1. SHRM Survey Findings:
Changing Employee Skills and Education
Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
In collaboration with and commissioned by Achieve
October 3, 2012

2. Introduction
• This is the third part of a series of SHRM/Achieve survey findings titled “Changing Employee
Skills and Education Requirements.” These results look at education and career
advancement.
• The following nine industries were included in the sample. Overall results are reported
first, followed by industry-specific results for the following industries:
 Construction, mining, oil and gas
 Federal government
 Finance
 Health
 High-tech
 Manufacturing
 Professional services
 State and local government
 Nonprofessional services
SHRM/Achieve Survey: Changing Employee Skills and Education Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
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3. Key Findings
• Are employees with only a high school diploma or equivalent able to advance their careers? Yes, in
many cases they can advance. Overall, 87% of organizations reported that employees with a high
school diplomas or equivalent are eligible for promotion at least some of the time, with 23% saying that
these employees are “always” eligible for promotion.
• What are the most common career pathways available for employees with only a high school diploma
or equivalent and with no further education, postsecondary certification or credentials? Promotions up
to an hourly supervisor/team lead position (43%) and one-step promotions (39%) are the most common
career paths available for such employees across all organizations. However, 38% of organizations said
that the opportunities for such employees were “endless,” depending on the aptitude and work ethic of
the employee.
• What are the industries in which employees with only a high school diploma or equivalent are most likely
to be able to advance in their careers? Manufacturing (57%), health (50%) and state/local government
(48%) were most likely to offer such employees promotions up to hourly supervisor/team lead positions.
However, nonprofessional services (53%), high-tech (51%) and finance (51%) were most likely to say that
the possibilities were endless for such employees with the right aptitude and work ethic.
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4. Key Findings
• Overall across industries, what type of additional training do employees at various job levels need in
order to advance in a career pathway?
– Labor, low-skilled: Job-specific training (56%), followed by technical training, including math and
science training (21%), and remedial education (20%).
– Labor, skilled: Job-specific training (61%), followed by other professional development (31%) and
technical training, including math and science training (30%).
– Administrative/secretarial: Job-specific training (69%), followed by other professional development
(58%) and technical training, including math and science training (15%).
– Salaried individual contributor/professional: Other professional development (76%), followed by
job-specific training (58%) and technical training, including math and science training (15%).
– Management: Other professional development (81%), followed by job-specific training (50%) and
technical training, including math and science training (10%).
– Executive: Other professional development (63%), followed by job-specific training (31%). Only a
small number (7%) said technical training would be needed for this group.
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5. Key Findings
• Overall across industries, what type of additional education do employees at various job levels need in
order to advance in a career pathway?
– Labor, low-skilled: Attainment of postsecondary certification/credentials (30%), an associate’s
degree (13%) and a bachelor’s degree or above (8%).
– Labor, skilled: Attainment of postsecondary certification/credentials (30%), an associate’s degree
(20%) and a bachelor’s degree or above (15%).
– Administrative/secretarial: Attainment of a bachelor’s degree or above (30%), an associate’s
degree (27%) and postsecondary certification/credentials (19%).
– Salaried individual contributor/professional: Attainment of a bachelor’s degree or above (51%)
followed by postsecondary certification/credentials (13%) and an associate’s degree (8%)
– Management: Attainment of a bachelor’s degree or above (51%), distantly followed by
postsecondary certification/credentials (9%) and an associate’s degree (5%).
– Executive: Attainment of a bachelor’s degree or above (39%). Beyond that, there were few
additional education requirements for this group (only 5% said attainment of postsecondary
certification/credentials would be needed).
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6. Are employees that are hired with a high school diploma or equivalent—with no
further education, postsecondary certification or credentials—eligible for
promotions OR career advancement at your organization?
