The document discusses the relationship between peace, conflict, and development. It provides perspectives from several sources that peace is a prerequisite for development and that countries experiencing armed conflict generally rank low in human development. The document then examines reasons for conflicts, the occurrence of conflicts in relation to lack of development, and the circular relationship where development can reduce roots of conflict and reduced conflict can lead to more development. It analyzes conflict-sensitive approaches to development and provides examples from Kenya and Nepal. Finally, it evaluates the impacts of conflicts in Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Colombia on hindering human development.

1. “There is no long-term security without development. There is no development without security.” Kofi Annan, 2006 “Peace is a primary prerequisite for development.” Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (Davos 2008) ‘In Zaire rebellion is easy: all you need is ten thousand dollars and a satellite phone’. Laurent Kabilla “9 out of the 10 lowest Human Development Index countries have experienced armed conflict at some point since 1990.” UNDP Human Development Report 2005 Development Perspectives Peace, Conflict and Development By Shivraj Singh Negi (HS07H022) 10/27/2009 1

2. Why Conflict and Development Second World War and UN. Development after conflict. The template of peace and development activity. Endemic conflicts and uneven international interventions. Development must not avoid – or follow - conflict but engage with conflict. 10/27/2009 2

3. Occurrence of Lack of Catch-22 Also, there are positive and negative effects of development on conflict. 10/27/2009 3

4. Conflict Sensitive Development Argument for conflict sensitive development, in order to maximize positive impacts and minimize negative impacts. Two examples of Kenya and Nepal. Conflict Analysis (Who, What, Why, When, Where of conflict). Profiles, causes, actors and dynamics. Costs and the benefits accruing from proper Conflict Analysis. Leads to a positive circular relation between development and conflict. (Increasing development hits at roots of conflict, reduced conflict increases development). 10/27/2009 4

5. Civil war as Development in Reverse. Costs and causes. Costs to other countries (Drugs, refugees etc). Most important risk factors were three economic characteristics, the level of per capita income, its rate of growth, and its structure. Reducing conflict through long term preventions (, solutions based on ending or shortening the duration of conflicts, post-conflict Interventions. 10/27/2009 5

6. Three principle factors are often exacerbated by the presence of ethnic differences etc. 10/27/2009 6 Also, Securitization of Development, problems from conflict, poverty arising out of conflict,

7. Mozambique No Ethnic angle to conflict, primarily a result of cold war. After collapse of apartheid regime and 1991, church brokered a peace deal, intervention by IMF. Successful programme of land re-allocation and settlement of war refugees. Largely carried by using using indigenous knowledge and local capacity, with no external assistance of any kind from government, donors or NGOs. 10/27/2009 7

8. Sri Lanka Many Parallel Conflicts. Factors that exacerbated the conflict. Conflict between LTTE and Govt., within Tamil groups, displaced people and hosts. Perceived need for social and political change. Human suffering due to conflict. Distrust and animosity. Conflict has caused militarization of society. Costs of conflict. Human development suffers due to above factors. 10/27/2009 8

9. Colombia History. Causes of conflict: Unequal access to economic power and political power, poverty and Drug funding. Impact of Violence on development: highest violence rates in world, marginal conflict to generalized violence, economic impacts of insecurity and violence, Brain Drain. The judicial system and other government institutions have been debilitated and corruption has rocketed. 10/27/2009 9