Horticulture study in tribal south Gujarat region

“Study On Horticulture Intervention of AKRSP (I) in Netrang, Tribal
South Gujarat Region”

Author
Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar

Host Organization
Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India)

Faculty Guide Reporting Officer
Prof. Ashok Gupta Mr. Sukumar R.

“A REPORT SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTERS IN RURAL MANAGEMENT”

School of Rural Management
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University
Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Management Traineeship Segment (MTS) I

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Approval Page

SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT, KIIT UNIVERSITY
Bhubaneswar

The MTS Report of

Candidates for the degree of MBA Rural Management
Are hereby APPROVED

Prof. Ashok Gupta

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Acknowledgment

In preparing this report a considerable amount of thinking and informational
inputs from various sources were involved. I express our sincere gratitude to
everyone who contributed towards making this report possible.

First of all I would like to thank dignitaries of AKRSP (I), Mr. Sukumar R. for
giving me the guidelines for the successful completion of this report. I would
like to thank all cluster officer of AKRSP(I) for his valuable support and
feedback. I would also like to thank all our respondents for their response
without which this study couldn’t be possible.

I also take a special mention of faculty of KSRM, Prof. Ashok Gupta for his
valuable inputs.
At last, I extend my special thanks to my dear friends who actually made my
report on horticulture intervention a success.

Date –
Bhubaneswar

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Executive Summary

Title of Project: “Study on Horticulture Intervention of AKRSP (I) in Netrang, Tribal South
Gujarat Region”

Host Organization: - Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India)

Author: - Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar

Objective of the project:-

1. To understand the benefits made through horticulture crops supplements agriculture
livelihood among the tribal farmers of TSG region of AKRSP (I).
2. To analyze the financial and social changes on tribal community through horticulture
programme.
3. To analyze cost benefit and calculate breakeven point from the horticulture
intervention.

I have conducted case study of 20 beneficiaries who are involved in Mango wadi.
In the beginning Farmer didn’t show their Interest for mango-wadi but after 2-3 year getting
mango yield they got shown interest in mango-wadi and they have stated generating profit.
Many farmers got support of drip irrigation from AKRSP (I) but they didn’t use these
technologies in horticulture. There are 9 farmers who have doing cultivation of mango wadi
in 0.25 acre to 0.85 acre of land. While 10 farmers taken only for 0.85 to 1.75 acre of land for
mango wadi. Before horticulture intervention they used to follow traditional farming and
were getting low yields. But now condition of beneficiaries has changed, they are using
intercropping in mango-wadi. And they grow vegetables and cash crops and have irrigation
facility in their lands. Also, farmers are now showing interest in Mango-marketing so
AKRSP (I) is forming a federation for mango marketing in this area.
A storage facility should be made in this region for storage of fruits as the perishable &
getting good price fruits. Provide training programme & exposure visit on post harvest
management as especially on farm value addition. Provide suitable market for mango yield,
that they have to sell in the market and get good value for their producing yield.

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Table of content
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10
1.1 Mango ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.1 Indian Varieties .................................................................................................. 14
1.2 Organizational Overview: .......................................................................................... 15
1.2.1 Organization Structure: ........................................................................................... 16
Chapter: 2 Literature Review............................................................................................... 17
Chapter 3: Methodology...................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 20
3.2.1. Selection of area: ............................................................................................... 20
3.2.2. Identification of project elements: ...................................................................... 21
3.2.3. Collection of primary data: ................................................................................ 21
3.2.4. Collection of Secondary Data: ........................................................................... 21
3.3 Methods of Data Analysis: ..................................................................................... 21
3.4. Limitations of the assignment: .............................................................................. 21
Chapter: 4 Findings & Analysis: ......................................................................................... 22
4.1 Land Holding pattern: ................................................................................................ 22
4.1.1 Area Utilized For Wadi:...................................................................................... 23
4.2 Mango Survival Trees: .............................................................................................. 24
4.3 Average per Tree production of mango-wadi: ............................................................ 24
4.4 Mango-wadi average net returns: ............................................................................... 26
4.5 Breakeven point: ....................................................................................................... 27
4.6 Post Harvest Management ......................................................................................... 27
4.7 Changes in Income: ................................................................................................... 27
4.8 Migration Status: ....................................................................................................... 28
Chapter: 5 Conclusion & Recommendations: ...................................................................... 29
5.1 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Recommendations: .................................................................................................... 30
Chapter: 6 Case Studies ....................................................................................................... 31
Case -6.1 Ajaybhai Hursimbhai ................................................................................... 31
Case-6.2 Balwant Umaid Vasava ................................................................................ 37
Case- 6.3: Bachubhai Gimia ........................................................................................ 41
Case- 6.4 Bhikubhai Varanashibhai Tadvi ................................................................... 46

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Case - 6. 5 Dhana bhai Dunger singh ........................................................................... 51
Case- 6.6 Dhanji bhai Kotania ..................................................................................... 56
Case-6.7 Dinesh bhai Navalbhai .................................................................................. 60
Case – 6. 8 Karansingh Damniya ................................................................................. 65
Case- 6.9 Dhanji bhai bhai Bondabhai ......................................................................... 69
Case-6.10 Kiranbhai Ganpatbhai Vasava ..................................................................... 73
Case -6.11 Lalubhai Jaisinghbhai Tade ........................................................................ 78
Case -6.12 Laxman Padvi ............................................................................................ 83
Graph: 6.12.2 Mango-wade Net Returns ...................................................................... 85
Case - 6.13 Murji Kathodia.......................................................................................... 87
Case- 6.14 Rajesh Murji Vasava .................................................................................. 92
Case: 6. 15 Govind Surajibhai .................................................................................... 97
Case – 6. 16 Ramsingh Bablia ................................................................................... 103
Case- 6.17 Sakaram bhai Ganpatbhai Tadve .............................................................. 108
Case -6.18 Santu Shipa Choudhary ............................................................................ 112
Case- 6.19 Shiva Nuraji Vasava................................................................................ 117
Case- 6.20 Ukadia Jataria .......................................................................................... 121
Chapter: 7. References: ..................................................................................................... 126
Chapter: 8. ANNEXTURE ................................................................................................ 127

List of Tables
Table: 1.1 Annual Horticulture Development Rate in Gujarat .............................................. 12
Table: 1.2 Gujarat Position in some of the fruit and vegetable crops in all India productivity
rank. .................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 1.3 District wise Estimated Area and Production of Mango Year 2010-11 in Gujarat . 13
Chart: 4.2.1 Mango Tree Survival ....................................................................................... 24
Table 5.1.1 Income through animal Husbandry: .................................................................. 33
Table 5.1.2. Intercropping cost & benefits analysis of mango-wadi: .................................... 33
Table: 5.2.1 Animal Husbandry:.......................................................................................... 39
Table: 5.2.2 intercropping of mango wadi ........................................................................... 39
Table: 5.3.1 Mango- Cost benefits analysis: ........................................................................ 44
Table: 5.4.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis ............................................................... 49
Table: 5.5.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis ............................................................... 54
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Table 5.6.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis: ............................................................... 58
Table: 5.7.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .............................................................. 63
Table: 5.8.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis:............................................................. 68
Table:5.9.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis: ............................................................. 71
Table : 5.10.1 Animal Husbandry: ....................................................................................... 75
Table: 5.10.2 intercropping cost & benefits analysis: ........................................................... 76
Table: 5.11.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis ............................................................ 80
Table: 5.14.1 Animal Husbandry: ........................................................................................ 93
Table: 5.15.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .......................................................... 101
Table: 5.16.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis.......................................................... 106
Table: 5.19.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis.......................................................... 119

List of Graphs
Graph: 4.1.1 Land Holding Pattern ...................................................................................... 23
Graph: 4.3.1 Average per tree production in TSG ................................................................ 26
Graph: 4.4.1 Average Net Returns:...................................................................................... 26
Graph: 4.7.1 Migration Status ............................................................................................. 28
Graph: 5.1.1 Mango Production ......................................................................................... 32
Graph: 5.1.2 Wadi Net Returns: .......................................................................................... 36
Graph 5.2.1 Average per Tree production of mango ............................................................ 38
Graph: 5.2.2 Mango-wadi net returns .................................................................................. 39
Graph: 5.3.1 Average per Tree production........................................................................... 43
Graph: 5.4.1 Average per graph production ......................................................................... 48
Graph: 5.4.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 49
Graph : 5.5.1 Average per graph production ........................................................................ 52
Graph : 5.5.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 53