All industries (n = 3,542) 2% 12% 37% 27% 23%
Finance (n = 379) 2% 8% 30% 30% 30%
Construction, mining, oil and gas (n =
0% 9% 31% 32% 28%
371)
Nonprofessional Services (n = 260) 1% 7% 36% 28% 28%
High-tech (n = 317) 2% 15% 32% 20% 31%
Federal government (n = 199) 3% 10% 37% 27% 24%
Manufacturing (n = 438) 2% 10% 40% 26% 22%
State/local government (n = 599) 1% 11% 41% 29% 18%
Professional services (n = 525) 4% 16% 36% 24% 19%
Health (n = 454) 2% 18% 44% 22% 14%
Never Rarely Some of the time Most of the time Always
Note: Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis. Industries are
sorted in descending order by the sum of the “Always” and “Most of the time” response options.
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7. Generally, at your organization, what are the career pathways
available for employees with only a high school diploma or equivalent
with no further education, postsecondary certification or credentials?
Construction, Non-
All Mining, Oil Federal Health High- professional Professional State/Local
Industries and Gas Government Finance (n = Tech Manufacturing Services Services Government
(n = 3,451) (n = 368) (n = 193) (n = 369) 444) (n = 306) (n = 429) (n = 256) (n = 500) (n = 586)
Promotions up to
an hourly
supervisor/team
43% 45% 38% 34% 50% 29% 57% 43% 34% 48%
lead position
One-step
promotions
39% 32% 44% 34% 46% 38% 45% 35% 37% 42%
Endless,
depends on
person's aptitude
38% 49% 41% 51% 23% 51% 31% 53% 34% 26%
and work ethic
Lateral moves 38% 30% 41% 33% 47% 38% 39% 36% 34% 40%
Promotions up to
a management
level, but not
typically beyond
25% 29% 28% 27% 19% 18% 30% 29% 17% 30%
a frontline
manager level
Other 4% 4% 8% 4% 4% 5% 4% 2% 6% 4%
Note: Percentages may not total 100% due to multiple response options. Only respondents who indicated that employees with a high school diploma or
equivalent were eligible for promotions or career advancement were asked this question.
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©SHRM 2012

8. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? All Industries
20%
21%
Labor, low-skilled 56%
(n = 3,350) 19%
4%
29%
10%
Remedial education (e.g., basic
30% math, communication skills)
Labor, skilled 61%
(n = 3,353) 31% Technical training, including
2%
25% math and science education
10% Job-specific training
15%
Administrative/secretarial 69%
(n = 3,392) 58%
4% Other professional development
5%
4%
Salaried individual 15% No promotions available
58%
contributor/professional 76%
(n = 3,410) 2%
8% N/A; no training needed
4%
10%
Management 50%
(n = 3,446) 81%
3%
7%
3%
7%
Executive 31%
(n = 3,414) 63%
13%
18%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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9. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Construction, Mining, Oil and Gas
29%
28%
Labor, low-skilled 73%
(n = 344) 18%
3%
11%
17% Remedial education (e.g., basic
41% math, communication skills)
Labor, skilled 82%
(n = 347) 36% Technical training, including
1%
6% math and science education
17%
21% Job-specific training
Administrative/secretarial 72%
(n = 346) 60%
4%
3% Other professional development
6%
Salaried individual 17%
57% No promotions available
contributor/professional 76%
(n = 343) 3%
9%
N/A; no training needed
8%
12%
Management 53%
(n = 349) 83%
3%
7%
5%
8%
Executive 33%
(n = 347) 62%
14%
20%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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10. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Federal Government
17%
26%
Labor, low-skilled 56%
(n = 191) 20%
4%
29%
Remedial education (e.g., basic
8% math, communication skills)
29%
Labor, skilled 67%
(n = 190) 34% Technical training, including
2% math and science education
21%
9% Job-specific training
19%
Administrative/secretarial 67%
(n = 192) 56%
3% Other professional development
6%
1%
Salaried individual 15% No promotions available
56%
contributor/professional 74%
(n = 189) 2%
9% N/A; no training needed
2%
9%
Management 49%
(n = 191) 84%
2%
4%
0%
6%
Executive 29%
(n = 192) 63%
11%
17%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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11. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Finance
9%
7%
Labor, low-skilled 30%
(n = 339) 11%
5%
58%
