3. Streaming videos is content sent in compressed form
over the Internet and displayed by the viewer in real
time. With streaming video, a Web user does not have to
wait to download a file to play it. Instead, the media is
sent in a continuous stream of data and is played a it
arrives. YouTube is one of the most biggest and popular
music video streaming program. There are dozens of
musicians who allow there music videos to be viewed by
fans and viewers on streaming programs (YouTube).
Many artists prefer streaming as they can still earn a
lot of money through the number of views. However
some artisit’s argue that the amount of income they
receive
For example Musician Zoë Keating is also in
favour of streaming music videos. Google Doc
revealed that nearly 97% of Keating's income
came from sales of her music on iTunes,
Amazon and her own Band camp website.

5. Streaming music videos means that music videos are now
targeting the niche market through the use of internet. This
means that music videos have also been able to become unique,
challenging and diverse, so they no longer have to appeal to
everyone; instead they can reflect the genre of their music and
push the boundaries.
Zoe Keating is a non-mainstream artist and she specifically
targets audiences who like to listen to Contemporary classical
and cello rock
Keating mainly uses the music-streaming service called Spotify

6. A new button within the Spotify app
allow users to bounce whatever music
they're playing to compatible speakers
on their Wi-Fi network. This is because
Spotify streams directly to the speaker
from its server, it doesn't necessarily
need the device that was used to initiate
the streaming to remain near it, or even
to remain on.
This means that any device linked to
the Wi-Fi network can connect to the
speakers. It also means it doesn't
drain the battery or prevent you from
doing certain things with your phone
while you're listening to music at
home

7.  Record labels are losing the control
they have over the distribution of
music videos due to losing control
over audiences accessibility. This is
because audience no longer have
the need to watch the most
expensive and dynamic videos such
as buying albums, instead audience
can watch music videos on YouTube
or Daily Motion

8. Audiences are no longer controlled; they watch what they watch to watch;
instead of watching/listening to radio stations or music channels such MTV
which selects which tracks and music videos to play. The increasing number of
fans have emphasised the power and popularity of music videos. For example
the `Gangnam style` hit 1 billion YouTube views.
Streaming also gives unsigned artists the chance to be noticed and
discovered- For example; Scooter Braun “found” Justin `Bieber` on YouTube
 Allows unknown and new artists to be known-gives them reorganisation e.g.
streaming sites such as Spotify and Itune recommend videos (sometimes new
artist's music-helps them to be discovered) to users

9. Spotify online applications allows users to stream music to computer devices or
mobile devices for £9.99 a month
Problems
•Musician Zoe Keating earned only $808 from 201, 412 Spotify streams (she
worked hard to create her music & got little out of it)-0.4% for every song that
was streamed
Opportunity
•Allows users to access more music when they want
•Allows artists to sell more as a wider range of audiences can access their
music from online platforms such as Spotify-also it give underground artists
who are not well known in the mainstream music market (e.g. their CD albums
are not available in shops which sell album records such as like H&M) to sell
more through targeting a niche market online

10. •Launched in 2008 (2006 originated in Sweden)
•Unlimited on-demand music-18 million tracks
•10 million users (2008)
•20 million users in Dec 2012)
• Listening limit: 10 hours per month
•80% of the users are using free account
•In the UK only 250,000 paying customers

11. Is a video-sharing site, created in February 2005 by three PayPal employees
Problems
•Harder to get famous like this (distribution platforms)-wide range of people
posting videos (diverse); you are competing in a large market (online market)
with a wide range of other people (many who are talented and more skilful
than others)
•When you are a partner with YouTube you still don’t get paid that much for
the views and you need very high views make a profit e.g. `Gangnam Style`
got 1,780,225,831 views and the Korean artist Psy received $8 (works out to be
around 0.44p per views-very less moneys for a single view)
Opportunity
•Allows all users from all around the world to get together with the use of the
web (really great way for non-professionals to get famous –promotes you for
free)
•Also you get paid for all your views (if you get a lot of views or a lot of
subscriptions to your channels)-monetising your video/s

12. •Record albums make more money from YouTube (protected- some content can’t be viewed in
some countries and some videos are disabled in certain countries due to copyright issues)
•Unlike traditional music media such as music channels or radio YouTube is more fast and easy
to access (audience can listen to the music they want and during whenever they want); in the old
days you had to wait until a particular music channel put on your favourites music videos (and
sometimes they weren’t put on) and you had to call up for your music to be played on the radio
(but you had to wait until it was your time-time consuming). However if your music video wasn’t’
played on the music channel than it wouldn’t have played and you had to just buy the album, but
now you can just watch it online and not wait for it
•If your somewhere across the world (e.g. Jamaica) you don’t have to wait until it comes to your
country. You can just watch it on YouTube (if someone tells you did you see that video than you
would search the music online and find it on YouTube e.g. the news of the new music video
`Gangnam Style` spread so fast through social networks and people starting to watch this video
on YouTube as it was the most spoke about (hot music topic) topic during that time-create way
to promote underground artist really fast such as Psy,
•Artists can use `VEVO` on YouTube to protect their work and to promote themselves.

