Presentation on "Ancient Civilisations and Sustainability of 20th Century New Capital Cities" prepared by Prof. Er. Jagjit Singh Ghuman, Formerly Chief Town Planner and Head T&CP Dept., Govt. of Punjab in 8th National Seminar organised by ISPER, Panchkula, Haryana on 23rd-24th April, 2014

1. 8TH NATIONAL SEMINAR
Prof. Er. Jagjit Singh Ghuman
Formerly Chief Town Planner and Head
T&CP Dept., Govt. of Punjab
Immortal Cities: Past and Future Concepts,
Changing Morphology and Sustainability
Ancient Civilisations and Sustainability
of 20th Century New Capital Cities
23rd – 24th April, 2014

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This presentation takes a holistic view on ancient civilisations, its changing
morphology, structure, shape, size, form and composition of Cities.
Study also covers the modern age city or town planning concepts with focus
on its application in the 20th century motor age New Capital Cities.
It evaluates use of natural building material i.e. stone, brick in lime mortar
or concrete and sustainability of modern reinforced cement concrete in a
city landscape.
ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS – CITIES
Pre-historic or Ancient Global Civilisations, the bronze age (3300-1300 BCE)
show a strong dependence of man on fertile agriculture lands along river
valleys with abundant gift of fresh water and food for their livelihood.
The many Achievements of the Bronze Age civilisations include, unique
surveying & construction techniques that facilitated the building of
monumental structures, temples, obelisks, pillars, towers, statues to
commemorate the ruler or events, introduced quarrying in stone &
minerals, developed earthen ware & glass technology, and a system of
literature-mathematics.

3. Safety of the poor peasants in self-made mud-thatch roof single storey
informal shelter-clusters was the primary concerned of the ruling powers in
well laid-out protected enclosures, palaces, gardens and open spaces, with
an elite group to ensure the unity of the people in slavery or in an elaborate
system of religious beliefs.
INDUS RIVER VALLEY CIVILISATION (3300-1300 BCE)
The fertile agriculture lands in Indus River Valley in N-W Punjab, the Indo-
Gangetic / Brahmaputra River Basins, are said to have been highly, socially
& culturally advanced.
The Indus River Valley or Harappan civilization extended upto Afghanistan
in the N-W, the Ghaggar River Valley in the East i.e. Chandigarh City
Region and S-W upto Gujarat, was spread over some 1,260,000 km²,
population 50.00 Lacs making it the largest known ancient civilization
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Ancient Cities were flourishing centre for trade
in exotic spices from the South Indian sub-continent and silk, cotton jute &
other products from the east pre-urban civilisations.
Most of the Ancient Cities i.e. 1,056 settlements were built of sundried or
burnt bricks, paved roads-drainage system, and single or two storey houses
with circular working platforms to the south of the “granary” or Great Hall.

4. Ancient Harappa
City: Gateway-
Brick Houses
with Open
Drainage System
along a street
Harappa City Muriel
- Terracotta/Stone
Muriel

5. Mohenjo-daro: Panorama view of stupa

6. EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION – (2686-2181 BCE)
Ancient Egyptian Civilization, survived from its ability to adapt to the
changing conditions of the Nile River, its un-predictable flooding and
controlled irrigation. The fertile valley produced surplus crops, which
fuelled social development and culture.
Egyptian Pharaoh’s and successive rulers in the early period developed an
independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and
trade with surrounding regions, ruled by a strong military force.
Ancient Egyptians were skilled builders; using simple but effective tools and
sighting instruments, architects could build large stone structures with
accuracy and precision.
Egyptian Monumental Ruins have inspired the imaginations of travellers and
writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in
the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian
Civilization and a greater appreciation of its Cultural Legacy.
Its Art and Architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off to
far corners of the world.