6% Remedial education (e.g., basic
12%
Labor, skilled 34% math, communication skills)
(n = 335) 17%
4% Technical training, including
56% math and science education
13%
12% Job-specific training
Administrative/secretarial 77%
(n = 362) 50%
3%
5% Other professional development
6%
Salaried individual 14%
66% No promotions available
contributor/professional 70%
(n = 363) 2%
7%
N/A; no training needed
6%
12%
Management 62%
(n = 368) 81%
1%
5%
5%
8%
Executive 46%
(n = 359) 75%
7%
10%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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12. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Health
23%
25%
Labor, low-skilled 60%
(n = 429) 22%
4%
21%
8% Remedial education (e.g., basic
30% math, communication skills)
Labor, skilled 64%
(n = 428) 31% Technical training, including
4%
20% math and science education
8% Job-specific training
16%
Administrative/secretarial 68%
(n = 430) 61%
3% Other professional development
3%
2%
Salaried individual 12% No promotions available
53%
contributor/professional 83%
(n = 435) 2%
4% N/A; no training needed
3%
6%
Management 43%
(n = 442) 85%
2%
5%
1%
4%
Executive 23%
(n = 438) 61%
17%
18%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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13. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? High-tech
10%
14%
Labor, low-skilled 38%
(n = 312) 18%
6%
52%
Remedial education (e.g., basic
7% math, communication skills)
25%
Labor, skilled 51%
(n = 316) 26% Technical training, including
4% math and science education
38%
8% Job-specific training
13%
Administrative/secretarial 69%
(n = 322) 58%
4% Other professional development
8%
2%
Salaried individual 22% No promotions available
68%
contributor/professional 76%
(n = 329) 0%
8% N/A; no training needed
3%
12%
Management 54%
(n = 327) 82%
1%
9%
2%
9%
Executive 34%
(n = 327) 69%
8%
18%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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14. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Manufacturing
36%
35%
Labor, low-skilled 80%
(n = 420) 22%
0%
6%
Remedial education (e.g., basic
16% math, communication skills)
50%
Labor, skilled 80%
(n = 423) 45% Technical training, including
0% math and science education
3%
10% Job-specific training
16%
Administrative/secretarial 62%
(n = 413) 63%
3% Other professional development
5%
5%
Salaried individual 19% No promotions available
56%
contributor/professional 81%
(n = 418) 2% N/A; no training needed
6%
5%
13%
Management 48%
(n = 422) 81%
3%
7%
3%
8%
Executive 29%
(n = 417) 62%
15%
18%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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15. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Nonprofessional Services
27%
14%
Labor, low-skilled 68%
(n = 245) 23%
1%
19%
11% Remedial education (e.g., basic
23% math, communication skills)
Labor, skilled 62%
(n = 243) 28% Technical training, including
1%
26% math and science education
10% Job-specific training
11%
Administrative/secretarial 70%
(n = 245) 53%
2% Other professional development
8%
8%
Salaried individual 11% No promotions available
57%
contributor/professional 67%
(n = 244) 1% N/A; no training needed
15%
8%
10%
Management 55%
(n = 249) 76%
4%
8%
6%
8%
Executive 34%
(n = 244) 57%
14%
21%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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16. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? Professional Services
11%
14%
Labor, low-skilled 36%
(n = 512) 14%
5%
51% Remedial education (e.g., basic
5% math, communication skills)
17%
Labor, skilled 42% Technical training, including
(n = 511) 23%
4% math and science education
45%
Job-specific training
7%
11%
Administrative/secretarial 69%
(n = 521) 56% Other professional development
5%
7%
3% No promotions available
Salaried individual 16%
58%
contributor/professional 74% N/A; no training needed
(n = 528) 4%
6%
3%
11%
Management 49%
(n = 531) 79%
6%
7%
2%
6%
Executive 32%
(n = 532) 64%
13%
17%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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17. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
training do employees at your organization need in order to advance in a
career pathway? State/Local Government
