1. 4-Endocrine Response to Exercise;
Diabetes Mellitus and Fitness
Advanced Nutrition and Fitness
Dr. Siham Gritly

2. objectives
• At the end of the lecture student should be able
to understand;
• The major glands of the endocrine system
• Hormones that important in physical exercise
• Diabetes Mellitus and exercise
Dr. Siham Gritly

3. The major endocrine glands:
1 Pineal gland 2 Pituitary gland 3 Thyroid gland 4 Thymus 5
Adrenal gland 6 Pancreas 7 Ovary (female) 8 Testes (male)
Dr. Siham Gritly

4. Endocrine system
• the endocrine system is a system of glands,
(ductless) each of which secretes a type of
hormone.
• hormone is directly released into the
bloodstream to regulate the body functions.
• It derives from the Greek words "endo" meaning
inside, within, and "crinis" for secrete.
• field of study dealing with the endocrine system
endocrinology
Dr. Siham Gritly

5. • Hormones regulate various human functions,
including;
• metabolism,
• growth and development,
• body tissues (the physical and chemical processes of
the body),
• sexual development and function.
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6. • Most hormones are secreted from the glands that
produce them under the influence of stimulating
hormones from the hypothalamus.
• The hypothalamus is a part of the brain involved in
the control of involuntary activity in the body;
contains many centers of neural control such as
temperature, hunger, appetite and thirst
• These hormones in turn are activated by releasing
hormones from the pituitary gland.
Dr. Siham Gritly

7. Exercise;
• Look for the major endocrine glands
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8. The major glands of the endocrine
system
• are;
• the hypothalamus, (link the nervous system to
the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
(hypophysis)
• pituitary, (secretes nine hormones that regulate
homeostasis)
• thyroid,
• parathyroids,
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9. • adrenals,
• pineal gland, (melatonin that helps to regulate
sleep/wake)
• the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).
• The pancreas; insulin and glucagon
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10. • Hormones can be classified ;
– Steroid hormones are lipid, they are formed
from cholesterol.
– Non-steroid hormones are proteins,
peptides, or amino acids.
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11. Reference; MedicineNet.Inc
Dr. Siham Gritly

12. Endocrine Response to Exercise
• Many hormones play a role in physical
exercise; the endocrine response to exercise
can improve organ function, physical fitness
and overall psychological state.
• without hormones, exercise would be limited.
• Vigorous exercise, in particular, might improve
endocrine function.
Dr. Siham Gritly

13. Hormones important in physical exercise
• Hormones important in physical exercise
include;
1-testosterone from the testes,
2-norepinephrine or adrenalin and cortisol
from the adrenal glands,
Dr. Siham Gritly

14. 3- thyroxin from the thyroid gland
4- human growth hormone -- also called HGH
or somatotropin -- from the pituitary gland.
5-insulin and glucagon from the pancreas,
Dr. Siham Gritly

15. Male Reproductive system
1-Testosterone from the Testes
• Testosterone sex hormone contributes to
muscle mass and strength,
• serum testosterone, increase is correlated with
the duration, intensity and type of exercise.
• Overexertion, however, was found to have the
opposite effect on testosterone levels.
Dr. Siham Gritly

16. The Adrenal Gland
adapted from ScheerMed
2-adrenalin and cortisol from the adrenal glands,
Dr. Siham Gritly

17. norepinephrine and cortisol from the adrenal
glands,
• The adrenal glands involved in maintaining;
*blood sugar levels,
*moderating the immune system response,
*providing the precursors for the production of
sex hormones
*responding to stressful situations through the
release of adrenaline and cortisol.
Dr. Siham Gritly

18. Adrenal Gland Hormones & Exercise Effects
• The adrenal glands produce numerous
hormones include adrenalin, cortisol,
epinephrine;
• * adrenalin or norepinephrine, is released in
greater amounts during exercise, providing
body system with increased energy in the
form of glucose and free fatty acids
Dr. Siham Gritly