13. Spotify
Net income= 25 m
51%= £13.25 given to music industry
Does not very much support unknown or new artists in terms of making a profit
(receive low income due to low views in comparison to the large views on mainstream
popular music
Artist such as Dave Steward are against Spottily
70% of Spotify’s revenue is paid out in royalties
 Problem isn’t Spoftiy failing to pay royalties (money given to artist-paying for their
songs every time it is streamed) but actually the record labels that work out as the
middle man to the artists who take too huge amounts of cut from their profit
Due to Spoftify there is now a reduced piracy in Sweden ever since 2006 by 25%
(dropped)
YouTube
YouTube makes money from advert
Numerous websites have popped out to allow and download YouTube content e..g
the most known and popular one is YouTube Downloader

14. Distribution
VEVO have a partnership with Sony Music Entertainment as well as Universal Music group-
so the awareness of these music videos are viewed to attract from all over the world (wide
promotion method-audience view it more)
Exchange
ITunes became the biggest music seller in 2008
Sony invested in VEVO due to their increasing popularity

15. X Artists have to work harder-more merchandises etc
X You have to work hard to e know first- you can’t expect to release a
song & everyone to buy it. You have to do tours etc e.g. going and
performing at festival contest/concerts with new artists

16. Invention of computers, smart phones and devices such as tablet computer which allow people
to access the internet;
Record selling shops such as H&M face more competitors due to the introduction of online
album shopping businesses such as Amazon and Ebay (which are thriving) as a result of
computers and internet being invented
New/Unknown/Underground Artists can make a money due to a n online niche audience
accessing their music and than streaming and buying from streaming sites and online album
shops.
Challenges for Record companies due to online piracy-the music industry is not being paid back
for their work and investment put into their work
Consumer power has increased-customers can taste music on YouTube and Spotify for free (or
through illegally downloading) before they buy the album (so that they know that their money
will be well spent and that the album is worth it purchase and spend money on it)
Given opportunity for non-professionals and non-pro musicians initially, to be discovered
through using cheap such as Final Cut Express, YouTube Editor (Post-production) and distributing
on online platforms such as YouTube e.g. Justin Bieber

17. •The unauthorized use or reproduction of copyright or patented material
•Packaging of pirate companies may or may not be different from original
Why it’s illegal
•Companies (record companies), individuals and artists have invested in making their music –by
downloading for free or illegally you are stealing their work without paying for it (therefore
artist's don’t receive money for their work every time it is downloaded for free)
•It is killing sales growth + profit for the music ($12.5 billion)
•Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America have the highest piracy (Least piracy in North
America)
•The more free availability there are the less people buy- not paying music industry for their own
things
•Artists have to merchandise or tour to get money (otherwise for illegal downloading they don’t
get royalties or fees)
Positive
•Some people who illegally download because they want to have a taste of the music/music
video (this is why ITunes are quite good as they can compete with piracy) to know what they are
going buy (music changes e.g. someone may want to know if their favourite band are still they
same or have changes e.g. their genre): then they can buy the album-restriction on consumer
power by the music industry
•Most downloads are teens ; they can’t afford to buy it, but it will keep them interested in the
music industry; so when they grow older they will be able to buy it

18. •Committed through illegally downloading music (not paying) –impacts on music industry in a
cost of profits (artist’s doesn’t get money for every music/music video downloaded illegally
meaning that some people who downloading their work illegally are not paying them for it)
•Piracy cot industry over $14.6 billion per year
•`OECD` study- 2.6 billion songs downloaded every month
•`Copyright law` created to protect ownership of original creative ideas. According to law
copyright protection is granted to `ownership right` and no one else
Music Piracy: How does the artist get their money from it
•Shakaira hits back at musician Lilly Allen (who is against illegal downloads) claiming that it
`brings me closer to fans`
•Helps artist-people who mostly take part in piracy are young (teenagers 14-19) and do not earn
enough income as they are usually not working. However when these teenagers turn into adults
and start to work and have jobs they give back to the music industry and artists; because they
now earn income they can afford to buy albums and record from shops (e.g. H&M, Tesco,
Sainsbury etc) and online businesses (e.g. Amazon/Ebay) because they want to support their
favourite artists (otherwise if no-one buy the artist’s music than they will be forced out of the
music industry as they will be making no money)
•SOPAR is an American Copyright law

