(nm)
WHOLE CELLS

16. BIOENGINEERING
BIOCHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL
INFORMATICS
BIOINFORMATICS
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
INFORMATION
ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRY/
MATERIALS
SCIENCE
BIOLOGY
INFORMATION/
COMMUNICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOSENSORS
CONVERGENCE OF S&T

17. CELL
PHONE
PDA
LAPTOP
BEDSIDE
MONITOR
PHYSICIAN’S
OFFICE
EMERGENCY ROOM
BEDSIDE
OPERATING
THEATRE
ITU
FIRST
RESPONDER
PATIENT
DATA STORE/
SERVER
SERVICES/INTERNET
WEARABLE AND MOBILE SENSOR SYSTEMS
WATCH
USB
ePATCH
TATTOO
LENS
BREATH
CLOTHES
CATHETER
COSMETICS
TRANSCUTANEOUS
SUBCUTANEOUS
SPECTROSCOPIC