22%
26%
Labor, low-skilled 63%
(n = 558) 22%
5%
20%
10% Remedial education (e.g., basic
35% math, communication skills)
Labor, skilled 69%
(n = 560) 39% Technical training, including
2%
14% math and science education
9% Job-specific training
16%
Administrative/secretarial 68%
(n = 561) 61%
3% Other professional development
5%
4%
Salaried individual 13% No promotions available
54%
contributor/professional 76%
(n = 561) 4%
7% N/A; no training needed
3%
8%
Management 45%
(n = 567) 80%
5%
7%
2%
6%
Executive 26%
(n = 558) 56%
16%
22%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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18. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? All Industries
30%
13%
Labor, low-skilled
0%
(n = 3,282) 5%
56%
30%
20% Attainment of postsecondary
Labor, skilled
15%
(n = 3,286) certification/credential(s)
3%
48%
Attainment of an associate’s
19% degree
27%
Administrative/secretarial
30% Attainment of a bachelor’s
(n = 3,307) 5% degree or above
38%
13% No promotions available
Salaried individual 8%
contributor/professional 51%
(n = 3,332) 4% N/A; no education needed
34%
9%
5%
Management
51%
(n = 3,347) 5%
37%
5%
1%
Executive
39%
(n = 3,303) 14%
43%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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19. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Construction, Mining, Oil and Gas
37%
7%
Labor, low-skilled
6%
(n = 337) 5%
54%
38%
16% Attainment of postsecondary
Labor, skilled
11%
(n = 339) certification/credential(s)
2%
47%
Attainment of an associate’s
23% degree
27%
Administrative/secretarial
22% Attainment of a bachelor’s
(n = 338) 5% degree or above
42%
14% No promotions available
Salaried individual 9%
contributor/professional 46%
(n = 341) 4% N/A; no education needed
39%
12%
6%
Management
44%
(n = 340) 4%
42%
7%
2%
Executive
32%
(n = 339) 14%
50%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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20. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Federal Government
30%
18%
Labor, low-skilled
11%
(n = 185) 4%
51%
34%
20% Attainment of postsecondary
Labor, skilled certification/credential(s)
19%
(n = 183) 3%
41% Attainment of an associate’s
18%
degree
28%
Administrative/secretarial Attainment of a bachelor’s
30%
(n = 186) 4% degree or above
37%
No promotions available
11%
Salaried individual 7%
contributor/professional 51%
N/A; no education needed
(n = 184) 4%
35%
9%
3%
Management
48%
(n = 187) 7%
38%
6%
1%
Executive
40%
(n = 185) 11%
45%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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21. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Finance
11%
6%
Labor, low-skilled
4%
(n = 337) 4%
79%
13%
9% Attainment of postsecondary
Labor, skilled
6%
(n = 333) certification/credential(s)
3%
74%
Attainment of an associate’s
14% degree
21%
Administrative/secretarial
24% Attainment of a bachelor’s
(n = 344) 3% degree or above
51%
14% No promotions available
Salaried individual 10%
contributor/professional 42%
(n = 356) 2% N/A; no education needed
41%
11%
7%
Management
48%
(n = 359) 3%
39%
8%
2%
Executive
47%
(n = 353) 9%
38%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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22. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Health
45%
20%
Labor, low-skilled
13%
(n = 422) 5%
39%
39%
30% Attainment of postsecondary
Labor, skilled certification/credential(s)
21%
(n = 423) 3%
33% Attainment of an associate’s
degree
22%
36% Attainment of a bachelor’s
Administrative/secretarial
37%
(n = 422) 5%
degree or above
25%
No promotions available
10%
Salaried individual 9%
contributor/professional 65% N/A; no education needed
(n = 431) 5%
20%
8%
4%
Management
60%
(n = 426) 5%
29%
4%
1%
Executive
36%
(n = 424) 18%
43%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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23. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? High-tech
18%
12%
Labor, low-skilled
6%
(n = 311) 6%
66%
22%
18%
Labor, skilled Attainment of postsecondary
17%
(n = 316) 4% certification/credential(s)
53%
Attainment of an associate’s
19%
degree
25%
Administrative/secretarial
30% Attainment of a bachelor’s
(n = 315) 5%
39% degree or above