19. How it effects audience
Word of mouth is interesting-people are sharing through social network websites e.g.
Facebook + Twitter, Hotmail people are sending videos to each other and putting up their music
videos on their Facebook page/wall. Also artists have their own twitter/Facebook page to
promote their latest music video
X Some companies such as Apple have restrictions for example Audience have to go through
ITunes first and therefore can’t directly share
How it is affecting music institutions
People share on social networks- `word of mouth` is increasing + record labels get free
publicity and their work get promoted for free
X Music institution makes less profit as they can get it for free
Music production process
Music discovery doesn’t affect production process but affects post-product process
Marketing
Ed Sheeran made it to the top (made it big/become famous quickly) without the use of record
label; become very popular + received lots of views because he had large views and big followers
(`I DON’T NEED YOU BUT YOU NEED ME`) this lead him to become signed by a record company

21. In the 1970s Disco become one of the biggest
genre of the decade, especially across North
America, Europe and Oceania. Other popular
genres were smooth jazz, soul, funk and hip
hop. Rock (punk rock, heavy metal, hard rock
and art rock) was mostly popular in the
Western countries.

22. Disco is the genre music which is
most associated with the 1970s.
Discos music videos consisted of
first appearing in dance clubs
using popular dance movement
such as “The Hustle” by Van
McCoy
Many Disco Divas at the time
were singers such as Diana Ross,
Donna Summer, Gloria Gaynor
and Anita Ward.
The film `Saturday Night Fever` was
released in December 1977, starring John
Travolta and featured the music of the `Bee
Gees` and several other artists. It had the
effect of setting off disco mania in the
United States. The `Bee Gees' soundtrack
to Saturday Night Fever became the best-
selling album of all time.

23. Hip hop music (influenced by
disco) was mostly consumed
through block parties/street
parties (a large public party
where members of the
neighbourhood gathered to
observe an event of some
importance or for mutual
enjoyment) which became
increasingly popular in New
York during the 1970s
Hip Hop become popular in the 70s for many reasons.
One reason was because of the hip hop music dance
movements such as break dancing and the beats used
which were enjoyable. These sort of dance movements,
became an entertaining hobby and was a form of a
healthy exercise which kept people fit and entertained-
therefore hip hop was used as competition, a chance to
show off their talent and win prizes (think about films
like step up, honey and 8 miles)
Another reason for the rise of popularity of Hip
hop music during the 1970s is because it was
described as an outlet and a "voice" for the
disenfranchised youth of low-economic areas,
as the culture reflected the social, economic and
political realities of their lives (genre audience;
mostly in New York City-Bronx). The lyrics told
stories which artists went through and through
Hip Hop music they presented their values and
believes (which were similar/shared by a lot
people living in New York at the time)
Rapping roots from African-American music.
African-American traditions of signifyin, the
dozens, and jazz poetry all influence hip hop
music, as well as the call and response patterns of
African and African-American religious
ceremonies. Hip Hop music and culture was
formed during 1970s in block parties; It was
introduced first in New York by immigrants from
Jamaica and from the Caribbean (including DJ
Kool Herc0considered father of Hip Hop). It then
became increasingly popular in New York City,
especially among African American youth residing
in the Bronx

24. The Hip Hop subculture is a world wide influence (majority of
its audience are non-black-75%) and it is one of the most
popular genre in the USA. Hip Hop grew its popularity through
being played at parties, basement parties and on the streets of
New York. Busy Bee Starki, DJ Hollywood and DJ Afrika
Bambaataa are known for inventing the term `Hip Hop. In
1979, hip hop rose awareness through the production of Sugar
Hill Gang's "Rapper's Delight." This was the first enormously
successful hip-hop song. As hip-hop began to evolve, rap
became a rhythmic form of expression against "the system"
such as the police. Subsequently, this prompted the music and
film industry to endorse rap and to collaborate with it. In 1985,
Krush Groove was released. This movie depicted the life of rap
music, earned $17 million and took rap to the next level: such
as becoming mainstream.