7. Ancient Egypt: Brick
Making & Laying
Process
Ancient Egypt:
Carriage of Building
Material
Giza Pyramids: Egypt
Nile River Valley
Giza
Nile River Valley Civilisation
N-E African Sub-Continent
Memphis
Thebes

8. The architecture of ancient Egypt includes
some of the most famous structures in the
world: the Great Pyramids of Giza and the
temples at Thebes.
Building projects were organized and
funded by the state for religious and
commemorative purposes, but also to
reinforce the power of the pharaoh.
Colossal statue of Ramses II,
carved from limestone, that
once adorned the great temple
of Ptah in Memphis, Egypt.
MEMPHIS
Ptah Temple
GIZA PYRAMIDS
AND TEMPLES

9. ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS – CITIES (900 BCE TO 100 CE )
Ancient Greek City Planning-Architecture is distinguished by its highly
formalised characteristics, both in sculpture and structure. In the case of
temples each building is conceived as a sculptural entity within the
landscape, most often raised on high ground to enhance its elegance.
Indigenously formulated Lime Concrete Technology was known and used by
many Ancient Civilisations including Ancient Greece and Rome, in and
around the Mediterranean Region.
The Architecture of Ancient Rome grew out of that of Greece and maintained
its influence in Italy unbroken until the present day. From the Renaissance,
revivals of Classicism have kept alive not only the precise forms and ordered
details of Greek architecture, but also its concept of architectural beauty
based on balance and proportion. The successive styles of Neoclassical
architecture followed and adapted Ancient Greek styles closely.
The Pantheon, in Rome-Italy, built in 27 BCE is a circular temple dedicated
to the Gods is the world’s largest Unreinforced Lime Concrete Dome with a
central opening (oculus) to the sky. The height to the oculus and the
diameter of the interior circle are the same, 43.3 metres (142 ft).

10. Pantheon a circular
temple in Rome,
completed in 27 BCE
and dedicated to all
the gods. Outer view
of the Roman
Pantheon, still the
largest unreinforced
solid concrete dome.
Inside the Pantheon
dome, the concrete for
the coffered dome was
laid on moulds,
probably mounted on
temporary scaffolding
Pantheon – Rome 27 BCE

11. The Colosseum (70-80 CE) Rome, Italy is the world’s largest ancient
elliptical amphitheatre-sports arena. Built in stone, laid in lime mortar-
concrete, it is the largest ancient amphitheatre of the Roman Empire. It is
considered as one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and
engineering.
• The Roman
Colosseum is a free-
standing structure,
elliptical in plan and is
189 m long, and 156 m
wide, with a base area of
6 acres (24,000 m2).
• The height of the
outer wall is 48 m. The
perimeter originally
measured 545 m.
• The central arena is
an oval 87 m (287 ft) long
and 55 m (180 ft) wide,
surrounded by a wall 5 m
(15 ft) high, above which
rose tiers of seating.
• The Colosseum
could accommodate
87,000 people, although
modern estimates put the
figure at around 50,000.

12. Pompeii City in present Southern Italy was founded in the 700 BCE, captured
by the Romans in 80 BCE, stand midway between the Greek & Roman
Building Architecture. By the time of the natural disaster / destruction, 160
years later, it had a population of 20,000.
The Ancient City and many villas in the surrounding area, was mostly
destroyed and buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of ash and pumice on the
eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Pompeii:
Paved Stone
Block Street
with raised
side walls in
Random
Stone
Masonry

13. Pompeii was provided with a
reasonably effective drainage
system and generous water
supply. Shops and workshops
are located along the main
street. Most of the streets are
8m (28ft.) width and some
other street, about 25.5m
(32ft.) width, and the smaller
roads of about 3.5m to 5.5m
(12 to 18 ft.) in width. All the
roads well paved and provided
raised side walls.
Formal Greek / Roman
Architecture is based on use of
natural / native building
materials. The monolithic
building structures with wood
trusses, supporting burnt clay
roof tiles.
Pompeii: Necropolis of Porta
Nocera consisting of a podium,
with niches containing the
statues. Built in random stone
masonry & located on a main
street.

14. INDIA HISTORIC ERA (326 BCE – 1715 CE)
Alexander’s / Greek Invasion of India in 326 BCE, was followed by other
invasions, Muhammad Bin Qasim 711 CE, Feroz Shah Tuglak 1350 CE,
introduced Islamic Rule in Northern India.
Sher Shah Suri an ethnic Pashtun warrior, took control of the Mughal
Empire in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah
named Sher Shah Suri’s setup a new civic and military administration,
issued the first Rupee and re-organised the postal system of India.
The Military Road (Jarnailly Sadak) from the West to the East in Northern
India, at one time also extended to Kabul in Afghanistan, crossing the
Khyber Pass. It is dotted with Pillars, “Kos Minar” every 2.25 miles and
“Caravan-Sarai’s” (highway inns) at regular intervals with fortified
separate living area and kitchen for the communities.

