동양미래대학교 Python 강의슬라이드_07

1. 파이썬 표준 라이브러리
정보기술 시대에 유익한 파이썬 프로그래밍 – 제 7 강
동양미래대학교
2015.7
최용 <sk8er.choi@gmail.com>

2. 강의 주제
• Python 표준 라이브러리 일부 소개
• 텍스트 프로세싱: 문자열 포매팅
• 데이터 타입: datetime, calendar, collections, copy
• 숫자 및 수학 모듈: math, random
• 함수형 프로그래밍
• map(), filter() 내장 함수
• functools, itertools 모듈
• 파일 및 디렉터리 접근: os.path, pathlib, fnmatch
• 데이터 영속성: pickle
• 파일 포맷: csv
• 운영체제 일반 서비스: os
• 파이썬 런타임: sys
• 개발 도구: unittest, doctest
• 데이터베이스, 인터넷 관련 모듈은 9강에서 다룸 더그 헬먼 저, 정승원 역,<The Python
Standard Library by Example>

3. 문자열 포매팅
Advanced String Formatting

4. Advanced String Formatting
• ‘%’ 연산자의 제약을 극복하기 위한 새로운 포매팅 방법
• 문자열 메소드 format() 또는 내장 함수 format()
• Format Specification Mini-Language

5. Advanced String Formatting
– positional argument, keyword argument
>>> '조{0}모{1}'.format('삼', '사') # positional argument
'조삼모사'
>>> '조{a}모{b}'.format(a='삼', b='사') # keyword argument
'조삼모사'
>>> '조{}모{}'.format('삼', '사') # 생략(묵시적으로 위치 지정)
'조삼모사'
>>> '{0}{1}{2}{3}{4}{5}{6}'.format('빨', '주', '노', '초', '파', '남', '보')
'빨주노초파남보'
>>> '{6}{5}{4}{3}{2}{1}{0}'.format('빨', '주', '노', '초', '파', '남', '보')
'보남파초노주빨'

6. Advanced String Formatting
– width, alignment
>>> '조{:2}모{:2}'.format('삼', '사') # 폭(width) 2
'조삼 모사 '
>>> for n in (1, 23, 456):
... print('{:>4}'.format(n)) # 오른쪽 정렬, 폭 4
...
1
23
456
>>> for fruit in ('apple', 'banana', 'strawberry'):
... print('{:^10}'.format(fruit)) # 가운데 정렬, 폭 10
...
apple
banana
strawberry

7. Advanced String Formatting
– presentation types
>>> '{:s}등'.format('일') # 's': 문자열(string)
＇일등＇
>>> ＇{:d}등＇.format(1) # ＇d＇: 십진수(decimal)
＇1등＇
>>> ＇{:2.1f}도＇.format(36.55) # ＇f＇: 고정소수점(fixed point)
＇36.5도＇
>>> ＇{:2.1e}도＇.format(36.55) # ＇e＇: 지수 표기(exponent notation)
'3.7e+01도'

8. Advanced String Formatting
– presentation types
>>> fmt = '{:.2%} {:s} 외에는 아무 것도 넣지 않았습니다.' # '%': 백분율
>>> for n in [0.99, 0.999, 0.9999, 0.99999]:
... print(fmt.format(n, '꿀'))
...
99.00% 꿀 외에는 아무 것도 넣지 않았습니다.
99.90% 꿀 외에는 아무 것도 넣지 않았습니다.
99.99% 꿀 외에는 아무 것도 넣지 않았습니다.
100.00% 꿀 외에는 아무 것도 넣지 않았습니다.

9. Advanced String Formatting
– type conversion
>>> '{:s}등'.format(1) # int에 대해서 포맷 's' 사용 못함
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: Unknown format code 's' for object of type 'int'
>>> '{!r:}등'.format(1) # repr()을 사용하여 문자열로 변환
'1등'
>>> '{!s:}등'.format(1) # str()을 사용하여 문자열로 변환
'1등'

10. 정규 표현식
Regular Expression

11. re
• 텍스트 패턴 매칭을 위한 강력한 도구
• https://developers.google.com/edu/python/regular-expressions
>>> import re
>>> s = 'an example word:cat!!'
>>> m = re.search(r'word:www', s)
>>> if m:
... print('found', m.group())
... else:
... print('did not find')
...
found word:cat
>>> print('1n2n3')
1
2
3
>>> print(r'1n2n3')
1n2n3