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Graph: 5.6.1 Mango-wadi per Tree production: ................................................................... 57
Graph 5.6.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ................................................................................ 58
Graph: 5.7.1 Average per Tree production........................................................................... 61
Graph: 5.8.1 Mango-wadi Net Income: ............................................................................... 67
Graph: 5.10 average per tree production .............................................................................. 75
Graph: 5.10.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ............................................................................. 76
Graph: 5.11.1 Mango-wadi Production chart: ...................................................................... 80
Graph: 5.11.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns Table: ................................................................... 82
Graph: 5.12.1 mango production average ............................................................................ 84
Graph: 5.12.2 Mango-wade Net Returns: ............................................................................ 85
Graph: 5.13.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ............................................................................. 89
Graph: 5.14.2 Average per Tree production ......................................................................... 94
Graph 5.14.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 95
Graph: 5.15.1 Average per Tree production ......................................................................... 99
Graph 5.15.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 99
Graph: 5.16.1 Average per Tree production ....................................................................... 104
Graph: 5.16.2 Mango-wadi Net-Returns Charts: ................................................................ 105
Graph: 5.17.1 Mango-wadi production table: .................................................................... 109
Graph: 5.17.2 Mango-wadi net retuns................................................................................ 110
Graph: 5.18.1 Mango Production: ..................................................................................... 113
Graph: 5.18.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ........................................................................... 114
Graph: 5.19.1 mango production ....................................................................................... 118
Graph: 5.19.2 Mango-wadi net returns: ............................................................................. 119
Graph: 5.20.1 Mango average per Tree production ............................................................ 122
Graph: 5.20.2 Wadi net returns .......................................................................................... 125

List of Chart:
Chart: 4.1.2 Area Utilize for wadi ....................................................................................... 23
Chart: 4.5.1 breakeven point................................................................................................ 27
Chart : 5.15.1 Mango-wadi paid out cost: ............................................................................ 98

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ABBREVIATIONS

AKRSP (I): Aga Khan Rural Support Programme India
GJ: Gujarat
BCR: Benefit cost ratio
C: Cost
TC: Total Cost
TVC: Total Variable Cost
GR: Gross Return
BEP: Break even point
TSG: Tribal South Gujarat
NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
APMC: Agriculture Produce Market Committees

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Gujarat has about 94.99 lakh Ha1 (as per 2010 data) of the total area of the state under
cultivation. The area under irrigation is about 33% of the net area sown, while rest of area is
cultivated under rain fed conditions. Thus, there is large area dependence on rain in the
Gujarat. Horticulture is a priority sector in Agriculture by virtue of its vast potential in
improving the Socio – economic conditions of the farmers.
The horticulture sector is supplier for large number of agro 2based industries which has high
avenues for generation of skill full employment and self employment opportunities both in
rural and urban areas. Gujarat has a wide variety of soil, rainfall pattern, temperature regimes
and irrigation availability.

“Presently, India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits & vegetables in the world3.”

Gujarat has achieved considerable growth rate in horticulture during last five years because
of serious efforts made by the Gujarat Govt. The area & production of horticulture crop was
5.89 lakh ha (5 %of total cropped area) & 59.49 lakh tons in 1998-1999 which increased up
to 13.54 lakh ha. and 173.00 lakh tons respectively in 2010-11. Gujarat has strong
cooperative credit & marketing structure, along with 265 cold storages having 12.50 lakh mt.
storage capacities. About 42 fruit & vegetable co-operative marketing societies and 197
Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) dealing with selling & buying of
horticulture produce in the Gujarat. These have been mandate to maintain utmost
transparency for dealing to ensure farmers against exploitation by middlemen.

Agriculture Export Zone for dehydrated onion & zone for fruits - vegetables has been
established, which will be the back bone to boost horticultural development in the Gujarat.
Gujarat having ample potential to export various horticultural produce. The main produce are
fresh fruits which includes mangoes (Kesar and Alphonso), Chiku, Aonla and Dates (khalal).
The vegetables viz. okra, beans, bitter gourd, onion fresh as well as flacks and powder, garlic
powder and gourds.. The spices viz. cumin, fennel and garlic are also potential for export.

1
http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/department/overview151.html
2
url://www.agri.gujarat.gov.in
3
www.nhm.nic.in

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In floriculture, major flowers grown in the state are Roses (Deshi & Hybrid), Lily, Marigold,
Jasmine & Tuberose. As far as area under floriculture is concerned about 15000 ha area is
covered under these crops in the Gujarat. Flowers like carnation, gerbera & rose are also
cultivated by using Hi-tech Green house technology in some of the districts. Isabgol,
Aloevera, Senna, Gugal, Safed musali, Ashvagandha, Kadu-kariyatu, Kaucha, and kalmegh
etc. are being mainly cultivated in the different parts of the Gujarat. But the assure market is
the major constraints for the development of these crops, however, Isabgul has find the way
to the world market.
Dehydrated vegetables, canned vegetables, Mango Pulp, Juices, Pickles - chuteny (Sauce) &
ketchup are the important processed products of the Gujarat. Onion dehydration industry of
the state is biggest in the country & it comprises 80% of total onion dehydration units, which
process nearly one lakh ton onion and one lakh ton fruits and vegetables annually. Nearly half
of the produce is being exported. Approximately 0.10 lakh ton of Isubgul husk is processed
and 0.06 lakh ton of husk is exported to various countries. Mango, Banana, Guava, Chikoo,
Papaya, Potato, Onion, Garlic, Cumin, Fennel, & Isabgul are the focused crops for the value
addition.

Grapes, cashew, medicinal & aromatic crops like aloevera, palmarosa are emerging as a
potential- new crops in suitable areas of the Gujarat. Investment in Greenhouses, floriculture
& medicinal plant projects, tissue culture units, fruit & vegetable processing units are
initiated in the Gujarat which show shining future of horticulture in the Gujarat.

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Table: 1.1 Annual Horticulture Development Rate in Gujarat
Year Production (Lakh M. Tan) Annual Development Rate
1993-94 42.5 -
1994-95 44.3 4.2
1995-96 46.8 5.6
1996-97 42.7 -8.8
1997-98 47.8 11.9
1998-99 59.0 23.4
1999-2000 52.8 -10.5
2000-01 55.6 5.3
2001-02 61.0 9.7
2002-03 66.9 9.7
2003-04 85.1 27.2
2004-05 93.5 9.9
2005-06 115.46 23.5
2006-07 121.04 4.8
2007-08 144.74 16.3
2007-08 138.03 -4.63
Average 8.72

(Source NHB Data base 2008)

Table: 1.2 Gujarat Position in some of the fruit and vegetable crops in all India
productivity rank.
Crop Productivity (t / ha) Rank
Gujarat India
Onion 26.6 15.1 1
Potato 22.9 19.3 2
Banana 54.8 35.9 2
Mango 24.0 17.9 2
Pomegranate 8.5 6.3 3
Tomato 10.2 7.0 3
Guava 15.2 11.1 3
Lime 10.42 8.5 3
Papaya 43.7 33.4 4
(Source NHB Data base 2009)

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Table 1.3 District wise Estimated Area and Production of Mango Year 2010-11 in
Gujarat
S.No. Name of Area in Hect. Prod (In M.T.)
District
1 Ahmadabad 240 723
2 Amreli 6480 40500
3 Banaskantha 510 1479
4 Bharuch 2866 24132
5 Narmada 3150 14175
6 Bhavnagar 6080 42742
7 Dang 3300 19800
8 Gandhinagar 1018 8755
9 Jamnagar 451 4239
10 Junagadh 19784 157700
11 Porbandar 225 2115
12 Kutch 8020 57824
13 Kheda 922 9220
14 Anand 2390 9560
15 Mehsana 934 5697
16 Patan 80 200
17 Panchmahal 2300 13800
18 Dahod 2580 13158
19 Rajkot 366 1281
20 Sabarkantha 3224 25889
21 Surat 7512 60096
22 Surendranagar 690 3105
23 Baroda 5675 34050
24 Valsad 26250 154875
25 Navsari 20922 177837
26 Tapi 4050 28350
TOTAL 130019 911302
(Source: url://www.agri.gujarat.gov.in)

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1.1 Mango
Mango is the most important fruit covering about 35 per cent of area and accounting of 22 per
cent total production of total fruits in the country, which is highest in the world with India's share
of about 54%. India has the richest collection of mango cultivars. Major mango growing States
are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The main varieties of mango grown in the country are
Alphanso, Dashehari, Langra, Fajli, Chausa, Totapuri, Neelum etc

1.1.1 Indian Varieties
There are nearly 1000 mango varieties in India. Only about 20 varieties are grown
commercially. Most of the Indian mango varieties have specific ecogeographical
requirements for optimum growth and fruiting.
Dashehari, Langra, Chausa, Bombay Green and Fazri in north India; Banganapalli, Totapuri,
Neelum, Pairi, Suvarnarekha, Mulgoa, Kalapadi and Rumani in south India; Alphonso,
Kesar, Mankurad, Fernandin’ and ‘Vanraj’ in western India and ‘Langra’, ‘Fazri; ‘Chausa’,
‘Zardalu’, ‘Himsagar’ and ‘Malda’ in eastern India are grown commercially.

