The Haitian Revolution led to the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation after a successful slave revolt. Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, the revolt was led by Toussaint Louverture and resulted in the driving out of French troops by 1804. Meanwhile, revolutions in Latin America led to independence for Mexico in 1821 and many South American nations from Spanish rule under the leadership of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín between 1810-1825, resulting in the formation of new republics. Brazil transitioned to independence through negotiations between Portuguese royalty and creole elites in 1822.

1. Enlightenment and Revolution Spread Haiti, Mexico, and South America