5. supporting structures: scrotum, penis External Structures: Penis - comprised of 3 columns of erectile tissues(2 corpus cavernosa on the sides of the shaft; 1 corpus spongiosum around the urethra). Consists of the Shaft and the Glans Penis. Shaft - contains the urethra which is the passageway for urine and semen Glans - is highly sensitive (well supplied with sensory receptors) and is located at the dismal end of the penis. At the tip of the glans is the opening to the urethra, called urethral meatus. It is covered by a fold of skin, Prepuce/foreskin that is often removed during circumcision. Scrotum - rugated skin-covered muscular pouch/sac suspended from the perineum. It contains the testes, epididymis and the lower portion of the spermatic cord.
6. Penis a.Conduit for urine form bladder b. Male organ for sexual intercourse 2. Scrotum a.House testes and maintains their temperature at a level cooler than the body thus promoting normal sperm formation 3. Testes a.Endocrine glands that secrete the primary male hormone, testosterone 4. Seminiferous Tubules a.Location of spermatogenesis (within the testes) 5. Epididymis a. Storage for some spermb. Final sperm maturationc. Where sperm develops the ability to be motile. 6. Vas Deferens a. Storage of spermsb. Conduction of sperm form epididymis to urethra 7. Seminal Vesicle, Prostate, Bulbourethral gland a. Secretion of seminal fluids that carry sperm and provide for:- Nourishment of sperm- Protection of sperm from hostile acidic environment of vagina- Enhancement of motility of sperm- Washing of all sperm from urethra 8.Urethra a.hollow tube leading from the base of bladder, passing through the prostate gland, continues to the outside through the shaft and glans penis. 9.Cowper’s glands a.They secrete an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensures safe passage of spermatozoa.
42. Fear related to perceived threat of the surgical procedure and separation from support system.
43. Deficient knowledge of the preoperative aspects of circumcision and post-operative self care.
44.
45. Surgeons may perform preputioplasty with the aim of increasing the diameter of the preputial ring but without excising the prepuce (foreskin).
46. Circumcision is typically performed under gen. anesthesia. Foreskin is pulled back as far as it will go. It slit along its upper surface and then all around so that it can be removed. The raw edges of the inner and outer layers are stitched and a dressing is applied. rings without incision of foreskin
57. Encourage patient to regain the highest level of function and independence possible.
58.
59. Medium hypospadia -(10% of the cases) the meatus is located on the medium part of the penis, which often has a slight curvature.
60. Posterior hypospadia - (20% of the cases) these are the most severe types: the meatus is located at the base of the penis or in the scrotum of in the perineal scrotum. The penile curvature is considerable.Hypospadias: pathophysiology and etiologic theories Hypospadias is a congenital defect of the male urethra and phallus. Most boys with hypospadias have no other signs of under-masculinization or congenital malformations. The incidence appears to be increasing in the developed world. Evidence suggests that the etiology of hypospadias is multifactorial and that environmental conditions may have a role in the increasing incidence.
61.
62. Opening of urethra may be seen near head of penis, midshaft or beneath the scrotum.
91. Ambulate to perform self care activities w/c may restore normal activity of patient and to improve self esteem.
92. EPISPADIA is a rare congetinal malformation of male urogenital apparatus that consist of a defect of the dorsal wall of the urethra. The extent of defecvt can vary from a child glandural defect to complete defects as are observed in bladder exstrophy, diastasis of the pubic bones, or both occurs more commonly in males than in females. Etiology Unlike hypospadias, epispadias can be explain by defective migration of the paired primordia of the genital tubercle that fuse on the midline to form the genital tubercle at the fifth week of embryologic development. Pathophysiology In males, epispadias causes impotentiacoeundi, which results from the dorsal curvature of the penile shaft, and in impotentia generandi,which results from the incomplete urethra. Also reported are frequent ascending infections to the prostate r bladder and kidneys and psychological problems related to deformity if epispadia is distal to the bladder neck, urinary continence may be not be present.