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1.2 Organizational Overview:
The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India) is a non-profit, Non-Governmental
Organization (NGO) and established in 1983 under the section 25 of Companies Registration
Act. AKRSP (I) began its field operation in 1985 and has since become one of the larger
grassroots NGOs in India. The organization is working with economically vulnerable and
environmentally fragile people of the Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. It has innovated
and pioneered several efforts in areas such as participatory irrigation management (PIM),
integrated wadi development (IWADP), system of rice intensification (SRI), joint forest
management (JFM), rain roof water harvesting structure (RRWHS), watershed development,
preventing salinity ingress, Jeevika, forest right act (FRA), alternative energy and many more
to empower rural women and marginalized communities.
AKRSP (I) follows a participatory approach of development. As per the organization’s
mission, rural people are involved in every stage of a project, from identification of the
problem to project formulation, implementation and management. AKRSP (I) works to
involve villagers in the project through Village institutions, Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA), village development assistants who are selected by the village institution, training and
mobilizing people to contribute towards their village development.
AKRSP (I) programmes are divided into two interrelated stream, Natural Resource
Management (NRM) and Human Resource Management (HRM). The objective of the NRM
programme is to increase rural income by providing access to knowledge and input material
for the cost effective and environmental friendlily ways to improve their output from land,
water and forest resource. It is interesting that all the NRM programmes are implemented
through Village institution and the people participation with proper transparency and
monitoring. NRM programmes mainly consist of Agriculture, Forestry, Water Resource
Development, Soil and Water Conservation and Biogas.
The objective of the HRM programme is to help rural people to develop organizational skills
like systems and structure to manage their resources in an equitable and sustainable manner.
Under HRM the major programmes are formation of various Village institutions (e.g. Mahila
Munch, Mahila Vikash Mandal, Gram Vikash Mandal, Farmers Club, Farmers Cooperative
and Producer Company), gender development, computer and craft making skills etc.

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1.2.1 Organization Structure:
Organization structure of the AKRSP (I) is professionally well defined. AKRSP (I) is
working on three hierarchy level namely it is called Central Office, Spear Head Team (SHT)
and Cluster Office. The Central office (headed by CEO) is located in Ahmadabad which has a
team of senior specialists of various programmes i.e. community mobilizing, agriculture,
forestry, soil & water conservation, water resource development, biogas, microfinance and
micro-enterprise development etc. along with accounts, administration, monitoring and
human resource development, which are further supported by secretarial and other staffs.

AKRSP (I) is mainly working in seven districts of Gujarat i.e. Bharuch, Surat, Narmada,
Surendranager, Dang, Jamnagar and Junagadh, apart from these it also has outreach in and
Khandwa, Barwani, Burhanpur and Khargone districts of MP further in Samastipur and
Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar also. AKRSP (I) is operating in these districts through field
teams called Spear Head Team (SHT) and it is headed by Area manager (AM) and
Programme Specialists of various discipline which is further supported by accounts,
administration and other staffs.
AKRSP (I) believes in decentralize way of work and decision making, hence the field team
have further been decentralized into small groups comprising experts of different disciples
and called Cluster Office (CO) which is headed by Cluster Manager (CM). The team
structure at the field offices is similar to the central office but there are differences in the
level of experiences and qualification.

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Chapter: 2 Literature Review
The implementation of comprehensive Tribal Development Programmes in Gujarat since
1995 and in Maharashtra since 2000 had provided several insights for NABARD in framing
strategies for holistic development of tribal regions. The Tribal Development Programmes
were externally supported by German bank, KfW (Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau) who
have chosen NABARD as Indian partner and project implementation at ground level was
taken up by BAIF, one of the renowned nongovernmental organizations in natural resource
management sector.
The central focus of the ADPs is “wadi” (small orchard) together with suitable soil
conservation, water resource development measures and other measures for improving the
quality of tribal life such as community health & sanitation, women development,
institutional development, etc. The wadi model has been acclaimed worldwide as a
sustainable and replicable model for poverty alleviation. The project was presented as a
successful replicable model for poverty alleviation in the developing countries at the UNDP
Forum of Ministers for Poverty and Environment in New York, USA in 1999 as well as at the
Global Dialogue in Hanover, Germany. This project was also exhibited in the “Basic Needs
Pavilion” at the Expo-2000, GmbH, Hanover.
The "Wadi" programme sponsored by Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), Germany is
under implementation in two states: Gujarat since 1995: Valsad (Dharampur & Kaprada
blocks) and Dangs Maharashtra since 2000: Nasik (Peint, Triambak & Surgana blocks) and
Thane (Mokhada block). Since 2007 another Wadi Programme has been launched in Dangs
and Valsad districts of Gujarat named as ADPG - Phase 2 with the financial assistance from
KFW Germany.
Dr. Manibhai Desai, the Founder of BAIF came across the tribals of Vansda block in south
Gujarat in the mid 70‟s and realized that inspite of receiving relief from time to time from
various donor agencies, their quality of life has sharply declined. He also observed that in the
process of harnessing the benefit of relief measures, the tribal families had lost confidence in
them and were suffering from a dependency syndrome. He also noticed that most of the
tribal’s, both – men as well as women had turned to alcohol mostly brewed from local mahua
flowers to drown their miseries and to overcome starvation. Illiteracy, starvation and ill-
health became a way of life for these unfortunate tribals. To reverse this process, he launched
a programme to rehabilitate these tribal families on their own lands through reforestation.

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This ambitious project was sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India with the objective of establishing fuel wood plantations on the degraded
private lands owned by the tribal’s. However, the response from the target families was very
lukewarm. They were also doubtful about the viability of the programme to generate income.
Hence, extensive dialogues were carried out between the BAIF field staff and tribal families
to identify their needs. The tribal’s expressed their preference for fruit trees instead of
forestry species. Thus, a new model was developed to combine fruit trees as the main crop
and forestry species on bunds and borders. As BAIF had put a condition that only those
willing to give up alcohol could participate in the programme, the initial response was poor
and the programme was started with only 42 families. Food security during the gestation
period was posing a major concern and hence inter-cropping was introduced. Some wage
support was also provided even for working on their own fields as they had no surplus money
even to buy their ration.
A multi-disciplinary project was launched with the support of CAPART in 1988. This project
made a significant impact in the surrounding villages. The programme did bring a significant
improvement in the quality of life. As anticipated, women played a leading role which
contributed to the success. Extension Officers visited the field regularly not only to advise
and ensure better growth of the plants but also to motivate them to sustain their hard work.
Formation of Self Help Groups of women and men, establishing village level planning
committees to organize essential support services and linkages of these groups with financial
institutions were the other components to implement the programme more efficiently.
Finally, it was felt necessary to find a reliable market for the produce once the trees started
bearing after 4-5 years.
The Hunger Project (USA) provided finance to support 1000 families in the adjoining
villages in Vansda block. German Development Bank (KfW) provided a major support under
bilateral assistance through NABARD for replicating the programme in 150 villages in
Vansda, Dharampur and Dangs. Suitability of different fruit crops were studied through
action-research. Initially, the tribal’s preferred mango. Subsequently, after seeing the field
demonstration, they accepted other fruit crops such as cashew, Indian gooseberry, custard
apple, tamarind, jujube (ber), depending on the soil productivity and availability of moisture.
Over the last two decades, the wadi has been transformed into a multidisciplinary programme
for rehabilitation. The essence is to provide sustainable livelihood from an acre (0.4 ha) of
land for the participating poor family. Each wadi owner can earn Rs 20,000-25,000 annually
from this small plot of land, once the trees start bearing fruits. There are further opportunities
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to enhance the income through other supplementary activities. Initially, motivation, imparting
skills and providing critical inputs were the key components. Providing means of livelihood
during the gestation period was very critical. This is being organized through promotion of
agriculture in the inter-space, introduction of short gestation cash crops, processing of food
and herbal medicines, livestock and poultry husbandry are some of the opportunities which
helped the participating families to generate income till the orchards started bearing fruits.
Micro-credit is being organized through SHGs and their linkage with financial institutions to
take up these activities. During this process, local organizations are also strengthened and
linked with the external world, particularly the Government development agencies, financial
institutions, market outlets and Panchayati Raj instituitons. Thus they will be able to continue
their responsibilities even after completion of the project.
Presently, wadi is a major programme of socio-economic rehabilitation of the tribal’s and
other backward sections of the society. The programme has relevance for all sections of the
society and is replicable throughout the country. Wadi is not only a programme for providing
food security and ecological restoration, but it is also a strong foundation to build the local
capabilities to initiate other community development programmes for socio-economic
development. It is a programme demonstrating the feasibility of ecological restoration with
poverty eradication. Naturally, the impact of this programme can be measured in terms of
additional employment generation, increase in the family income, and reduction in migration,
food security, good health, improved literacy, greater awareness and high moral values. Many
women and men have occupied important positions in Panchayati Raj Institutions and local
cooperatives. The programme addresses the problems of the poor which can be replicated
throughout the country. It provides sustainable income, clean environment and better quality
of life.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
The study entailed a detailed review of literature together with collection and analysis of
primary and secondary data. Sample design acknowledges sample collection, both primary
and secondary data and deciding tools for data collection to identify cost benefit and break
even Points. Field work includes survey through structured questionnaire with personal
interview and general discussion.

