PLEASE USE THIS FOR ENRICHMENT OF YOUR KNOWLEDGE.

1. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PRESENTED BY:
PROF. S.V.ANGADI,
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
K L E’S
J T COLLEGE,
GADAG

2. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Manufacturers typically use a color
band system known as the resistor
color code
 Within this power point, you will learn
how to identify the nominal resistance
and the tolerance of a resistor

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 The power rating is not indicated in the
resistor color code and must be
determined by experience using the
physical size of the resistor as a guide.
 For resistors with 5% or 10% tolerance,
the color code consists of 4 color bands.
 For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance,
the color code consists of 5 bands.

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The resistor nominal value is encoded in the color code in
Powers of Ten Notation. The template for determining the
nominal value and tolerance of a resistor with 4 color
bands is given below:
1st Band =
1st Significant Digit
2nd Band =
2nd Significant Digit
3rd Band =
Multiplier
4th Band =
Tolerance
___ ___  10    ____ %

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Answer: Using the Resistor Color Code Table

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Solution:
Nominal value = 10102
= 1,000
Tolerance = 5%.
___ __  10    ____ %1
Brown =1
0
Black =0
2
Red =2
5
Gold = 5%

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 It is typical to express the resistance value in:
k if the resistance  1,000
M if the resistance  1,000,000.
 To convert from  to k,  to M, or vice-versa, use the table
below:
 In the previous example we would say the resistor has a
nominal value of:


k1
000,1
000,1

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Solution:
___ ___  10    ____ %
Resistor nominal value = 47103
= 47,000
= 47k.
Yellow =4
4
Violet =7
7
Orange =3
3
Gold = 5%
5
Tolerance = 5%

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SOLUTION: CONTINUED
 Minimum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then subtract
this from the nominal value:



k
kk
kk
65.44
35.247
05.0*4747
 Maximum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add this to
the nominal value:



k
kk
kk
35.49
35.247
05.0*4747

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Solution:
___ ___  10    ____ %
Resistor nominal value = 39105
= 3,900,000
= 3.9M.
Orange =3
3
White =9
9
Green =5
5
Silver = 10%
10
Tolerance = 10%

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SOLUTION: CONTINUED
 Minimum resistance value:
nominal value – nominal value * tolerance:



M
MM
MM
51.3
39.09.3
1.0*9.39.3
 Maximum resistance value:
nominal value + nominal value * tolerance:



M
MM
MM
29.4
39.09.3
1.0*9.39.3

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 For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code
consists of 5 bands.
1st Band =
1st Significant
Digit
2nd Band =
2nd Significant
Digit
3rd Band =
3rd Significant
Digit
4th Band =
Multiplier
5th Band =
Tolerance
___ ___ ___  10    ____ %
 The template for 5-band resistors is:

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Resistor nominal value = 100101
= 1,000
= 1k.
___ ___ ___  10    ____ %
Brown = 1
1
Black =0
0
Black = 0
0
Brown = 1
1
Red =  2%
2
Tolerance = 2%
Solution:

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Resistor nominal value = 680103
= 680,000
= 680k.
___ ___ ___  10    ____ %
Blue = 6
6
Gray = 8
8
Black = 0
0
Orange = 3
3
Brown =  1%
1
Tolerance = 1%
Solution:

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 A question that often arises when reading the
color code of real resistors is: how do I
determine which side of a resistor do I read
from?
Answer:
 For 4-band resistors a gold or silver band is
always the last band.
 If the resistor has 5 bands or if there is no
tolerance band (20%), then the first band is the
one located closest to a lead.