15. The Ancient Unit Human Scale to measure Land / Distance, used in the
Vedic times for over three thousand years was re-introduced in the Mughal
period, Sher Shah Suri 1540 CE to 1545 CE. A standard “Karam”, measures
5’-6” i.e. 3 paces of a normal adult on plain ground.
PUNJAB CITY PLANNING (1545 CE – 1825 CE)
Sri Guru Ram Dass Ji fourth Guru founded Amritsar Sarowar (Fresh Water
Tank) “Pool of Nectar” in 1577 CE, with his residence at Village Guru-Ka-
Chak (Gurdwara Guru-Ka-Mahal) away from Amritsar Sarowar.
The first brick of Sri Hari Mandir Sahib in lime mortar and concrete was
laid by the Saint Miyan Meer Manu / Sri Guru Ramdas Ji in 1589 CE. Sri
Hari Mandir Sahib Temple Building was completed in 1604 CE. Later the
sixth Guru Shri Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji laid the foundation of Sri Akal
Takhat west of the Sarowar in 1606 CE, as the seat of the Sikhs in Punjab.
Sri Hari Mandir
Sahib and
Sarowar after the
Development of
its Periphery in
Walled City
Amritsar in 2010

16. The Ancient Mediterranean Sub-continent City Planning (900 BCE to 100 CE)
is predominantly laid-out in a grid iron road network system in contrast to
the axis-informal plan of ancient heritage cities in the Indus Valley
Civilisation or the 16th Century Amritsar Walled City.
The Walled City is built in
Nanakshahi Brick and lime
mortar-concrete in 3-4 storey high
buildings, Havelies-Residence
with central green open
courtyards. The Nanakshahi,
brick is 1 ½” x 4 ½” x 9”. The flat
roof is laid in wood girders &
batons with burnt brick tiles of
1 ½” x 6” x 12” size. Randomly
laid-out narrow streets, 1 karam
(5’-6”) to 3 Karam (16’-6”) with 4
karam (22’ wide) main street.
Safety & protection was marked
by fortification i.e. wall around
the city.

17. URBANISM: 19TH CENTURY NEW GARDEN CITIES
Ebenezer Howard (1850 CE – 1928 CE), book on Garden Cities of Tomorrow
published in 1898 laid the foundation of the “Garden City” concept in UK. It
focused on the effect of industrialisation, mechanisation & automation,
generating rapid urbanisation, employment opportunities and need for
better social & recreational facilities.
Two New Garden Cities Letchworth & Welwyn developed on Howard’s
concepts changed the cycle in urban civilisation.
Letchworth the first "Garden
City" based on the concept of
Sir Ebenezer Howard Planned
by Sir Raymond Unwin and
Richard Barry Parker 1904.
Welwyn the second
"Garden City" based on Sir
Ebenezer Howard concept
is planned by Louis de
Soissons 1921
Ebenezer Howard’s
Garden Cities Concept
1898 CE

18. Conceptually, The Garden City is designed for healthy living and industrial
growth, of a manageable size, that makes it possible for a healthy social life,
surrounded by a rural belt, whole of the land being in public ownership or
held with a trust / local authority for the community.
It generally refers to Magnificent Boulevards, each 36m (120 ft.) wide
traversing the city from the centre to its circumference, dividing it into six
equal parts. In the centre is a circular space allotted for garden with public
buildings, like theatre, museum, library & hospital around the garden. The
plan provides for walk ways beyond the garden.
The Residential Dwellings are distributed beyond the public buildings. The
shopping centre would be the edge of the town, whereas industries are on
the outskirts. The total population is 32000 extending over an area of 400
hectares (1000 acres). A permanent agricultural belt of 2000-5000 acres
surrounds the entire city.
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932), also highlighted the relationship of mankind
(folk), with place of work & place of living. In 1892, he founded the
“Outlook Tower” on Castle Hill in Edinburgh and was creatively
responsible to introduce the first “British Town Planning Act 1909”.

