The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It describes the location and anatomy of the heart, as well as blood circulation via the heart. It defines hypertension and describes its causes, types (primary and secondary), prevalence by age, and hemodynamic basis. Risk factors for developing hypertension are discussed. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like maintaining a healthy weight, physical activity, moderating alcohol, and reducing sodium intake.

1. Hypertension
Dr Urmila Aswar

2. Location of the Heart




The heart is located between the lungs
behind the sternum and above the
diaphragm.
It is surrounded by the pericardium.
Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight
is about 250-300 g.
Its center is located about 1.5 cm to the left
of the midsagittal plane.

3. Anatomy of heart

4. Anatomy of the heart

The walls of the heart
are composed of
cardiac muscle, called
myocardium.

It consists of four
compartments:

the right and left atria
and ventricles

5. Blood circulation via heart
• The blood returns from the systemic circulation to the right
atrium and from there goes through the tricuspid valve to the right
ventricle.
• It is ejected from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve
to the lungs.
• Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium, and
from there through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
• Finally blood is pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta and
the systemic circulation..

6. Hypertension
Hypertension means high blood pressure. High
blood pressure is an increased pressure in blood
vessels.
It can be caused by many factors such as stress,
high cholesterol, and inactivity. It is classified
into mild, moderate, and severe hypertension.
The mild, moderate, or severe hypertension,
have an increased risk of having a heart attack
or a stroke.

7. Types of hypertension
In 90-95% of patients presenting with
hypertension, the cause is unknown. This
condition is called primary (or essential)
hypertension.
The remaining 5-10% of
hypertensive patients have hypertension that
results secondarily from renal disease, endocrine
disorders, or other identifiable causes. This form
of
hypertension
is
called
secondary
hypertension.

8. Hemodynamic basis of hypertension



Blood pressure levels are a function of
cardiac output multiplied by peripheral
resistance (the resistance in the blood
vessels to the flow of blood).
Heart rate, stroke volume
Vascular tone

9. Hypertension

11. 1/3/2014
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12. Hypertension



The major factors which help maintain
blood pressure (BP) include the
sympathetic nervous system and the
kidneys.
Optimal healthy blood pressure is a systolic
blood pressure of <120 mmHg and a
diastolic blood pressure of <80
<120/80.

13. Hypertension
Category
Normal
Systolic Blood
Pressure
< 120
Diastolic Blood
Pressure
<80
Pre-hypertension
120-139
80-89
Hypertension –
Stage 1
140-159
90-99
Hypertension –
Stage 2
>160
>100

14. Hypertension


As many as 2.8 million children also have
high blood pressure.
The prevalence of hypertension increases
with age.

15. Prevalence of Hypertension by
Age

Age







18-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80+

% Hypertensive







4
11
21
44
54
64
65

16. Hypertension


When the normal regulatory mechanisms
fail, hypertension develops.
Hypertension is dangerous because it gives
off no warning signs or symptoms.

17. Untreated
hypertension can result in:
Arteriosclerosis
Heart Attack
Enlarged
heart
--Kidney damage
--Stroke
--Blindness

18. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension



High-normal blood pressure
Family history of hypertension
Overweight

19. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension

Excess Consumption of Sodium Chloride

Certain segments of the population
are ‘salt sensitive’ because their
blood pressure is affected by salt
consumption

20. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
 Exercise:
Less
active
individuals are 30-50% more
likely to develop hypertension.
 Alcohol consumption

21. Factors Influencing the Development of
Hypertension
 Other
Dietary Factors
Potassium:
 Calcium:
 Magnesium:


22. Treatment for Hypertension




Maintain a healthy weight, lose weight if
overweight.
Be more physically active.
Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation.
Reduce the intake of salt and sodium in the
diet to approximately 2400 mg/day.