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We are given the nominal value and the tolerance and
we have to come up with the color code.
1. Resistors with 5% and 10% Tolerance will have 4-bands
4-Band Resistors
2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()
3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band
4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band
5. Number of zeros remaining = 3rd (multiplier) band
6. Tolerance = 4th band

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Example 6. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 27k and a tolerance of 10%.
Solution:
2 7 , 0 0 0 
2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from k.
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 10% it will have 4-bands.
Violet = 7Red = 2 Orange = 3 10%

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Example 7. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 1.5k and a tolerance of 5%.
Solution:
1 , 5 0 0 
2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from k.
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 5% it will have 4-bands.
Green = 5Brown = 1 Red = 2 5%

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1. Resistors with 1% and 2% Tolerance will have 5-bands
5-Band Resistors
2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()
3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band
4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band
5. 3rd digit of nominal value = 3rd band
6. Number of zeros remaining = 4th (multiplier) band
7. Tolerance = 5th band

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Example 8. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 2.5M and a tolerance of 1%.
Solution:
2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 
2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from M.
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 1% it will have 5-bands.
Green = 5Red = 2
Yellow = 4 1%Black = 0

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Capacitor – is an electrical
device having two plates
or electrodes where
differences of potential
exist insulated by a
dielectric.

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 Fixed Capacitor – Fixed
condenser is a radio spare parts in
which value can not be change
readily while in used. Fixed
condenser are used for by- pass
condenser, for coupling
condenser. For filter condenser
and for de coupling condenser

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Variable Condenser – A
variable condenser is a
radio spare parts in which
value can be changed
while in used. This type of
condenser are use for
padding and for trimmer
capacitor.

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› Gang capacitor – A variable
capacitor is a radio spare parts
in which value can readily be
changed while in used. This
type of condenser are used fro
tunning circuit to locate a radio
station, this is also known as
gang condenser.

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The color band of the condenser
is in one end of the condenser body.
There are four color band and the first
color is located nearest to the end of the
body. The second color band comes
next then the third color band. It is the
Three first color band that gives the value
of the condenser while the fourth color
band indicate the working voltage.

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29. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example 1: Green, Black, Orange,
Gold
5 0 000 pfd1000V
Convert your answer to microfarad
(Mfd) by moving six decimal places
to the left.
0.05 mfd 1000V

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Ceramic capacitor
 For ceramic capacitor copy
the first two numbers and the
last number will represent the
number of zero base on its
value.

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CERAMIC CAPCITOR
Example 1:
20000 pfd= convert your answer
to microfarad by moving six
decimal places to the left.
0.02mfd
203

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CERAMIC CAPCITOR
Example :
50000 pfd= convert your answer
to microfarad by moving six
decimal places to the left.
0.05mfd
503

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Buses
Buses
Groups of 5
Groups of 5
Four separate buses and 48 separate groups of 5 are shown here.
Strip #22 solid wire 1/4 inch
to 3/8 inch on each end.
Many components have
compatible leads.

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The front side of a breadboard
Buses
Group
of 5
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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The back side of a breadboard
Metal strips
Metal strips
©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

36. ©2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Continuity
No continuity
Continuity
No continuity
No continuity
How the groups and buses work

37. 1 k
560 
470 
Series circuit
+
+

38. 1 k560 470 
+
Parallel circuit (with a common mistake)
+

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.47/63 VCC
VCC
In
Out
In
Out
Breadboarding a transistor amplifier

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.47/63 VCC
VCC
In
Out
In
Out
Is this also correct?
Previous slide

41. Double check the pin numbers when working with ICs.
1 7
814

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VCC
A digital circuit
Pull-up
Current limit
VCC
Observe
polarity!
A
A C
C

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General guidelines:
• Do not force wires larger than #20 gage. Add soldered
extensions using #22 solid wire.
• Use an IC removal tool or use a screwdriver to carefully pry
up ICs for removal.
• Use buses for power and ground distribution.
• Add bypass capacitors to power buses.
• Check and recheck before applying power.
• Cut off ends and re-strip jumpers when they are worn.
• Do not breadboard high power, high current or high voltage
circuits.
• RF circuits usually won’t work properly, if at all.
• Keep high gain circuits inline and avoid long jumpers.
• Adapters are available for SMT devices.

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Thank you