19. Sir Patrick Geddes’s planning concepts refer to a sequence of planning
strategies i.e.: Regional Planning, Town planning, City design and Rural
framework. He visited India (1915 CE-1925 CE) and gave expert advice for
the improvement of about 18 major towns in India.
He was invited by Maharaja Bhupinder Singh & prepared the First
Regional-Master Plan for Patiala, laid out the Baradari Gardens & other
developments in Patiala City, Pinjore Gardens & Chahal Town. The
Maharaja’s Residence is prominently placed on the Chahal Ridge. His
report was published and made an official document for the regional growth
of Patiala. It is presently available with the Punjab Archives at Patiala.
He also Proposed the Development of Canal & Road Network in the periphery
with tree plantation in gardens and play grounds, retain the existing storm
water impounding reservoirs and tanks in an effective sanitary state.
His proposals for Indian Towns, Geddes focused on the health, hygiene and
poor sanitary conditions of the people, discarded manual scavenging and
develop mechanical sanitary facilities. This changed the mind-set and
outlook of the officialdom to meet new challenges-ideals in urbanisation and
development of healthy settlements.

20. C. A. DOXIADIS: 20TH CENTURY CITIES
Constantinos A. Doxiadis and his associates in Athens-Greece in the
promoted “Ekistics”, the theories and science of human settlements,
relationship of man in his environment i.e. an earnest & scientific endeavour
to find ways & means to make a viable-healthy human settlement. Doxiadis
idea of a city in the modern age refer to 5 basic elements i.e.:
i. Nature from which it is built i.e. its morphology.
ii. Man’s influence on nature in the development process.
iii. Society, which has been formed by man.
iv. Shells or shelters combining small house to public buildings or work centres.
v. Network i.e. roads, railways, water supply, electrical system etc.
Doxiadis idea of a “Dynamic City”
focuses on its geophysical growth and
its relationship with man in a
changing environment. It is purely
abstract in form & structure. The
laws of development of the city
structure generally focus on the socio-
economic conditions, natural climate
and political structure, which favour
the growth and spread of cities
beyond its geopolitical boundaries.

21. CORBUSIER’S: RADIO CONCENTRIC CITY 1950’S CE
Mons. Le Corbusier an eminent Architect & Urban Planner in France,
president of the assembly of builders for architecture renovation
(ASCORAL) in Paris in 1942 CE, released its first conclusive work on
“Three Human Establishments” i.e. “Radio Concentric City” & “Linear
Industrial City”.
It highlights the infusion and side by side existence of the urban-rural and
industrial activities in the folds of “Mother Nature”. The concept highlights
the “Human Scale” and high rise buildings with a network of roads,
pedestrian paths for safe & free movement of people in the city landscape.
High Rise Building in a City Landscape

22. The Radio Concentric City Concept, illustrated by Le Corbusier, visualise the
city or town as a huge park where the work-living units are distributed in
shape, size and a true vertical form. The sun, space & greenery blend with
nature. The buildings are set in a lace-work of trees in the urban landscape.
The revolutionary modern structure connects
the ground with free space: a void, passage
and free flow of air, light & sun with columns
of reinforced concrete
The vertical building structures are
set in a lace-work of trees &
greenery in the urban landscape.
The vertical building structures are set in a lace-
work of trees & greenery in the urban landscape.

23. CORBUSIER’S: LINEAR INDUSTRIAL CITY 1950’S CE
A country is engraved with a network of rivers, roads, rails & canals
fundamentally dictated by its geography. The road network passes in
different terrains and in certain places two or more roads cross at eminent
points or predestined points, places of concentration and center of
dispersion.
It is at these junctions that cities or towns of exchange are established. When
the road stops at the sea or at the ocean, the network is completed by
maritime routes and the place thus determined became a particularly center
of exchange.