12. re – 기본 패턴
>>> re.search(r'iii', 'piiig')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(1, 4), match='iii'>
>>> re.search(r'igs', 'piiig') # match=None
>>> re.search(r'..g', 'piiig') # . -- any single char
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 5), match='iig'>
>>> re.search(r'ddd', 'p123g') # d -- [0-9]
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(1, 4), match='123'>
>>> re.search(r'www', '@@abcd!!') # w -- [a-zA-Z0-9_]
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 5), match='abc'>
>>> re.search(r'^...', 'p123g') # ^ -- start
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 3), match='p12'>
>>> re.search(r'...$', 'p123g') # $ -- end
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(2, 5), match='23g'>

13. re – Repitation (반복)
• + -- 1회 이상 나타남(occurrences)
• * -- 0회 이상
• ? -- 0 또는 1회
>>> re.search(r'er+y', 'strawberry')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(6, 10), match='erry'>
>>> re.search(r'e+y', 'strawberry')
>>> re.search(r'e*y', 'strawberry')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(9, 10), match='y'>
>>> re.search(r'er?y', 'strawberry')
>>> re.search(r'ex?.+y', 'strawberry')
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(6, 10), match='erry'>

14. re – 그룹 추출
>>> s = 'purple alice-b@google.com monkey dishwasher'
>>> m = re.search('([w.-]+)@([w.-]+)', s)
>>> if m:
... print(m.group())
... print(m.group(1))
... print(m.group(2))
...
alice-b@google.com
alice-b
google.com

15. re – findall
>>> s = 'purple alice@google.com, blah monkey bob@abc.com blah dishwasher'
>>> emails = re.findall(r'[w.-]+@[w.-]+', s)
>>> for email in emails:
... print(email)
...
alice@google.com
bob@abc.com

16. 데이터 타입
Data Types

17. datetime
• 날짜, 시간에 관련된 기능
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> datetime.now().weekday() # 0: 월요일, 6: 일요일
3
>>> datetime.now().isoweekday() # 1: 월요일, 7: 일요일
4
>>> tw = todays_weekday = datetime.now().isoweekday()
>>> if 1 <= tw <= 5:
... print('차량번호 끝자리가 %d 또는 %d인 차량은 주차금지' % (tw, tw + 5))
... else:
... print('주말은 차량 5부제를 시행하지 않습니다')
...

18. calendar
>>> import calendar
>>> calendar.prmonth(2015, 7)
July 2015
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
>>> calendar.setfirstweekday(6)
>>> calendar.prmonth(2015, 7)
July 2015
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
>>> calendar.isleap(2014)
False
>>> calendar.isleap(2016)
True
6: Sunday

19. collections

20. collections
• Python의 일반 목적 내장 자료형(dict, list, set, tuple)을
대체하는 특수한 컨테이너 자료형
https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html

21. collections.ChainMap
>>> from collections import ChainMap
>>> default_settings = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
>>> custom_settings = {'b': 10, 'c': 11}
>>> applied_settings = ChainMap(custom_settings, default_settings)
>>> applied_settings
ChainMap({'b': 10, 'c': 11}, {'b': 2, 'a': 1})
>>> for k, v in applied_settings.items():
... print(k, v)
...
b 10
c 11
a 1
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23392976/what-is-the-purpose-of-collections-chainmap

22. collections.Counter
>>> import collections
>>> C = collections.Counter(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'b'])
>>> C
Counter({'b': 3, 'a': 2, 'c': 1})
>>> C.update('abcdaab')
>>> C
Counter({'b': 5, 'a': 5, 'c': 2, 'd': 1})

23. collections.deque – double-ended queue
>>> import collections
>>> d = collections.deque([1, 2],
maxlen=5)
>>> d.append(3)
>>> d
deque([1, 2, 3], maxlen=5)
>>> d.appendleft(4)
>>> d
deque([4, 1, 2, 3], maxlen=5)
>>> d.append(5)
>>> d
deque([4, 1, 2, 3, 5], maxlen=5)
>>> d.append(6)
>>> d
deque([1, 2, 3, 5, 6], maxlen=5)
>>> d.pop()
6
>>> d
deque([1, 2, 3, 5], maxlen=5)
>>> d.popleft()
1
>>> d
deque([2, 3, 5], maxlen=5)
>>> d.extend([7, 8])
>>> d
deque([2, 3, 5, 7, 8], maxlen=5)
>>> list(d)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 8]

24. collections.defaultdict
>>> import collections
>>> s = [('yellow', 1), ('blue', 2), ('yellow', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1)]
>>> d = collections.defaultdict(list)
>>> for k, v in s:
... d[k].append(v)
...
>>> d
defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'red': [1], 'yellow': [1, 3], 'blue': [2, 4]})
>>> list(d.items())
[('red', [1]), ('yellow', [1, 3]), ('blue', [2, 4])]
https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#defaultdict-examples