12% No promotions available
Salaried individual 6%
contributor/professional 52%
(n = 315) 1% N/A; no education needed
37%
8%
3%
Management
53%
(n = 320) 3%
39%
5%
1%
Executive
44%
(n = 317) 9%
43%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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24. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Manufacturing
37%
17%
Labor, low-skilled
12%
(n = 402) 4%
49%
38%
Labor, skilled 28% Attainment of postsecondary
23% certification/credential(s)
(n = 409) 3%
32% Attainment of an associate’s
17% degree
32%
Administrative/secretarial Attainment of a bachelor’s
34%
(n = 404) 3% degree or above
35%
No promotions available
10%
Salaried individual 11%
contributor/professional 58%
N/A; no education needed
(n = 404) 3%
30%
5%
6%
Management
59%
(n = 408) 3%
35%
4%
2%
Executive
43%
(n = 400) 15%
40%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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25. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Nonprofessional Services
25%
9%
Labor, low-skilled
7%
(n = 243) 2%
66%
24%
12%
Labor, skilled
10%
(n = 242) 1% Attainment of postsecondary
61%
certification/credential(s)
12%
21%
Attainment of an associate’s
Administrative/secretarial degree
20%
(n = 242) 4%
Attainment of a bachelor’s
54%
degree or above
10%
Salaried individual 9% No promotions available
contributor/professional 39%
(n = 240) 3%
46% N/A; no education needed
7%
6%
Management
43%
(n = 245) 4%
45%
3%
1%
Executive
38%
(n = 237) 15%
46%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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26. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? Professional Services
18%
10%
Labor, low-skilled
8%
(n = 501) 7%
66%
17%
13%
Labor, skilled
15%
(n = 499) 5% Attainment of postsecondary
59% certification/credential(s)
19% Attainment of an associate’s
20% degree
Administrative/secretarial
32%
(n = 517) 8% Attainment of a bachelor’s
37% degree or above
17% No promotions available
Salaried individual 5%
contributor/professional 43%
(n = 515) 7% N/A; no education needed
38%
10%
3%
Management
45%
(n = 516) 8%
40%
7%
1%
Executive
35%
(n = 509) 14%
46%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
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27. For each of the employee categories below, what type of additional
education do employees at your organization need in order to advance in
a career pathway? State/Local Government
40%
15%
Labor, low-skilled
8%
(n = 544) 6%
45%
39%
26%
Labor, skilled
15%
(n = 542) 3%
38% Attainment of postsecondary
certification/credential(s)
23%
Administrative/secretarial 29% Attainment of an associate’s
32% degree
(n = 539) 4%
33% Attainment of a bachelor’s
13% degree or above
Salaried individual 9% No promotions available
contributor/professional 54%
(n = 546) 5%
31% N/A; no education needed
8%
5%
Management
54%
(n = 546) 6%
33%
4%
1%
Executive
38%
(n = 539) 18%
41%
Note: Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
SHRM/Achieve Survey: Changing Employee Skills and Education Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
©SHRM 2012 27

28. SHRM Survey Findings:
Changing Employee Skills and Education
Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
In collaboration with and commissioned by Achieve
Survey Methodology
• Response rate = 18%
• 4,695 HR professional respondents from a randomly selected sample of nine different
industries in SHRM’s membership
 Construction, mining, oil and gas = 491
 Manufacturing = 526
 Federal government = 356
 Professional services = 492
 Finance = 530
 State and local government = 848
 Health = 526
 Nonprofessional services = 479
 High-tech = 447
• Margin of error +/-1%
• Survey fielded March 28-April 30, 2012
SHRM/Achieve Survey: Changing Employee Skills and Education Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
©SHRM 2012 28

29. SHRM Survey Findings:
Changing Employee Skills and Education Requirements
About SHRM Research
• For more survey/poll findings, visit www.shrm.org/surveys
• For more information about SHRM’s Customized Research Services, visit
www.shrm.org/customizedresearch
• Follow us on Twitter @SHRM_Research
SHRM/Achieve Survey: Changing Employee Skills and Education Requirements—Education and Career Advancement
©SHRM 2012 29