24. It is natural to attribute the spatial network phenomena as an essential
value in the organization of work or machinist civilization. The Radio
Concentric City and the Linear Industrial City illustrated by Le Corbusier
refer to:
i. Radio Concentric City of Exchange
i.e. Town as work & living units.
ii. Distribution of Concrete buildings
with free flow spaces-nature, sun,
air & light.
iii. The buildings are set in a lace-work
of trees in the urban landscape.
iv. The revolutionary modern vertical
structures connect with free spaces,
ensure flow of air, light & sun.
i. Linear Industrial City as unit of
nature i.e. agriculture production.
ii. Funtacular (Primary) city, National
or Regional Capital Cities or
Towns.
iii. Linear Industrial City with free
flowing green spaces infused with
nature.
iv. Rail, road & canal transportation &
communication network.

25. 20TH CENTURY NEW CAPITAL CITIES
Edwin Lutyen’s, New Capital City (New Delhi) was designed and built in
1920 CE-1930 CE British Era in India. Industrialisation, with a rail-road
transportation-communication network and infrastructure was also
introduced in the motor or machine age in India.
The design & layout of Lutyen’s New Capital City with ring & radial road
network system is the new seat of governance. The monumental buildings
in red sand stone, cement and concrete focused on work-living relationship
in the mechanisation & automation age. It is infused with the garden city
concept “Modern-Urban Landscape”.
Parliament
House:
Lutyen’s New
Capital City
Rashtrapati Bhawan
with Garden
design by Lutyen’s
include the Rashtrapati
Bhawan earlier
Viceroy’s Residence
Lutyen’s New Capital City, Delhi

26. Monumental
Buildings in Red
Sand Stone North
Block: Lutyen’s
New Capital City,
Delhi
Bungalow Houses in
Cement and Concrete
Lutyen’s New Capital
City, Delhi

27. A series of New Towns were setup in Europe i.e. UK, France etc. in the
population range of 50,000 to 3 Lacs after WW-II, 1939-45 CE.
The New Towns are designed on the garden city concept and located in the
country side or sub-urban peripheries of major cities, with a view to re-
habilitate the people, decentralise major socio-economic & industrial
activities and re-build the war damaged urban centres.
Three mega New Capital Cities, namely; Brasilia in Brazil, Islamabad in
Pakistan and Chandigarh in East-Punjab, India were setup in 1950’s, to
meet the administrative, socio-economic or geo-political changes in their
respective regions.
The New Capital City Brasília is Brazil's National Capital w.e.f. 22nd April,
1960 and is in UNESCO's World Heritage List.
Brasília had an estimated population of 2,789,761 in 2013, making it the 4th
most populous city in Brazil
Constantinos A. Doxiadis of Athens, Greece in 1937 CE -1975 CE, formulated
plans and programmes for the Greater Rio de Janeiro City in Brazil in
1950’s. Later, the New Capital City Brasilia was planned and developed in
1956 CE with Lúcio Costa as the principal urban planner, Oscar Niemeyer as
the principal architect and Roberto Burle Marx as the landscape designer.

28. New Capital City Brasília

29. The New National Capital City (Islamabad) of Pakistan was setup in 1950’s
as an outcome of geo-political changes in the Indian Sub-Continent. The
essential development works in Islamabad were completed in 1966 CE.
Islamabad is located in the North-East of Rawalpindi in West Punjab.
Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan & most of the
buildings in the city which was based on garden city concept, grid plan with
its apex towards the Margalla Hills Forest Reserve in the north & north-
west.
Islamabad is the seat of the Government of Pakistan; the Presidential Palace
(Aiwan-e-Sadr), is home to the Pakistan Monument, which is one of the two
national monuments.
Each Residential Sector is divided into 4 sub-sectors and covers an area of
approximately 2 km×2 km (1 ¼ mi×1 ¼ mi), lettered from A to I.
Islamabad has grown from 95,940 to 805,235 as of 1998 making it the ninth
largest city in Pakistan. As per the 2012 estimate, the population of
Islamabad including its surrounding territory has increased to 2 million.
Islamabad together with its neighbouring twin city of Rawalpindi, the
greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the third largest
conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.