3.1 Research Design
South Gujarat region was selected for the research on horticulture crops specifically mango
grown in that area. The reason for the selection is that, AKRSP (I) has works last 10 years on
wadi project in this region. And this project timeline will be complete end of this year.

3.2.1. Selection of area:

The project implementation area is tribal South Gujarat Region, but selected area for making
case study in Surat dist. Block Mandvi and Umarpada, in Bharuch dist. Valia block and in
Narmada dist. Dediapada and Sagbara block.

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Above map shows that working area of wadi-project. Project needed to visit all highlighted
area in map especially mango-wadi covered from these areas.

3.2.2. Identification of project elements:
Primary research is done on the basis of the project elements; the institutional linkages of the
project such as Seedlings, planting material, fertilizers, and pesticides and for availability of
input supplier, and then AKRSP (I) officials for find out the procedural plans for monitoring
and EC funding of project.
3.2.3. Collection of primary data:
Primary data are collected through structured questionnaire with personal interview. The
questionnaire was checked beforehand and necessary corrections were made. The revised
questionnaire was finalized for survey. Interviews and general discussions were conducted
about some facts, issues before and present situation of the Mango-wadi.
3.2.4. Collection of Secondary Data:
The most valuable secondary sources of information collected from AKRSP (I) office,
website of Horticulture, ministry of Horticulture, department of Horticulture, wadi and State
Horticulture Board. A detailed personal interview conducted in three dist. of Surat, Narmada,
Bharuch.
3.3 Methods of Data Analysis:
Excel is used as a major tool for analysis of primary data. The other tools like averages,
percentage, profit and loss account, Gross Return, Return Over paid out cost, total variable
cost, benefit cost ratio, internal rate of return, net present value by different financial ratio
analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk.

3.4. Limitations of the assignment:
1. Reach to the tribal areas of the project where transportation is difficult. Due to lack of
transportation facility.
2. At length interviews of the mango-wadi owners were not possible due to time
constraint on the part of the interviewee.
3. Gap of communication

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Chapter: 4 Findings & Analysis:
In 1997, boundary plantation of mango trees was started in Netrang cluster of Gujarat state.
Then the wadi project came in existence by AKRSP (I) in 2002 in following cluster.
Following table shows all the beneficiaries covered under wadi project in different cluster of
Gujarat state and area covered in each cluster, provided saplings and their survival rate.

Table 4.1: Horticulture beneficiaries of TSG
Total Provided Saplings Survival
Cluster Name Area (In Hect.)
Beneficiaries Saplings (%)

Dediyapada 4430 332.21 94080 78.42

Mandvi 1710 235.24 26962 85.60

Netrang 2549 220.36 67854 60.42

Sagbara 4524 757.98 99896 89.32

Umarpada 1289 66.6 4404 96.84

Grand Total 14502 1612.39 293196 82.54

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010)

4.1 Land Holding pattern:
Cropping pattern of these clusters is more dependent upon rain water than irrigation sources
like open well, canal and tube well. In irrigated land, near about sixty percent of land is used
for agriculture and remaining for horticulture. Where farming is totally based on rain water,
people do only agriculture and no one does horticulture in rain fed, they want irrigation
source for doing horticulture.

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Graph: 4.1.1 Land Holding Pattern

(Source: Survey)
4.1.1 Area Utilized For Wadi:
Wadi project is the new intervention come in picture for development in horticulture. Farmers
have taken wadi of 0.5-2.5 acre and they are doing intercropping in between mango-wadi. It
was found that near about fifty percent people is doing wadi in 0.85 to 1.75 acre of land.
After that 45% of are doing in 0.1 to 0.84 acre of land. And only one person is found that he
doing wadi in more than 1.76 acre of land. In that, farmers take intercrops like paddy,
vegetables, red gram, maize, Soybean, wheat, cotton etc so this becomes their additional
income. In first year AKRSP (I) give input cost for making mango-wadi, also farmers used
firm yard manure to in it .

Chart: 4.1.2 Area Utilize for wadi

(Source: Survey)

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4.2 Mango Survival Trees:
Mango-wadi project started in 2002 but some people got mango boundary plantation in 1997
as well as in 2002. AKRSP (I) has given mango inputs like Seedlings, Fertilizer, Equipments,
Pesticides, Drip irrigation and more. Some seedlings died within 2-3 years and AKRSP (I)
provided new seedlings to maintain wadi.
Data collection five cluster was done of Netrang, Dediyapada, Sagbara, Mandvi, Umarpada
based on personal interview of 20 beneficiaries of mango wadi. Mango survival rate is 91%
and it is good survival rate due support of AKRSP (I) to farmers like replantation.
Chart: 4.2.1 Mango Tree Survival

(Source: Survey)

4.3 Average per Tree production of mango-wadi:
Last eight year(2004-2012) data shows that, production per tree started as below:
In Dediyapada cluster production started from 2007 and of mango production was very less
in the first three years and every year slightly increasing but later in the fifth year, production
increased up to thrice than the third year. The highest production of the Dediyapada cluster
was 14 kg per Tree.
In Sagbara cluster the production started from 2007 and in first year farmers got 10 Kg per
tree production but next year the production reduced and then every year production
increased. Last year 17 KG was the average per tree production
In Mandvi cluster production started from 2008, productivity here was better compared to
other clusters. In first year they got five KG average production tree. In second year
production increased to the triple of the previous year. In the last year production was around

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30 Kg per Tree. In this cluster many people have irrigation source that AKRSP (I) has
provided group wells and canal irrigation facility. Also they got support from organization
about infestation and diseases. Mandvi is largest producer of average per Tree in TSG.
In Umarpada cluster production was started in 2009 and first year they got 10 KG per Tree
production and then after every year production increased. Highest production of mangos in
this cluster is 15 KG per Tree. One of the major problems of Umarpada cluster is
unavailability of water. Due to lack of irrigation production didn’t increase. Some farmers
have Drip irrigation source but many of them are not using drip. In Umarpada cluster many
farmers have not shown interest for making & caring wadi. They just have taken wadi but
they didn’t do any special operation like, cutting, post harvest management, on farm value
addition and more. But still they are getting good production.
In Netrang, Wadi project was started in 2002. Those who planted in 2002, they were start
getting the production in 2007. And those who planted in 1998 they got production in 2004. It
was to be found that overall production of mango is good in Netrang cluster among the entire
cluster. Following diagram shows that the production of mango was fluctuating year by year.
And in 2006 production was highest in Netrang. But in 2011 it was found that the production
decreased to the lowest level due to infestation. Except last year the production in all the
years was good.
In the year when Mango wadi was cultivated, AKRSPI had provided inputs like fertilizers
and pesticides, but later on except first year (when AKRSPI had provided fertilizers and
pesticides) farmers did not applied any fertilizer and pesticide in all successive years, so it
affected on healthy growth of the Wadi and ultimately on production or yield, farmers could
not met the production level which a ideal Mango Wadi has.

