2. ls – shows list of files & directories
• fanaticgeek:~ gaurangaggarwal$ mkdir
shishpal
• mkdir – creates a new directory
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6. • fanaticgeek:shishpal gaurangaggarwal$ ls
• a boy good is shishpal
• ls now showing all the 5 directories created
using just one command
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7. now ls –l shows every detail about files
and directories
• fanaticgeek:shishpal gaurangaggarwal$ ls -l
• total 0
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 a
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 boy
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26
good
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 is
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26
shishpal
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8. • drwxr-xr-x are the permissions of the file or
folder
– 1-2-3
– user-group-others
• w – write
• x – execute
• r – read
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9. • fanaticgeek:shishpal gaurangaggarwal$ ls -a
• . a good shishpal
• .. boy is
• ls –a = shows hidden files and folders
• . & .. are the hidden files
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10. • fanaticgeek:shishpal gaurangaggarwal$ ls -la
• total 0
• drwxr-xr-x 7 gaurangaggarwal staff 238 Jul 5 09:26 .
• drwxr-xr-x+ 69 gaurangaggarwal staff 2346 Jul 5 09:25 ..
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 a
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 boy
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 good
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26 is
• drwxr-xr-x 2 gaurangaggarwal staff 68 Jul 5 09:26
shishpal
• details are shown for hidden files as well because of –a
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11. mv
• mv is for moving the files or folder
• mv file1 to file2
• file1 will be deleted
• and renamed to file2
• only file2 will be shown
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12. cp
• cp file1 file2
• you will be having 2 files
• file1 , file2
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13. Ctrl Z
• is used for stopping the currently running
command
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14. Up key
• shows previous commands
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15. man
• man <command name>
• shows manual / help page of the command
• eg : man ls
• it shows help page of “ls” command
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16. Ctrl R
• if you remember some alphabets of past
commands then type that after pressing Ctrl R
.
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