30. Islamabad
New Capital City
Islamabad National Capital
City Master Plan
From top, L to R: a) Islamabad
Stock Exchange, Faisal Mosque,
b) Parliament House, Pakistan
Monument, c) Jinnah Avenue,
and Margalla Hills

31. Chandigarh New Capital City Master Plan 1952 prepared by Le Corbusier
infused the basic Garden City concept on a human scale to cover a total
population of 5 Lacs (Phase-I: 150,000 and Phase-II: 350,000). On
completion of the Project, Le Corbusier returned to France early in 1967.
Geo-political territorial changes in 1966 CE, Chandigarh City UT was
constituted as the seat of governance for the reconstituted provincial states
of Punjab and Haryana in India.
The Union Territory Chandigarh City covers a total area of 114 Km2, has a
population of 960,787 (2011) with metro population of 1,025,682, and a
density of 7900 persons / Km2
Le Corbusier’s Open Hand: Symbol of
Chandigarh New City to receive and give
quality life and living conditions to its citizens

32. Unlike the Lutyen’s New Delhi monumental buildings in exposed stone
surfaces, Le Corbusier introduced exposed concrete building structures in
Chandigarh on a monumental and human scale.
Chandigarh City cement concrete structures created from natural available
building material, namely; bricks, stone, sand etc. are a legacy of modern
architecture in a City Landscape.
The City Charter-Edict enlightens the citizens on its basic urban design
concepts and architecture with a view to protect its inheritance in the
growth-development of the city.
He introduced “Modern Age Architecture” and “Truthfulness of Building
Materials” i.e. fusion of exposed cement concrete, bricks and stone in city
landscape. He pointed out that “The Age of Statues is Gone”,
commemoration of events to be confined to suitably placed bronze plaques.
The City Capitol Complex in the N-E is the seat of Governance with
contiguous landscape open spaces (Leisure Valley) etc. from the N-S. The
work place Central Business District (CBD) sector 17 and the industrial area
(manufacturing) is located in the S-E. The seat of Education i.e. institutions
are located in the N-W with self-contained residential neighbourhoods
(sectors). The city has a well laid-out Grid Iron Road Network System, a new
railway station for movement of man & material.

33. Le Corbusier’s Chandigarh: Capitol Complex
Siting of the Capitol Complex
in the Chandigarh City Landscape
A View of the Jan Marg Looking Towards the
Shivalik Hills: the seven-storey blocks add a touch of
urban habitat in a City Landscape

34. CHANIDGARH
City Centre, Sector-17
Damaged
Concrete
Structure
Altered
Concrete
Surface
Texture

35. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
A holistic view of city planning concepts-principles is taken in the
study of Ancient Civilisations and Ancient Cities, vis-à-vis Sustainability of
20th Century (mid-1950’s) New Capital Cities, historic use of natural
building material i.e. stone, brick in lime mortar or concrete.
Mon’s Le Corbusier spent his life time to perfect skills in use of reinforced
cement concrete in high rise building. He successfully executed housing
projects in Marseilles, France and early in 1950’s, the New Capital City-
Chandigarh in East Punjab.
Motor Age Industrialisation draws attention to conservation of the modern
city cultural heritage, urban form shape size and composition of modern
reinforced cement concrete structures in the city.
Special Areas of Architectural Interest focus on protection and conservation
of the harmony / unified composition of buildings regulated by architectural
and zoning controls.
City Centre, the central plaza in Sector-17 designated by Le Corbusier as a
“Pedestrians Paradise”, the architectural façade, cement concrete surface
texture of buildings in the City Centre is not to be altered.

36. All Exposed Cement Concrete RCC Buildings in City Centre, Sector-17,
public / private ownership show signs of damage and decay due to
weathering action and carbonation. The red sand stone flooring of front
covered corridors is also damaged / altered and is not safe for use of
pedestrians.
The City Development Laws, zoning plans / architectural or building control
sheets prepared under the Punjab Capital (Development & Regulation) Act
1952, or the Civic Laws do not protect or conserve the historic city cultural
heritage, eco-sensitive-critical zones, heritage sites & buildings outlined in
the Chandigarh City Draft Master Plan 2031.
Chandigarh City is a Symbol of India’s freedom, an expression of citizen’s
faith in its development, i.e. urban form, city landscape and its architecture.
It has also nurtured a way of life for the people in the machine age
civilisation, unfettered by the traditions of the past and the citizen’s faith to
sustain its legacy / future.
Enabling Heritage Law and formulation of regulations are required to
safeguard / protect the city historic cultural heritage / legacy to sustain a
healthy work-living environment and a distinct quality of life to its citizen.

37. THANK YOU