119. Other generic defectsPathophysiology A prevalent but still unsubstantiated theory links undescended testes to development of the a fibromuscular band that connects the testes to the scrotal floor this band probably helps pull the testes into the scrotum by shortening as the fetus grow. May result from inadequate testosterone levels or a defect in the testes or the gubernaculum. Because the testes are maintained at a higher temperature by being within the body spermatogenesis is impaired, leading to reduced fertility.
173. VirusesPathophysiology Prostate tumors are usually adenocaricinomas that begin in the peripehery of the posterior lobe of the gland, whereas BPH occurs centrally and the gland is large by the time it restricts urination. The tumor may appear as normal prostatic tissue, which delays diagnosis. Typically, such lesions grow slowly and remain confined to the prostatic capsule, and if they occur late in life, the client may die of other causes. Sometimes, however, the tumor grows rapidly and metastasis has occurred by the time a diagnosis is made. When prostate cancer metastasizes (spreads), it does so mainly through direct extension to the bladder neck and seminal vesibles. Other spread occurs through lymphatic and hematogenous routes. Obturator and iliac nodes are commonly positive. With advanced disease, metastasis to the bone is common, as is spread to the lungs and liver.
213. OVARIAN CANCER Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an ovary. Most commonly forms in the living of the ovary (resulting in epithelial ovarian cancer) or in the egg cells (resulting in a germ cell tumor). ETIOLOGY Ovarian cancers are histologically diverse. At least 80% originate in the epithelium; 75% of these cancers are serous cystadenocarcinoma, and the rest include mucinous, endometriod, transitional cell, clear cell, unclassified carcinomas, and Brenner tumor. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Where epithelial ovarian cancer arise from cells derived from the ovarian surface epithelium and/or the peritoneal mesothelium is unclear; however, more than 70% of women present with tumor involving multiple peritoneal surfaces, suggesting the presence of metachronous peritoneal t tumors. In particular, primary peritoneal carcinoma appears to be one of the famililian ovarian cancer phenotypes.
229. Ask if there are known allergies to iodine or contrast dye. A contrast medium may be given intravenously to provide better visualization of body parts.
255. Collaborate with dietitians to help paients plan meals that will bw acceptable and meet nutritional requirements
256.
257. Uterine fibroids (also referred to as myoma, leiomyoma, leiomyomata, and fibromyoma) are benign (non-cancerous) tumours that grow within the muscle tissue of the uterus.
258. Uterine fibroids are the single most common indication for hysterectomyEPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY It has been estimated that 20% to 25% of women over 30 years of age develop uterine fibroid tumors (myomas). Uterine myomas occur more often in black women and in women who have never been pregnant. They rarely become malignant. Because their growth is stimulated by ovarian hormones, fibroid tumors of the uterus tend to disappear spontaneously with the advent of menopause. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The cause of uterine myomas is unknown. They do not appear to be transmitted genetically. Because uterine myomas regress after menopause, it has been suggested that they are stimulated by estrogen. The sizes of myomas are variable. Most are found in the body of the uterus (corporeal), but some occur in the cervix or may involve the broad ligament. Subserous growths may extend outward into the folds of the broad ligament, cresting as intraligamentary tumors that burrow outward to from retroperitoneal masses. Intramural growths may cause in change in the contour of the uterus if they are small. When the growths are larger, they may produce an actual uterine enlargement. Submucous tumors may impinge on the uterine enlargement. Submucous tumors may impinge on the blood vessels of the larger, they may impinge on the opposite uterine wall and distort the cavity of the uterus. In some instances, submucous tumors develop pedicles and may protrude through the vagina or cervix resulting in infection or ulcerations.
287. Uterine artery embolization – polyvinyl alcohol beads are injected into the blood vessels that supply the fibroids which block the flow of blood and causing necrosis.
288.
289.
290. Group 5 members: Balgos, Cecile Cortel, George Ivan Dasig, Ken Hensley Dela Cruz, Jesce Progio, Genesis
![The Male Reproductive System is consists of: ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)