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Graph: 4.3.1 Average per tree production in TSG

I
N

K
G

(Source: Survey)
4.4 Mango-wadi average net returns:
The following graph shows the net return of farmers from year 2002-2010. In first year, net
return observes to be negative. Thereafter production goes on increasing successively from
2003 to 2009 but in last year due to some pest attack and insect attack production goes down
than previous year.

Graph: 4.4.1 Average Net Returns:

(Source: Survey)
Net return calculated as:

Net return= Gross return- Total variable cost (expenses)

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4.5 Breakeven point:
Following table shows the number of farmers and their initial money invested recovery years
in mango wadi project. As per table, 6 farmers get back his initial money investment in
mango wadi project in first year likewise 3 farmers gets in third year and so on as per below
table.

Chart: 4.5.1 breakeven point

Year No. of Farmers
st
1 6
3rd 3
4th 3
5th 2
th
6 2
7th 1
8th 1
(Source: Survey)

4.6 Post Harvest Management
After production of mango, farmers didn’t go for sorting, grading and cleaning the produce in
different category, because lack of awareness about grading and sorting and benefits after
these process. They stored the mangos in home, due to unavailability of warehouse facility in
the region. Some farmers are selling the produce in the nearest market of Shelamba, Mandvi,
Dediyapada, Jankhavav, etc. some farmers are using Mango federation for selling the
mangos, which was formed by AKRSPI in Gandevi. Also as per the convince some of them
sale the Mangos in Surat, Ankaleshwar market.
4.7 Changes in Income:
Before the wadi intervention, people were migrated to other places for work like agri labor,
construction field. And they were growing only in tradition way of farming. After
intervention of wadi, people were practicing new intervention like intercropping, SRI,
WADI, for taking cash crops it may includes vegetables like parwal, Brinjal, Tomato, Same
beans, Onion, Ladies finger. Due to all these new intervention their income pattern also
changed. Following two bars shows that how much of income has been increased after
intervention. Almost 130% income increased as compared with 10 years ago. It was the
incredible change due accepting new intervention.

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Graph: 4.7.1 Change in Income

(Source: Survey)
4.8 Migration Status:
As the income increases after intervention, the people stopped migrating. They used to
migrate for more income but after intervention of wadi and all allied intervention to wadi,
they are getting more money than they earned when they migrated.
Following bar diagram shows, how much of migration is being reduced due to all
intervention. More or less hundred percent of migration has been reduced.

Graph: 4.8.1 Migration Status

(Source: Survey)

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Chapter: 5 Conclusion & Recommendations:
5.1 Conclusion:
The Wadi programme is implemented in the area where the rainfall is above 1000 mm or in
other areas having reliable source of water. A family with less than 1 ha land with reliable
market outlet will earn Rs.10000-15000 per annum, after 4-5 years when the tree start to give
yield. The gestation period is very critical. During this period, the participating families need
some support in the form of employment to sustain their basic needs. However, activities
such as vegetable cultivation and intensive use of the inter space for production of food,
vegetables and cash crops are essential. With the establishment of wadi, the beneficiaries feel
secure and do not migrate to urban areas with all the members of the families. Thus, they
develop an inclination to maintain various species of livestock. This is an additional source of
income for the family. Thus, by participating in tree-based farming with 0.2 to 1 ha land, a
family is able to come out of poverty.
At first beneficiaries did not show interest in making wadi but after 4-5 year getting
horticulture yield they have shown interest in wadi. And many farmers got support for drip
irrigation from AKRSP (I) but they don’t use these technologies in horticulture. Many
farmers have gone for only 0.5 & 1 acre wadi due to lack of irrigation facilities. Before
horticulture intervention they used to follow traditional farming and were getting fewer
yields. But now the condition of beneficiaries has changed and they grow vegetables and cash
crops and have irrigation facility in their lands. Also, farmers are now showing interest in
horti-marketing and AKRSP (I) is forming a federation for mango marketing in this area.
Farmers’ income has also risen with this intervention.
As it is the holistic approach of development it includes all the factors with an approach to
sustainable livelihood and better quality of life.
Wadi beneficiaries used inputs only when AKRSP (I) provided them in the initial period.
Later they never used fertilisers and pesticides until the production started. Hence the yield is
40% lesser than the expected yield.

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5.2 Recommendations:
1. A storage facility should be made in this region for storage of fruits as the perishable
& getting good price fruits.
2. Provide training programme & exposure visit on post harvest management as
especially on farm value addition.
3. Provide suitable market for mango yield, that they have to sell in the market and get
good value for their producing yield.
4. As the farmers do not prefer to use fertilisers and pesticides unless any external
support is provided, monitoring of the beneficiaries and constant guidance and
support is necessary so that the objective of the intervention is fulfilled.

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Chapter: 6 Case Studies

Case -6.1 Ajaybhai Hursimbhai

Village: Kambodia
Block: Netrang
Dist.: Bharuch (GJ)
Occupation: Agriculture
Own Land: 10 acre
Irrigated Land: 3 acre
Age: 28 years
Mob No. +91-9909238716
Education: 12th std.

Background:
Ajaybhai has two sons, one is in primary school and another is in KG school. Ajay’s father
died five year ago. His father was a Doctor. After his father death, he has to own the
responsibility of his family.
He has 10 acre of land in that 3 acre land is irrigated and 7 acre land is on rain fed. For
irrigation source he have one open well as well as one bore well but both of them are not
working throughout the year. He uses the electric motor for lifting water from well for that he
pays 200-250 Rs monthly.
Before, Wadi he was growing only paddy. That time he took single crop through the year.
Also he dint get not much of yield from single crop. Then he thought we can change our
cropping pattern and make some cash crops like, Soyabean, Red gram, Ground nut and some
vegetable crops that he growing in this year.
Support:
In 2003, AKRSP (I) has conducted meeting in his village. He attended that meeting then he
thought that “can I take one acre wadi?” He discussed with his family members but some
people were not ready to take. Then he explained all benefits of mango wadi and finely he
took wadi in his one acre land. First he did land leveling and then he dig open well and got an
irrigation facility then he took wadi, he got 20 Keshar and 30 Rajapuri seedlings.
He got interest to dig a well for making mango-wadi for better irrigation. Then he thought
that “I should go for organic farming in this wadi.” first year he took Soyabean & Red gram

31

for intercropping in this wadi. He used to give a two trolley F.Y.M. fertilizer for every year in
one acre wadi land; still his dint used any chemical fertilizer but his use chemical pesticides
for mango and other crops.
Also, in Kamodia village there is 15 farmers’s got mango-wadi in 2003, people are showing
their interest for mango-wadi and they conducted every meeting for every month and discuss
some agriculture problems they are facing. Also previous year they sold mango to Gandevi
market through AKRSP (I).
They form one group for mango marketing. Before two year they sold mango to village
market or Netrang local market but they didn’t get that much of price, but now they formed
group and sold mango to juice making factory.
Graph: 6.1.1 Mango Production

Above table shows the increase in production of mango – wadi production how to increase
per plant production in year by year, last year he got 15 quintals production of wadi.
Changes:
When he has done H.S.C. that time he wanted to do agriculture and wants to work in his own
farm but he didn’t have that much of knowledge at that time. Then he did in tradition way of
agriculture that time he grows only on rain fed agriculture.
Then sometimes he used to think that I should do something for irrigation source? Then he
took bore well & Open well and he got water in open well this time to still he growing two
times crop in a year.
After some days he got AKSRP(I) training in Netrnag, Dediapada and some village exposure
visit, in this exposure visit, he have seen SRI method, mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in
nearby places he had visited in last 10 years.

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Table 6.1.1 Income through animal Husbandry:
Animal Husbandry 2008 2009 2010 2011
Month in year 10 9 10 10
Lit./Rs. 18 21 23 26
Per day milk in Lit. 5 5 6 6
Total gives milk in year 1500 1350 1800 1800
Total amount in year 27000 28350 41400 46800

Also, he has one cow, four buffalo. He sells 7 lit/day milk to dairy. He is getting more
support for his sustainable livelihood. AKRSP (I) has been provided finance for buying cow
in 2010. Actually before giving loan he had buffalo but he didn’t sold milk. Since from last
two year he sold 7 lit. / Milk in a day. Also he is constructing a new home in his village. This
year he planned to sell mango to Gandevi market that will give more profit and more prices.
Also, he wants a fruits and vegetable “COLD STORAGE” facility, because AKRSP (I) gives
in this area some vegetable mandap (stacking for creeper vegetable) and mango wadi but
people not get that time price on right time when you provide us cold storage facility then
that gives us much more profit.