25. collections.namedtuple
>>> import collections
>>> Point = collections.namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])
>>> p = Point(11, y=22)
>>> print(p[0], p[1]) # indexable like plain tuple
11 22
>>> print(p.x, p.y) # field accessible by name
11 22
>>> p # readable __repr__
Point(x=11, y=22)
https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#namedtuple-factory-function-for-tuples-with-named-fields

26. collections.OrderedDict
>>> d = {}
>>> d['a'] = 'A'
>>> d['b'] = 'B'
>>> d['c'] = 'C'
>>> d['d'] = 'D'
>>> d['e'] = 'E'
>>> d
{'d': 'D', 'b': 'B', 'c': 'C', 'a':
'A', 'e': 'E'}
>>> import collections
>>> od = collections.OrderedDict()
>>> od['x'] = 'X'
>>> od['y'] = 'Y'
>>> od['a'] = 'A'
>>> od['b'] = 'B'
>>> od['c'] = 'C'
>>> od
OrderedDict([('x', 'X'), ('y', 'Y'),
('a', 'A'), ('b', 'B'), ('c', 'C')])

27. collections – UserDict, UserList, UserString
• dict, list, string을 직접 상속할 수 없었을 때에 사용한 wrapper
• 현재는 dict, list, str을 바로 상속할 수 있으므로 필요성이 낮음

28. collections.abc
>>> from abc import *
>>> class C(metaclass=ABCMeta):
... @abstractmethod
... def absMethod(self):
... pass
...
>>> c = C()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract
class C with abstract methods absMethod
>>> class B(C):
... def absMethod(self):
... print("Now a concrete method")
...
>>> b = B()
>>> b.absMethod()
Now a concrete method
http://autonomist.tistory.com/entry/펌-Python-3-입문-Part-2-고급-주제

29. copy – Shallow and Deep Copy
얕은 복사(shallow copy)
>>> L1 = [['apple', 'banana'], 'milk']
>>> import copy
>>> L2 = copy.copy(L1)
>>> L1[0].append('orange')
>>> L1[1] = 'cheese'
>>> L1
[['apple', 'banana', 'orange'], 'cheese']
>>> L2
[['apple', 'banana', 'orange'], 'milk']
깊은 복사(deep copy)
>>> L1 = [['apple', 'banana'], 'milk']
>>> import copy
>>> L2 = copy.deepcopy(L1)
>>> L1[0].append('orange')
>>> L1[1] = 'cheese'
>>> L1
[['apple', 'banana', 'orange'], 'cheese']
>>> L2
[['apple', 'banana'], 'milk']

30. 숫자 및 수학 모듈
Numeric and Mathematical Modules

31. math
>>> math.pi # 원주율 값
3.141592653589793
>>> math.pow(2, 5) # 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 2
32.0
>>> math.sqrt(144) # 144의 제곱근
12.0
>>> math.factorial(4) # 1 * 2 * 3 * 4
24

32. random 모듈
• Pseudo random number generator
• Uniform selection
• 보안 목적으로는 사용 금지
os.urandom() 또는 SystemRandom 사용
• https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/random.html 참조

33. random.choice()
>>> import random
>>> dice = [i for i in range(1, 7)]
>>> dice
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> random.choice(dice)
4
>>> random.choice(dice)
6
>>> random.choice(dice)
2
>>> random.choice(dice)
2
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'u'
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'a'
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'i'
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'a'
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'a'
>>> random.choice('aeiou')
'u'

34. random.randrange()
>>> random.randrange(7)
2
>>> random.randrange(7)
4
>>> random.randrange(7)
0
>>> random.randrange(7)
3
>>> random.randrange(7)
1
>>> random.randrange(7)
1
>>> random.randrange(7)
0
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
15
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
24
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
3
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
12
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
27
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
21
>>> random.randrange(3, 30, 3)
24

35. random.shuffle()
>>> dice
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> random.shuffle(dice)
>>> dice
[5, 2, 4, 3, 1, 6]
>>> new_dice = tuple([i for i in range(1, 7)])
>>> new_dice
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
>>> random.shuffle(new_dice)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "C:Python34librandom.py", line 272, in shuffle
x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

36. 함수형 프로그래밍
Functional Programming in Python

37. 절차적 vs 함수형
명령형(Imperative),
절차적(procedural) 접근
• 계산을 실행하는 순서를 기술
• 반복(Loop)
• 상태(state): 중간 결과 저장
• 상태에 따라 결과가 바뀌는
부작용이 있음.
선언적(declarative),
함수형(functional) 접근
• 무엇을 하려고 하는지를 기술
• 재귀(recursion)
• Loop와 state가 없음
• 상태로 인한 부작용을 배제