19. • *cortisol, facilitates the breakdown and release
of amino acids from muscle tissue to provide
substrate to liver for gluconeogenesis
Dr. Siham Gritly

20. • Epinephrine, (The adrenal medulla) during
exercise intensities epinephrine increase at
higher level
• Epinephrine stimulate the liver to release
glucose and accelerates the use of glycogen in
the muscle
Dr. Siham Gritly

21. The Thyroid gland
Adapted medicineNet.inc
3- thyroxin from the thyroid gland
Dr. Siham Gritly

22. • Thyroid gland secrete hormone thyroxin
• Function during exercise
• Thyroxin secretions during exercise lead to;-
*increase the amount of blood in the body by
about 30 percent,
• *increase the metabolism within the human
body
Dr. Siham Gritly

23. The Pituitary gland
4- human growth hormone from pituitary gland
Adapted medicineNet.inc
Dr. Siham Gritly

24. • Exercise, particularly heavy weightlifting
(strength exercise), stimulates the release of
luteinizing hormone from the anterior
pituitary gland,
• luteinizing hormone activate testosterone
production.
• Intense Exercise stimulates the release of
thyroxine from the thyroid gland.
Dr. Siham Gritly

25. The pancreas
adapted from MedicineNet.Inc
5-insulin and glucagon from the pancreas,
Adapted medicineNet.inc
Dr. Siham Gritly

26. The pancreas
The pancreas has 2 functions;
1-digestive function; the exocrine pancreas,
secretes digestive enzymes
2-hormonal functions; the endocrine pancreas,
secretes hormones called insulin and
glucagon.
• These hormones regulate the level of glucose
in the blood.
Dr. Siham Gritly

27. • Insulin and glucagon are both synthesized in
the pancreas,
• These hormones have competing functions;
• -insulin stimulates glucose uptake by body
tissues,
• - glucagon increase the rate of
gluconeogenesis in the liver and help to
increase blood glucose levels
Dr. Siham Gritly

28. • During exercise, Glucagon levels rise and
insulin levels fall so as to increase glucose
release into the bloodstream.
• When exercise end, insulin rises and glucagon
drops so that ingested foods are rapidly used to
replenish glycogen,
Dr. Siham Gritly

29. • Endocrine response to exercise;
Diabetes Mellitus and fitness
Dr. Siham Gritly

30. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Mellitus; a disorder of carbohydrate
metabolism due to disturbances in production
or utilization of insulin, results in high blood
glucose levels and loss of sugar in urine
• .
Dr. Siham Gritly

31. • diabetes mellitus are of two types either;
• 1- Type 1 DM; people cannot produce insulin.
it results from the body's failure to produce
insulin, and presently requires the person to inject
insulin.
• 2- Type 2 DM; the insulin they produce is
ineffective in stimulating the uptake of blood
sugar (glucose) into the body's cells.
Dr. Siham Gritly

32. • If diabetes is untreated, blood sugar rises to
high levels that can eventually cause blindness,
nerve damage, and other complications.
Dr. Siham Gritly

33. • Both Type 1 and 2 DM are diagnosed by
detection of a fasting (>8 h) plasma glucose
level that exceeds 126 mg/dl
• If a plasma glucose concentration greater than
200 mg/dl at 2 h after an oral glucose of 75 g
of glucose individual known to be diabetic
Dr. Siham Gritly

34. Response of hypothalamus to blood glucose
level
• If the sugar levels in the blood fall far below
their usual range, the brain (hypothalamus)
responds by stimulating;
• *the adrenal glands to release, 1-adrenaline
or norepinephrine, 2-epinephrine and 3-
cortisol,
• 1-adrenalin or norepinephrine, is released in
greater amounts during exercise increased energy in
the form of glucose and free fatty acids
Dr. Siham Gritly

35. • 2-Epinephrine stimulate the liver to release
glucose and accelerates the use of glycogen in
the muscle
• 3-cortisol, release of amino acids from muscle
tissue to provide substrate to liver for
gluconeogenesis
Dr. Siham Gritly