Table 6.1.2. Intercropping cost & benefits analysis of mango-wadi:

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit
year of sowing 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007
Soyabea Red Mang Mang Ground Mang Sorgh maka Mang Red Ground Mang
Crop n gram o Bajari Makai o nut Maize o um i o gram nut o
Yield(Qt/Acre) 8 1 0 2 0.8 3 1 5 1 2.5 2 2
Value of (Rs./Qt.) 1409 1288 0 571 590 1624 599 901 879 2423 1670 1500
Gross Return 11272 1288 0 1142 472 4872 599 4505 879 6057 3340 3000
Paid out cost of production
Seedlings 2000
Equipments 1150
Seeds 450 100 200 100 1000 100 150 100 200 1200
Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) 600 1500 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
Pesticide 300 200 800 500 600 500 500 300 600 500
Water Charges 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600
labor cost 500 300 900 300 240 300 1600 400 300 480 400 300 320 1200 600
Total paid out cost (TVC)
(C) 2450 1200 6950 1500 1340 1800 4200 1500 1800 1630 1500 1800 1820 4000 2100
Net return (gross return-
TC) 8822 88 -6950 -358 -868 -1800 672 -901 -1800 2875 -621 -1800 4237 -660 900
BCR - TVC basis
(gross return/TVC) 4.60 1.07 0.00 0.76 0.35 0.00 1.16 0.40 0.00 2.76 0.59 0.00 3.33 0.84 1.43
Total exp. 2003 10600 4640 7500 4930 7920
Total Income 12560 1614 5471 5384 12397

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year of sowing 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011
Red Red Same Red Same Red Same
Crop Sorghum gram Mango gram beans Mango gram beans Mango gram beans Mango
Yield(Kg/Acre) 4 1 9 2 8 11 2 10 13 2 5 15
value of (Rs./Kg) 692 2115 1500 2191 900 1800 2165 1000 2500 3211 1200 2000
Gross Return(A+B) 2768 2115 13500 4382 7200 19800 4330 10000 32500 6422 6000 30000
Seeds 200 200 200 300 200 300 200 300
Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
Pesticide 300 500 300 600 500 300 1000 500 300 1000 1000
Transportation 200 200
Water Charges 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600
labor cost 400 400 1000 500 2500 1250 500 2500 1250 500 1500 1250
Total paid out cost (TVC)
(C) 1600 1900 2500 2000 4400 2950 2000 4800 2950 2000 3800 3250
Net return (gross return-
TC) 1168 215 11000 2382 2800 16850 2330 5200 29550 4422 2200 26750
BCR - TVC basis (gross
return/TVC) 1.73 1.11 5.40 2.19 1.64 6.71 2.17 2.08 11.02 3.21 1.58 9.23
Total exp. 6000 9350 9750 9050
Total Income 18383 31382 46830 42422
Net Returns 12383 22032 37080 33372

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Graph: 6.1.2 Wadi Net Returns:

Initial four years, there has been no notable income through agriculture. Initially in first year
the farmer started growing cash crop but there as not so good production. In second year
framer has tried to grow fodder for animals. Then farmer has made comparison between these
crops seeing which one gives more net return. From fifth year onwards, when horticulture
crops started producing income, gave considerable change in income through the agricultural
practices and has supplemented overall income through agriculture. Even after getting
income through horticulture, there has been good progress in income through other crops like
same beans (Dolichas lablab), as the horticulture crops provides secured income and has
given confidence for change over the corps.
Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table 1.7

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Case-6.2 Balwant Umaid Vasava

Village: Kalijaman
Block: Umarpada
Dist.: Surat (GJ)
Own Land: 7 acre
Age: 40 years
Mob No. +91-9925089914
Education: 7th std.

Balawant has two sons named as Pradip studying in 10th and Prakash studied in 12th std. all
together there are seven members in the family. Agriculture is the main source of his family.
Also, he has three sisters they all are married.
He has 7 acre land; out of only two acre land is under irrigation, remaining 5 acre is rain fed.
As irrigation source, he has one open well and it is working out for 10 month in a year. He
uses the diesel engine for lifting the water from well.
Also, before intervention the land was sloppy due to which water could not stay in his field.
So it was hard to grow any crops. But later on in 1995, Dinesh Patel AKRSP (I) employee
came to his village and conducted meeting about land leveling also he got support and land
was well leveled up and now he can do cultivation in better way. And also, he has done
banding to his farm.
Balawant is well known person in his village, in his village he is president of “GRAM
VIKAS MANDALI” there is 11 committee members. And this committee is formed before
15 year.
Kalijaman is 3 km far from kevdi local market, 16 km far from jankhavav local market and
90 km farm from Surat city market.
In Kalijaman, AKRSP (I) has done lot of work and people got benefited to services like, Bio-
gas 12 plant, vermicompost, Bugger pata, Animal Husbandry-45, group open well, mobile
engine, Gabion, Equipment, Hybrid seeds, SRI, Wadi, Banding, Land leveling, Ground nut
harvester machine and some other. Kalijaman is comes under hilly area there is lot of waste
land available in before intervention. Now many people have grown minimum on time in a
year due to land leveling and banding has been done.
37

From 1995, to till now AKRSP (I) working in this village but in 2003, they came on the
mango-wadi project. And they conducted meeting that time he has attended this meeting.
Then 14 people have agreed to take mango-wadi in own land.
In his village main problem is irrigation facility is not well because people think no water.
Because they can grow only in rainy season they think after December water level to goes to
low level and where to get water to mango plant.
In 2003, he took half acre wadi in his own farm that time he got 11 keshar and 11 Rajapuri
seedlings but after some time 1 Keshar plants are dead. Now he has 21 mango plants in his
mango wadi. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, Lim
Powder, pesticides, spade, hoe and sickle) and he has done all work of wadi from labor. He
gives some F.Y.M. and pesticides. Before one year he buys one spay for pest attack on
mango.
In intercropping he took first year paddy and Red gram he get good yield and next four year
he grow only fodder then from 2008 he grows only paddy and pearl millet that is last five
year taken this crops.
Mango-wadi production chart:
Last 3 year he gives mango production every year his production has been increase and he get
money. In first year he give only 50KG production from some plant then production was
increase he got 2, 5 quintal respectively production, last year he got more production because
he has done on pest attack practices.
Graph 6.2.1 Average per Tree production of mango

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Table: 6.2.1 Animal Husbandry:
Animal Husbandry 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Month in year 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Average Lit./Rs. 15 15 18 20 22 25 28 32
Per day milk in Lit. 5 5 6 6 6 7 5 7
Total milk in year 1050 1050 1260 1260 1260 1470 1050 1470
Total amount in
year 15750 15750 22680 25200 27720 36750 29400 47040
He has 1 cow and 1 buffalo that is support to his livelihood and he sustain in his life. That
every day he sell 6 lit/day milk and he got average price 30-35 Rs. /lit.
Mango-wadi Net Returns:
In year 2003, Paddy and Red gram was cultivated as intercrops, applied fertilizers and
pesticides and provided other inputs. But did not even get amount he spent for growing these
crops, for next four year he focused on fodder crops only for livestock that he had. From fifth
year onwards, when horticulture crops started producing income, shown considerable change
in income level through the agricultural practices and has supplemented overall income
through agriculture. Even after getting income through horticulture, there has been good
progress in income through other crops like Paddy and Water melon, as the horticulture crops
provides secured income and has given confidence for change over the corps. Now there life
has been improved then before.
Breakeven point in 7th year see annexure table 1.7
Graph: 6.2.2 Mango-wadi net returns

Table: 6.2.2 intercropping of mango wadi

39

year of sowing 2003 2003 2003 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011
Crop Paddy Red gram Mango pearl millet Mango pearl millet Mango pearl millet Mango Paddy Mango
Yield(Kg/Acre) 4 1 0 7 0 4 0.5 6 2 5 5
value of (Rs./Kg) 624 1288 0 976 1222 1800 1287 2000 943 2000
Value of Crop (A) 2496 1288 0 6832 0 4888 900 7722 4000 4715 10000
Gross Return(A+B) 2496 1288 0 6832 0 4888 900 7722 4000 4715 10000
Seedlings 880
Equipments 750 1200
Seeds 200 100 200 200 200 240
Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) 240 240 3600 400 3000 400 400 450
Pesticide 200 300 900 1200
Water Charges 90 90 180 180 180 225
labor cost 450 240 1550 800 400 800 320 1000 750 1000 750
Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) 980 870 7080 1580 3400 1580 320 1780 2850 1915 1950
Net return (gross return-TC) 1516 418 -7080 5252 -3400 3308 580 5942 1150 2800 8050
BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 2.546 1.480 0 4.32 0 3.093 2.81 4.33 1.403 2.46 5.12
Total exp. 8930 4980 1900 4630 3865
Total Income 3784 6832 5788 11722 14715
Net Returns -5146 1852 3888 7092 10850
BCR 0.423 1.37 3.04 2.53 3.80

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Case- 6.3: Bachubhai Gimia

Village: Ghanekut
Block: Netrang
Dist.: Bharuch (GJ)
Own Land: 1 acre
Irrigated Land: 0.75 Acre
Age: 45 years
Mob No. +91-9586645116
Education: 4th std.