38. map() 내장 함수
• Iterable object의 각 원소에 대하여 함수를 적용
>>> prime_nums = (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13)
>>> [p * p for p in prime_nums]
[1, 4, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169]
>>> list(map(lambda x: x * x, prime_nums))
[1, 4, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169]
>>> data = '성 춘향| 010-300-3333 |광한루|'
>>> data.split('|')
['성 춘향', ' 010-300-3333 ', '광한루', '']
>>> list(map(str.strip, data.split('|')))
['성 춘향', '010-300-3333', '광한루', '']
맵: 네모()

39. filter() 내장 함수
• 원소들을 기준(함수가 True를 반환)에 따라 걸러냄
• filter 타입의 객체를 반환
>>> multiples_of_3 = range(3, 31, 3) # 30 이하의 3의 배수
>>> tuple(multiples_of_3)
(3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30)
>>> tuple(filter(lambda x: x % 15 != 0, multiples_of_3)) # 그 중 15의 배수가 아닌 것
(3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 21, 24, 27)
>>> langs = ('C', 'Java', 'Perl', 'PHP', 'Python')
>>> tuple(filter(lambda s: s.startswith('P'), langs)) # 'P' 자로 시작하는 언어
('Perl', 'PHP', 'Python')
필터: 파란색이냐()

40. itertools – count()
>>> import itertools
>>> natural = itertools.count(1)
>>> next(natural)
1
>>> next(natural)
2
>>> next(natural)
3
>>> even = itertools.count(2, 2)
>>> next(even)
2
>>> next(even)
4
>>> next(even)
6
>>> negative = itertools.count(-1, -1)
>>> next(negative)
-1
>>> next(negative)
-2
>>> next(negative)
-3

41. itertools – cycle()
>>> import itertools
>>> day = itertools.cycle('월화수목금금금')
>>> next(day)
'월'
>>> next(day)
'화'
>>> next(day)
'수'
>>> next(day)
'목'
>>> next(day)
'금'
>>> next(day)
'금'
>>> next(day)
'금'
>>> next(day)
'월'
>>> next(day)
'화'
>>> next(day)
'수'
>>> next(day)
'목'
월
화
수
목금
금
금

42. functools – reduce() 함수
• 주어진 함수를 이용하여 원소들을 결합
>>> L = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> import functools
>>> functools.reduce(lambda a, x: a + x, L)
15
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html 참조

43. 파일과 디렉터리 접근
File and Directory Access

44. os.path – 일반적인 경로명 조작
>>> import os
>>> print(os.path.join('c:python34', 'python.exe'))
c:python34python.exe
>>> print(os.path.join('/usr/bin', 'python'))
/usr/binpython
>>> print(os.path.expanduser('~'))
C:UsersYong Choi
>>> print(os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'documents'))
C:UsersYong Choidocuments
http://juehan.github.io/DiveIntoPython3_Korean_Translation/comprehensions.html#ospath

45. pathlib – 객체 지향 파일시스템 경로(ver. 3.4)
• Pure Path: 파일 시스템에 실제로 접근하지 않음
• Concrete Path: Pure Path 클래스들의 서브클래스.
Path 객체에 대한 시스템 콜을 위한 메소드를 제공
>>> from pathlib import *
>>> p = Path('c:/python34/python.exe')
>>> p
WindowsPath('c:/python34/python.exe')
>>> p.exists()
True
>>> PurePath('/usr/bin/python3').parts
('', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')
https://docs.python.org/3/library/pathlib.html

46. pathlib – properties
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
'c:'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
'setup.py'
>>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
'setup.py'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
'.py'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
'.gz'
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
['.tar', '.gz']
>>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
'library.tar'

47. pathlib – methods
>>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows').as_uri()
'file:///c:/Windows'
>>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
True
>>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
False
>>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
True
>>> PurePosixPath('b.py').match('*.PY')
False

48. fnmatch – 파일명 매칭
>>> import fnmatch
>>> import os
>>> matches = []
>>> for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk('C:Python34'):
... for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, '*.exe'):
... matches.append(os.path.join(root, filename))
...
>>> matches
['C:Python34python.exe', 'C:Python34pythonw.exe', 'C:Python34Libdi
stutilscommandwininst-10.0-amd64.exe', 'C:Python34Libdistutilscomman
dwininst-10.0.exe', 'C:Python34Libdistutilscommandwininst-6.0.exe',

