1. Towards A Biological Perspective On Disease For a full transcript of the presentation, for which these slides were an accompaniment, please visit: https://sites.google.com/site/sjlewis55/presentations/brownbag2005

2. Which is, and which is not, a ‘disease’? And why?

3. ‘ My research is concerned with exploring the biological and philosophical aspects of the concepts of disease and health and considering the uses and applications of these findings.’

5. ‘ The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that no one will believe it.’ Bertrand Russell

6. ‘ [P]hilosophy is often a matter of finding a suitable context in which to say the obvious.’ Iris Murdoch (1970)

7. ‘ [I]f we want to learn anything really deep, we have to study it not in its 'normal', regular form, but in its critical state, in fever, in passion. If you want to know the normal healthy body, study it when it is abnormal, when it is ill.’ Imre Lakatos (Proofs and Refutations, 1976)

8. 'Central to the enterprises of both philosophy and medicine are the images and ideas held about what man is and what his existence signifies for himself and the world … … medicine and biology are two powerful instruments of scrutiny of the image of man. Together with philosophy, they can help contemporary man to understand a little more about what he is …’ (Editorial. (Edward Pellegrino) J. Med. Phil. 1976)

9. Which is, and which is not, a ‘disease’? And why?

10. Gall stones (Acute-on-Chronic Cholecystitis)

11. (Lobar) Pneumonia

13. Illness Disease Pathology

14. ‘ Sickness ... is the external and public mode of unhealth. Sickness is a social role, a status, a negotiated position in the world, a bargain struck between the person henceforward called 'sick', and a society which is prepared to recognise and sustain him.’ Marshall Marinker, 1975

15. Illness Disease Pathology

16. ‘ Illness ... is a feeling, an experience of unhealth which is entirely personal, interior to the person of the patient. Often [illness] accompanies disease, but the disease may be undeclared, as in the early stages of cancer or tuberculosis or diabetes. Sometimes illness exists where no disease can be found.' Marshall Marinker, 1975

17. ‘ Disease ... is a pathological process, most often physical as in throat infection, or cancer of the bronchus, sometimes undetermined in origin, as in schizophrenia … There is an objectivity about disease which doctors are able to see, touch, measure, smell.’ Marshall Marinker, 1975

21. Self- Awareness Anatomy & Physiology Overall Biological State

22. Orange R – 240 G – 40 B – 10

23. Disturbance Overall Biological State Anatomy & Physiology Self- Awareness Disease Illness Pathological

24. No illness No Pathology Health

25. R - 245 B - 45 G - 5 R - 240 B - 35 G - 5 R - 235 B - 35 G - 5 R - 245 B - 45 G - 10 R - 240 B - 40 G - 10 R - 235 B - 35 G - 10 R - 245 B - 45 G - 15 R - 240 B - 45 G - 15 R - 235 B - 35 G - 15

26. Which is, and which is not, a ‘disease’? And why?

29. ‘ Darwinian medicine is the enterprise of trying to find evolutionary explanations for vulnerabilities to disease … Disease, [is] not … a product of [natural] selection.’ Randolph Nesse

30. ‘ The meaning of a word is its use.’ Ludwig Wittgenstein

32. Towards A Biological Perspective On Disease For a full transcript of the presentation, for which these slides were an accompaniment, please visit: https://sites.google.com/site/sjlewis55/presentations/brownbag2005