Background:
Bachubhai has two son, both are working in the hotel (Ankleshwar). He is not well in
educated. He didn’t study only because of lack of money and support. Further same things
happened with his children’s Ajay and Chickpea, both of them studied only 7th standard.
Before wadi he had migrated to other place and generated income for livelihood. He got
married at the age of 21. He have 1 acre land in 3differents parts, out of that only 0.75
acreland is under irrigated by canal water. Ghanekhut is 12km from Dediapada and 13 km
from Netrang local market. Mohan bhai is a head of village Ghanekhut, when he went to
Karjan in 1994; he saw mandli of canal irrigation. Then he thought this type of mandali we
formed in our village that gives more sustainable livelihood for village community. He met to
collector and discussed all these issues and collector had visited his village and saw what type
of condition is going on in his village. Collector gave this project of making mandali to Aga
khan foundation. That time villagers came to know to Aga khan, which made 52 members in
a piyat mandali (water user association).
Bachubhai have seven brothers, three of them have wadi and two are doing Agri-labor in
Movi village and rest of them are doing agriculture. In Ghanekhut there is a Dam for
irrigation. In Ghanekhut, there is check dam named as Karajan check dam having 52 member
of his village. In 1994, these 52 members had collected 500 Rs. each for making Karjan
check dam. There were two installed of this collected amount, 15H.P. motor which provide
irrigation water to whole area. Name of this committee is “SHIV PIYAT MANDALI (water
user association) ” and there are nine committee members of this project. He and his three
sons have 1.5 acres of land each. Before Wadi he went to other villages for income that he

41

can repay the loan. Before the wadi project he was growing cotton, Sorghum, kang (local
name) in his field. Due to wadi project he was able to grow vegetables for his daily food
consumption, he said that “hame pahle khane me Javari, kang khate the aur aab rice, wheat,
baingan, brinjal, some vegetables milte hai.” He complained about, that he was not getting
good price for cotton and the yield was also less, about 1 Quintal per acre. As the income
from cotton was less, he had to take loan and then had to migrate in search of work for
repaying the loan.

Support:
In 1995 Aga khan has conducted meeting for making piyat mandali (water user association)
(Water User Association), that time he has attended this meeting and he got more interest in
making piyat mandali (water user association) (Water User Association) in that year. When
mandali was formed in his village then water gets available to people for irrigation. After one
year Aga khan has sell mango seedlings, that time he had buy 3 seedlings in 45 Rs. That time
this was too much amount, and then he planted these seedlings in waste land border. (Mere
pass uss time pe paise the aur aam ke poudhe mil raha tha isse liye lagaya). Then he took
care of these three plants. And after some years in 2004 he got mango production 30kg then
he realize we have to plant more seedlings in our farm. In 2004 he realize from mango plant,
he thought that, I can make one wadi in 0.25 acre in our waste land there is sloppy land which
was pasture land then he received one wadi, that year he got 20 seedlings of mango and now
that survival Trees are only 14 (keshar is 8 and Rajapuri is 6) mango trees Actually he has
done digging for mango plant at own and till now he gives on half trolley F.Y.M. fertilizers to
mango trees. He spend 250 Rs. for pesticide in last 4 years and also he irrigate these plants 8
months in a year and every 15 days gives to tree .Also he get hybrid seeds to growing on
other land and he gets more production from these hybrid seeds also.

42

Graph: 6.3.1 Average per Tree production

As shown in above graph, in year 2004-08 he got production of only three Trees and in 2009
he got production from 14 Trees of mango plants. As he took wadi he gets benefited in
production as well as in his income. Again in year 2009 production reduces to some extent
because more Trees give production. But again his average Trees production is good and last
year his production is decrease due pest attack.

Changes:
He share his experienced of 2007, he said “aam kaise pakate hai pata nahi tha isse liye mera
near about 3 quintal waste ho gaye.” after the loss in income. He came to know about ‘mango
wadi exposure’ and he visited to Junagadh, Bhopal and Nearby places, in 2011 he got
training in Bhopal for after caring of mango, Also he get SRI exposure visit Because of
karjan dam and wadi our village people are satisfied and more happy now. He said that” Isske
pahle goan ke bahot sare log majuri karne ke liye bahar jate the abhi bahot kam log jate hai.”
He has take lease land on paying money to these farmers and generate livelihood.
Also he grow in farm Maize, cotton, Sorghum and other that gives more production and high
price in market. Also he grows paddy in leased land and he used SRI method to grow Paddy.
He grows fodder for animal I Mango wadi. He has 2 cows and gets 8 months milk in every
year from 2008 to till. When he buys this cows and 1st year his sell 10 lit. Milk/day and then
2nd year 6 lit. /day then 3rd year he sell 9 lit./day. That’s why he got more sustainable
livelihood. Now mango-wadi as my summer business for me because his sells mango in his
village and in nearby villages & on highway road.

43

Table: 6.3.1 Mango- Cost benefits analysis:
Village Ghanekhut Waste Land
Year of Wadi 1997 three Trees in boundary 2004
0.25 Survival Trees is
Area of Wadi acre 34.78 %
Variet
y Keshar 2 0.25 8
Seedlings Rajapuri 1 0.25 6
Average Per Tree
Production in KG
Yield(Quintal/Acre) 1st Year-2004 0.3 10
2nd Year-
2005 0.8 26.66
3 rd Year-
2006 1.5 50
4th Year- 2007 4 133.33
5th Year- 2008 5 166.67
6th Year-2009 6 42.86
7th Year-2010 8 57.14
Pest attack 8th Year- 2011 2 14.28
Total Production (Quintal) 27.6
Price in KG
Value of mango 2004 8 240
2005 10 800
2006 15 2250
Break Even Point 2007 15 6000
2008 17 8500
2009 20 12000
2010 20 16000
2011 25 5000
Gross Return (In RS.) 50790
Equipment (pawed, Kodaly, Parlay, Talcum, water tank) 2200

44

Seedlings 825
Fertilizer 300
Pesticides 1000
Labor cost (Own) 1500
Transportation (use Bicycle) 0
Water charges 2400
Total paid out cost (A) (TVC) 8225
Return over paid out cost (gross return-A) 42565
BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 6.17

45

Case- 6.4 Bhikubhai Varanashibhai Tadvi

He is living in Shimamli Village. In block Sagbara, Dist. Narmada (GJ). His Occupation is
Agriculture Own Land 1.5 acre, Irrigated Land 1.5 acre. Bhikubhai Age 85 years. Mobile
No. is 7878748210 and Education is 2nd STD.

Background-
Bhikubhai has 4 children, 3 boys & a girl who all are married. He stays with his youngest
son. He and his three sons own 1.5 acres of land each. Shimamli is 5 km from sagbara and 10
km from shelamba local market.
In Shimamli there is a canal for irrigation 600 users of the canal have formed an association
and Bhikubhai is a committee member of this association before Wadi .His son used to
migrate for his livelihood & reply loan before intervention he was growing cotton, Javari,
kang (local name) in his farm
Also, his daily (hame pahle khane me, Javari, kang khate the aur aab rice, wheat, baingan,
brinjal, some vegetables milte hai). He complains that he was not getting good price for
cotton and the yield was also less, about 1 Quintal per acre. As the income from cotton was
less, he had to take loan and then had to migrate in search of work for replying the loan.