49. 데이터 영속성
Data Persistence

50. pickle
• Python 개체를 파일에 저장
• 피클
>>> import pickle
>>> favorite_color = {'lion': 'yellow', 'kitty': 'red'}
>>> pickle.dump(favorite_color, open('favorite_color', 'wb'))
• 언피클
>>> import pickle
>>> favorite_color = pickle.load(open('favorite_color', 'rb'))
>>> favorite_color
{'kitty': 'red', 'lion': 'yellow'}
https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsingPickle
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pickled_Walnuts_Jar.jpg

51. 파일 형식
File Formats

52. CSV(Comma Seperated Values)

53. csv.writer
>>> import csv
>>> with open('eggs.csv', 'w', newline='') as csvfile:
... spamwriter = csv.writer(csvfile, delimiter=' ',
... quotechar='|', quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
... spamwriter.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans'])
... spamwriter.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam'])
...
40
37
Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam |Baked Beans|
Spam |Lovely Spam| |Wonderful Spam|

54. csv.reader
Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam |Baked Beans|
Spam |Lovely Spam| |Wonderful Spam|
>>> import csv
>>> with open('eggs.csv', newline='') as csvfile:
... spamreader = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=' ', quotechar='|')
... for row in spamreader:
... print(', '.join(row))
...
Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans
Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam
https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html

55. 운영 체제 일반 서비스
Generic Operating System Services

56. os
>>> os.environ['HOME']
'C:UsersYong Choi'
>>> os.environ['NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS']
'4'
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:UsersYong Choi'
>>> os.chdir('Program Files')
>>> os.getcwd()
'C:Program Files'

57. 파이썬 런타임

58. sys
>>> sys.platform
'win32'
>>> sys.byteorder
'little'
>>> sys.getwindowsversion()
sys.getwindowsversion(major=6, minor=1, build=7601, platform=2, service_pack='Service
Pack 1')
>>> sys.version_info
sys.version_info(major=3, minor=4, micro=3, releaselevel='final', serial=0)
>>> sys.winver
'3.4'

59. sys.argv
• sys_argv_test.py
import sys
for i in range(len(sys.argv)):
print('sys.argv[{:d}]: {:s}'.format(i, sys.argv[i]))
> py -3 sys_argv_test.py a b c d
sys.argv[0]: sys_argv_test.py
sys.argv[1]: a
sys.argv[2]: b
sys.argv[3]: c
sys.argv[4]: d

60. sys.path
• D:summer_pythonlecture07mycalendar.py
import calendar
def prmonth(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0):
calendar.setfirstweekday(6)
calendar.prmonth(theyear, themonth, w, l)
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append('D:summer_pythonlecture07')
>>> import mycalendar
>>> mycalendar.prmonth(2015, 7)

61. 개발도구
Development Tools

62. unittest
• test fixture: 테스트를 수행하기 위한 준비와 뒷정리
• test case: 테스트의 개별 단위
• test suite: 함께 수행할 테스트들을 묶은 것
• test runner: 테스트의 수행 및 그 결과를 사용자에게 보여주는
것까지

63. unittest - assertEqual
import unittest
def fun(x):
return x + 1
class MyTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
self.assertEqual(fun(3), 4)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s
OK
http://docs.python-guide.org/en/latest/writing/tests/

64. unittest – failUnless, failIf
import unittest
def IsOdd(n):
return n % 2 == 1
class IsOddTests(unittest.TestCase):
def testOne(self):
self.failUnless(IsOdd(1))
def testTwo(self):
self.failIf(IsOdd(2))
if __name__== '__main__':
unittest.main()
..
-------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.000s
OK
http://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/python/2004/12/02/tdd_pyunit.html

65. unittest – assertRaises
import unittest
class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):
def test_upper(self):
self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')
def test_isupper(self):
self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper())
self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper())
def test_split(self):
s = 'hello world'
self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world'])
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
s.split(2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
https://docs.python.org/3.4/library/unittest.html#basic-example

66. doctest
def square(x):
"""Squares x.
>>> square(2)
4
>>> square(-3)
9
"""
return x + x
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
> python mysquare.py
*******************************************
File "mysquare.py", line 6, in __main__.square
Failed example:
square(-3)
Expected:
9
Got:
-6
*******************************************
1 items had failures:
1 of 2 in __main__.square
***Test Failed*** 1 failures.

67. 2to3
• Python 2로 작성된 스크립트를 Python 3로 자동 변환
> dir /b
hello.py
> type hello.py
print 'Hello'
> 2to3 -w hello.py
> dir /b
hello.py.bak
hello.py
> type hello.py
print('Hello')
print 'Hello' print('Hello')2to3