25. Music was mostly consumed through the
Radio and record album & tape.
`Rock` and `Roll` was one of the main
genre during this era (some famous artists
from this genre was Elvis and Chuck Berry)
Chuck Berry made Rock & Roll influential
by incorporating things that weren’t
focused before the 1950s such as electric
guitars, showmanship, guitar solos
Subculture was based on
youth; teen gangs in
particular which emerged
from the culture of being
progressive, non-conformist,
open about sexuality and
resisting authority
Musicians would constantly be seen
on the road; to reach a wider range
of new audiences; in order to be
widely spread in being noticed
UK major record
companies
established-several
producers and artists
launched for
independent label as
an outlet for their
work but failed
Before being famous, artists started small and
worked their way up to be recognised; they
started to perform locally at clubs and pubs and
worked in low end jobs such as waiters in Tinsel
Town

26. Beatles was a band
which was part of the
British invasion-
developed a viable
national music industry
The British Invasion was a
phenomenon that occurred in the mid-
1960s; when blue rock, beat sound,
rock and pop music of British culture
become popular within the US
The rock era continued
and American country
music was also introduced
Television broadcasted
music award shows, which
highlighted the best music
of the month/that year;
these shows helped albums
to become popular and
sales of certain records
continued to rise
Music during this era was more than
R&B-at that time the music was
about taping into what was
happening politically e.g. `Happy
Birthday` for Martin Luther King (for
his birthday to become a national
holiday) by Stevie Wonder
`swinging
60s`

27. A lot of artists rose to fame because their
music was tackling a lot of real life issue for
example Elvis Presley’s song were often
controversial or dealt with issues such as the
`Civil Rights Movement`
Very Political era-`Feminism`
and Racial tension (equal pay
rights and civil right act and).
There was a shift from religion
morals and traditional views
such as men being the
breadwinners whilst women are
domesticated and stay at home
as housewives. There was a
thirst for change and
progression (such as equality for
all races and genders)
Social impacts-people going
out and socialising e.g.
enjoying themselves with
friends and partners at the
Disco (social gatherings)
Elvis Presley’s Unique selling
Point-although he was white
he sang like a black man (he
could sing at a very fast pace
e.g. like in rap songs)
It was the beginning and the start of a modernising and
developing society (which started to unfold itself during
this era) towards progression for example the values of
the society known were religious and strict; many parents
of young girls who were fans of Elvis were worried. This is
because Elvis use to have a sexually provocative
performance style such as swinging his hips. Many young
girls of that generation loved him and his pop star image.
However, the generation before such as parents saw this
as a concern; the new generation were less attached by
traditional values and belief such as religion

28. Society started to become more
progressive and less tied down by
traditional values and beliefs e.g.
Dance movement which were
unacceptable during the previous eras
now started to become more
acceptable e.g. the Elvis Hip thrusting
movement become a lot tolerable by
parents and audience.
Famous artist Michael Jackson (often referred as the
`king of Pop`) not only influenced singers to just sing (in
particularly Black Afro-Caribbean American artists) but
also to perform and dance (Michael was one of the
first artist to create music video-one of the reason why
he is still a musician legend)
Audiences consumed music through
“tapes” and “cassettes” (fairly cheap-
recording popular songs of the radio
channels) and the TV such as `MTV`
and `Top of the Pop` =easiest way to
watch music videos
`R&B` & `Pop` was
very famous e.g. Abba,
Queen (rock), Michael
Jackson. Whitney
Houston, Prince, Lionel
Richie, Flash’s them
Public gatherings & parties-artist recognised in
bars & performance clubs (mouth-of-word) and
therefore being noticed and signed by label
records. + Going to concerts was high on the rise
because it was a chance to see the artist
Michael Jackson’s `Moon Walk`-everyone went wild for it;
kids would stay up late to watch this, his music and dance
style. A lot of Michael's song such as `Billie Jean` was
targeted at younger audience than adult (more focused on
a younger market)
Music videos (very popular in 80s) took focus
from radio-MTV (channel which aired music
videos and music which were top of the chart)
changed the essence of music (now no longer just
songs but also visuals) and a lot of money was
pumped into it because it was a big promotional
method as it was visuals-communicates the
power of visual art and how it had an impact on
the music industry