36. • *-the pancreas to release glucagon and
insulin, Insulin is a hormone produced in the
pancreases which enables body cells to absorb
glucose, for energy production, glucagon
increase the rate of gluconeogenesis in the
liver and help to increase blood glucose levels
• *- the pituitary gland to release growth
hormone, all of which cause the liver to
regulate glucose into the blood.
Dr. Siham Gritly

37. Hypoglycemia.
• Normal blood glucose level in the blood
usually range from 80-100 mg of glucose/
100ml of blood
• Below this range athletes could enter into
hypoglycemic condition
• Hypoglycemia is characterized by low blood
sugar level (glucose)
Dr. Siham Gritly

38. • Hypoglycemia lead to impairment of central
nervous system
• Sweating, beating heart, shaking, hunger,
confusion, drowsiness, difficulty with speech,
nausea, and headache are the main symptoms .
Dr. Siham Gritly

39. Diabetes Mellitus and exercise
Metabolic Responses to Exercise
• Regular exercise is highly recommended for
many people who have either Type 1 or Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
• During exercise, skeletal muscle is the most
important tissue in the body for glucose uptake.
the contracting muscles produce their own
insulin-like effect, causing the rapid uptake of
glucose from the blood.
Dr. Siham Gritly

40. Other hormones such as epinephrine
(adrenaline), glucagon and cortisol assess to
maintain and increase blood glucose levels
during exercise
Dr. Siham Gritly

41. • Avoiding hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia can
also be achieved by increasing or decreasing,
respectively, the amount of carbohydrate
ingested before planned exercise.
Dr. Siham Gritly

42. Functions of Insulin during and after exercise
1- Stimulation of glucose uptake into most cells
of the body,
2- Inhibition of glucose release from the liver,
3- Inhibition of the release of fatty acids from
storage tissue,
4-Facilitation of protein synthesis in the body's
cells,
5- Stimulation of the re-synthesis of muscle
glycogen after exercise
Dr. Siham Gritly

43. REFERENCES
• American Diabetes Association (2002). Clinical Practice
Recommendations:2002. Diabetes Care 25 (suppl. 1):S64-S68.
• Sareen Gropper, Jack Smith and James Groff, Advanced Nutrition and
Human Metabolism, fifth ed. WADSWORTH
• Melvin H Williams 2010; Nutrition for Health, Fitness and Sport. 9th ed,
McGraw Hill
• Heymsfield, SB.; Baumgartner N.; Richard and Sheau-Fang P. 1999.
Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease; Shils E Maurice, Olson A.
James, Shike Moshe and Ross A. Catharine eds. 9th edition
• Guyton, C. Arthur. 1985. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 6th edition,
W.B. Company
Dr. Siham Gritly

44. • Christopher D. Jensen, PhD, MPH, RD ;Nutrition & Epidemiology
Researcher Part 1: Sports Nutrition for Athletes with Type 1 Diabetes:
Interplay of Diet, Insulin Therapy, and Exercise
• American Diabetes Association (2002). Clinical Practice
Recommendations:2002. Diabetes Care 25 (suppl. 1):S64-S68.
• By Kevin Beck2011. Endocrine Response to Exercise
• medicineNet.inc
• Hayashi et al., 1997; Holloszy, 2003; Nesher et al., 1985; Ploug et al.,
1984
Dr. Siham Gritly

45. • http://www.livestrong.com/article/405612-effects-of-
exercise-on-endocrine-system/#ixzz1gILKH9MT
• Virtual Medical Centre: Endocrine System "Adaptive
Medicine"; Exercise and Testosterone; Te-Chi Liu, et al.;
August 31, 2009
• "Journal of Applied Physiology"; Hypothalamic-Pituitary-
Adrenal Responses to Short
Dr. Siham Gritly

46. References;
Dr. Siham Gritly