46

Support:
In 2003-04 Ajaybhai & Naval singh were visiting Shimamli village and organizing meeting,
regarding wadi and new interventions implemented like SRI. Bhikubhai got good support in
this operation, and he was also a leader in his own village .In the meetings they gave more
information about this project and in shimamli 30 farmers got ready to take wadi in their own
farm.
Also, Bhukubhai decided to take mango-wadi in his farm and then they formed wadi vikas
zut for wadi project and Bhikubhai is a member of this zut, meeting is conducted twice a
year. First, they arranged training in Sagbara, Netrang, Rajpipala, Navsari and some exposure
visits on wadi farm. Bhikubhai got more practical knowledge about mango-wadi in his wadi
project. He was in regular touch with AKRSP (I) Para workers and Sagbara office, he
attended monthly meetings too.
Also, he got timely operation information from the Sagbara office (Which fertilizer to be
used? Where to buy in cheap price and good quality? Pest attack etc) .When he got canal
water in his farm, he made some changes in agriculture pattern which results in less input
cost and more yield.
Impact and process:
In 2003, he undertook 1 acre land, which he took another 2 acre and later handed over the 2
acre land to his son. When he undertook wadi project, he received 40 mango seedlings from
AKRSP (I) and also some equipment, fertilizers, pesticides, training and agricultural
information. He carried out the whole process mango plantation in his farm.
Also, he had provided with F.Y.M. (farm yard manure) 10 tractor because to grow more
mango production. According to him he gets more of rainfall in his area annually. For heavy
rainfall, farmers don’t give more water to field.
Also, he has undertaken cultivation of paddy and Red gram in an intercropping pattern and
gets 15 quintal paddy and 5 quintal tuber and it regarded as a good production in 1 acre land.
He told (abhi tak mere jindgi me itna jyada production kabhi nahi mila tha).In this year he
gives to water to plant on his hard work and without hiring labor. Then next three year he
cultivates chili, Brinjal and tomato had a good production.
Then last five year he did only fodder making for his animal husbandry that gives more
money. He get 6 lit milk in 10 month in one year from buffalo and sell to village dairy and
get 23-27 Rs. /lit. Price and that gives more support to his livelihood. He takes more care of
mango-wadi like mulching, regular cutting and other related activity. In 2007 receives mango
but this year he was not so much satisfied with the production.
47

Graph: 6.4.1 Average per graph production

He takes production in 2008 1 quintal for HH utility. Then next three year he take 4, 5, 7
quintal respectively. He didn’t hire labor for any operation of mango till now and take care
own. He harvest 3-4 times in mango plantation and store in his home, his sell agriculture
yield in Shelamba local market 10 km far from his village. He sell own in shelamba it gives
him more money and good price for mango which reflects in his satisfaction.
Many people buy for pickle preparation and some people are also booked to prepare pickle.
Mango production finally profiteer the farmer in month of June that help in kharif in that
money they can buy seeds, fertilizers, herbicides. Main thing is agricultural production
provides financial support to them because previous they cultivate cotton and Javari, kang
this crop cannot generate more income for the family and cotton benefits a lot but not up to
the mark.
Mr. suresh bhai went 3 days tour to in Maharashtra as (Shirdi sai baba, Ralegand,
Ridhi Sidhi, Nashik and some other places) in this period he get exposure visit to good
intervention applied in Ralegand .Now he is satisfied with his production. He has bank
balance and he can suffer one year. And he stored food grain for 1 yr to get food sufficient.
Also he visited some places of AKRSP (I) and gets much more of experience of mango wadi.

48

Graph: 6.4.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns:

In above graph, first year gives lots of input cost like, fertilizer, pesticides that it get good
returns and after three year he took some vegetable like, chili, Brinjal and Tomato but in
return he couldn’t get any profit. So in 2008 he changed the crop and started growing fodder
for animals as well as he adopted mango wadi. Started to mango yield but first year he has
not recover input cost and after three year his income increase every year. Now he grows
only fodder for his animal husbandry in intercropping and his life to become change in to
sustainable livelihood.
Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.4.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis

49

year of sowing 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Paddy Red Mang Brinja Mang Tomat Mang Mang Mang Mang
Crop (SRI) gram Mango Chili o l o o o o o o Mango
Yield(Qt/Acre) 8 2.5 0.65 10 9 0.5 3.5 4.5 6.5
value of (Rs./Qt) 700 200 500 525 500 1800 1800 2000 2000
Gross Return(A+B) 5600 5000 3250 5250 4500 900 6300 9000 13000
Seedlings 1560
Equipments 1000
Seeds 400 100 200 300 600
Fertilizer 430 300 2050 437 800 950 1200 1200 1200 1200
Pesticide 300 600 400 1150 500 200
Water Charges 100 200 400 600 400
Transportation 100 100 180
labor cost 450 150 360 900 100 1500 100 1200 100 250 250 280 260
Total paid out cost (TVC) 1380 1050 5570 2337 100 4350 100 3650 100 1450 1550 1580 1840
Return over paid out cost (gross
return-C) 4220 3950 -5570 913 -100 900 -100 850 -100 -550 4750 7420 11160
BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 4.05 4.76 1.39 1.20 1.23 0.62 4.06 5.69 7.06
Total Exp in a year 8000 2437 4450 3750 1450 1550 1580 1840
Total Income 10600 3250 5250 4500 900 6300 9000 13000
Recover amount 2600 813 800 750 -550 4750 7420 11160

50

Case - 6. 5 Dhana bhai Dunger singh

Village: Kavangai
Block: umarpada
Dist.: Surat (GJ)
Own Land: 3 acre
Age: 42 years
Mob No. +91-999752657
Education: 6th std.

Background:
Dhana has one son he is in 10th std in Chokhwada village. It is 3 km away from his village.
And he has two daughter both are married. Also, he has two brothers both are working in
agriculture sector, but his family divided before 8 year ago and he stays with father.
Agriculture is the main source of the family. But due to lack of land and less yield from that
his whole family used to migrate for labor work in nearby places.
He has three acre of land that is divided in three different places, and all three acre is irrigated
land. For irrigation source he has one open well but it’s not working throughout the year. He
uses the Diesel engine for lifting water from well to farm. And before intervention he grows
paddy, Red gram, Sorghum, pearl millet, Chickpea and some other crops due to
unavailability of hybrid seeds. But till now he grow paddy in kharif season and in Rabi
season he takes vegetables and Ground Nut in his farm to generate income.
In 1998 he dig open well and got an irrigation facility to his farm but he didn’t have sufficient
balance to buy diesel engine then he migrated every year and saved some money to buy one
mobile engine. In 2001, he buys one mobile engine and that year he gives water to his farm.
From 2001, he has growing crops in two times in year. Before that he was taking only one
crop by using rain fed. Now he takes took some vegetable and cash crops like Cotton,
Soybean, Red gram, Paddy, Tomato, Brinjal, onion and others.
In 2005, AKRSP (I) comes in Mango-wadi project in this area. Ram bhai and Sumitra bahen
went to his village and conducted meetings but people were not ready to take wadi then they
gave some examples of wadi project. And also they conducted 4-5 times meetings then
51

finally only four people were ready to take wadi. He is one of them. These guys have
explained all benefit of mango-wade and how to change our agriculture pattern? Because
people are not ready to change agriculture pattern.
He got 40 mango seedlings (37 keshar and 3 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi he
prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (hoe,
sickle, spade, vermin compost, pesticides and Drip irrigation) from the organization. Plant
spacing in between each tree is 10X10 meter; finally he saw the benefits of wadi project.
Since from three year he is getting yield from mango-wadi, and he is selling these mangos in
Umarpada market & Jankhava Local market. Also, his mango yield increase by every year.
He gives some fertilizers and pesticides for increase in yield.
Before some year ago he got AKRSP (I) training in Pathadi, Kabri Pathar and Netrang and
also he got exposure visit in these places he got Jut Training, SRI Training and visit exposure
of mango-wadi in nearby places.
Graph : 6.5.1 Average per graph production

In above graph he horticulture yield has increase every year and he gives water to this land
and gets production increase. And he got 4 kg per Tree production in first year and next two
year he got 7, 9 kg respectively per Tree in two year.
He said that, “first I didn’t take interest to making-wadi but when he got some production
from this wadi then he realized that because of wadi his life become more sustainable.”
Also, he got Bio-Gas plant and sanitation from AKRSP (I) that is helping him for cooking
food. And he has one cow that he is doing milk business. Every day he sell 10 litter milk. He
sells milk to dairy.

52

Graph : 6.5.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In year 2005 he grown Wadi and implemented drip irrigation system and given other inputs
and cultivated Ground nut and Paddy as inter crops, But did not earn even the input cost. In
next three year he started growing vegetable crops in rotation with Paddy and Ground nut,
onion, tomato and brinjal etc. so his per annum income was fluctuating in all these three year.
In 2009 he started getting yield and thereby returns from Wadi so his income per year started
increasing every year.
Breakeven point in 4 th year see annexure table:1.7

53

Horticulture study in tribal south Gujarat region

Horticulture study in tribal south Gujarat region

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