29. `Hip Hop` continued to
grow e.g. artist such as
Britney Spears and rose to
fame and `Pop` and `Punk`
were another genre which
continue to grow
Era when different genres
collaborated + reconstructed
together e.g. `neo-soul` + `punk funk`
Madonna (although was controversy
at the time-
sexualised and blasphemous) came
into success and had influence over
Western media culture. Rappers such
as `2Pac` also came into fame
(however 2Pac’s death occurred
during this era)
Hip Hop become the biggest
selling
Michael Jackson was named
as the `King of Pop`
Largely delivering music to public
while selling CD remained popular
Adoption of the internet-opened
up other ways for people and
audience to listen to CD and songs
(e.g. online downloads and
websites offering music)
Although rap was seen as
masculine; was dominated by
female rappers such as `Queen
Latifah` and `Salt-n-Pepa`
Female rap artist such as `Foxy Brown` and `Little Song’s` were
quite sexually explicit; sang and expressed rap through
mentioning about sex: it was what male rapper would usually sing
about (was seen as a masculine thing)= proved and showed that
they can do the same thing despite them being women
Women embracing their bodies and
flaunting it for their own advantage=
sexual liberalism

30. Girl power= `Spice Girl`
made way for other female
bands e.g. `Destiny’s Child`
Spice Girls were one of the
most successful girl band (all
female band) and set the
trend if the rise of female
bands
`Spice Girl` were one of
the biggest girl band-
that’s why they were
more popular (Unique
Selling Point)
There was a rise in female
singers and
Female bands
Spice girls help set a
foundation of what a girl
band should be-were one of
the first who helped turn
female bands into a genre
e.g. different characters such
as `Scary Spice`, `Posh Spice,`
`Sporty Spice,` `Baby Spice`
and `Ginger Spice`
Spice girl=they led to a rise
in all female bands= they
were the most successful
UK girl band in history and
broke into the American
market and championed
the Girl Power movement.
They had movies made
about them, dolls featuring
each group member; had a
lot of merchandises

31. Reality shows which
encouraged amateur singers to
become professionals and to
start a career as artists such as
`Pop Idols,` `X Factor` and `The
Voice` (allowed to create own
singles an get the attention of
the publicity
Matrix came out-led a
trend in introducing slow
motion moves and fast-
packed movement in
music videos YouTube became very
popular and becoming a very
popular ground for allowing
amateur singers to realise
their own clips and be
recognised by record label
and than being able to
pursue a career as a
professional artist companies
for example artists such as
Justin Bieber and Sarah Nash
High School Music-
introduced the pathway
of musical shows as
well as setting the trend
of incorporating music
into soap dramas (Glee)
and films (Camp Rock)
Consumed through
CD’s, music
channels, online
music webpage
such as YouTube
and Free YouTube
convertor (also the
car radio)
Hip Hop remained popular
and artists collaborated to
create an image e.g.
`Rihanna` ft. `Drake` and
`Jennifer Lopez` ft `Pitball`
UK genres= garage and
electronic music initiated from
early 90s e.g. Lissia Mactia, Ms.
Dynamite-these music still get
signed by record companies

32. Artists use social media to
promote themselves e.g. fan
page on Facebook. Twitter
Indie Pop become
increasingly popular
Pop stars having more
power over consumer such
as setting fashion trends
e.g, 2003-2004 Ian shogger
hairstyle and beard become
popular among young men
in the UK
Underground institutions targeted a
niche market e.g. although Lady
Gaga’s style of music and visual are
unusual and very much underground
she has also started to target a
mainstream audience
Mainstream institution
target a wide market
and follows values of
what normal artists
should feature in their
music videos
Selling merchandises such as
T-shirts, posters, artist’s own
makeup brand/ eye lashes
has become increasingly
popular e.g. Girls Aloud eye
lashes set
Pop stars being involved in other media
and events (film premiers) other than
music and videos to help further
increase their popularity and `brand
awareness` e.g. L'Oreal advert featuring
Cheryl Cole and Rihanna staring in the
film Battleship. Also popular artists such
as Lady Gaga has been a special
appearance in `Men in Black Film and
popular musician bands such as one
direction have created their own movies
called `One Direction The Movie`
`Sex` being promoted, represented
displayed and expressed freely than
ever before e.g. music videos with
adult or sexual content e.g. Cry Me A
River by Justin Timberlake. Music
videos with adult content concerning
homosexuals have also become
acceptable e.g. music videos about
lesbians such as I kissed a Girl by
Katy, Rihanna’s te amo and Shakira -
Can't Remember to Forget You ft.
Rihanna