This document discusses spatial data and concepts related to geography, such as place names, locations, and events. It provides an overview of key terms like geocoding, geotagging, and geographic information systems. It also describes how to encode spatial information and temporality in the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) framework, including using the KML language to embed geographic data. The document recommends resources for learning more about topics like GIS, spatial standards, and tools for working with spatial data.

1. Presenting Spatial Data
What’s So Spatial About it?
Putting Yourself in My Place:
Space, Place and Pattern
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25 February 2014

2. No Lecture Next Week 4 March
Will see you on 11 March

3. Did Anyone Happen to Try?:
UnBuilding Grand Central Station

4. So … browsing the gallery:
!
"Visual Complexity"

5. Visual Complexity
Good Examples??
Inspiring Ideas??
!
Complexity?
Patterns?
Aethetics versus Clarity
Can you visualise too much?
What complications does the move into the visual realm
introduce?

6. Minard x 2
New is Cool …but old classics rule!

8. Minard - Wheat and Exports

9. Snow

10. "Digitization makes the most traditional forms of humanistic
scholarship more necessary, not less.
But the differences mean that we need to reinvent, not
reaffirm, the way we engage with the humanities."

11. Can We Understand Place without Space
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Need a wee bit of
background in Geospace
!
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More than GIS
Geovisualisation?
Geoparsing?
Georeference
Geoparse
Geotag
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Geocode
Geolocate
GPS
GIS
Projection
Geovisualisation

12. Georeferencing
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Identify a place in space
Usually a minimum
of Longitude,
Latitude, Altitude

13. Geoparsing
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Identifying an entity
as a place as opposed
to another type within
a body of text;
To assign geographic
identifiers to words
and phrases in
unstructured content
Useful Services: Metacarta / Calais / CalaisFull

14. Geotagging
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Add geographical
reference information
to media such as
photographs, video,
websites, blog
posting, etc.

15. Geocoding
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The process of finding geographic coordinates from
address data
Reverse Geocoding

16. Geolocating
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Assessing the location of a real world object based on IPaddress, or mobile connection to the internet

17. Global Positioning Systems (GPSs)
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Series of US Defense Department Satellites in Orbit that
allow for accurate positioning in three dimensions
Additional services available from GLONAS (Russia) and
emerging GALILEO (Europe) and COMPASS (China)

18. Geovisualisation
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The use of geographical representation to allow for
analysis, decision-making and presentation

19. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
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GIS can display spatial data hidden in
tables and databases
Create detailed and intelligent maps
Integrate data to reveal trends and
relationships that bring new
perspectives to previously held beliefs
about people and places
Research questions in the humanities
often involve a spatial component that
only GIS can expose

20. Geospatial Data Standards
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KML
GML
GeoRSS
GPSX
Boundary File/Shapefile

21. Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
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A language for the visualisation
of geographic information
Placemarks
Ground Overlays
Paths
Polygons
Styles
Google Earth
Can be embedded in TEI

22. KML Object Model

23. Geographic Markup Langauge (GML)
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Adopted by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
Can be embedded in TEI

24. GML
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Feature
Geometry
Coordinate Reference
System
Topology
Time
Dynamic feature Coverage
Unit of measure
Directions
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Observations
Map presentation styling
rules

25. Place and the TEI
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Guidelines found in 13.2.3 Place Names and 13.3.4 Places
in P5
First concerns naming of place (duh!) and the second the
locating of the place in space (a little more complex)
Placename
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<placeName @type/> or <geogName @type/>
Place
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<place><placeName @type><location><geo/></location></
placename></place>

26. Place Naming
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placeName contains an absolute or relative place name
to a geo-political reference.
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<placeName/ @key>
eg.
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<placeName key=”FO-01”>
<settlement type=””town”>OFFOY
</settlement>
<country type=”nation”>France
</country>
</placeName>

27. Place Naming
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geogName contains an absolute or relative reference to a
geographic feature.
<geogName/ @key @type>
eg.
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<geogName key=”R01” type=”River”>
<name>Somme</name>
<geogFeature>River</geogFeature>
</geogName>

28. Locating a Place
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place contains direct reference to the location of a place.
eg.
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<place key=”offoy” type=”Town”>
<placeName notBefore=”1450”>OFFOY</placeName>
<location><geo>
<kml:Placemark id=”OFF-01”>
<kml:Point>
<kml:coordinates>49.7634,3.0115
</kml:coordinates></kml:Point>
</kml:Placemark></geo></location
</place>

29. Complicating Considerations
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Specifying a Coordinate System (default:WGS84)
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Dealing with places with different names at different
times
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<placeName notAfter="0056">Lugdunum</placeName>
<placeName notBefore="1400">Lyon</placeName>
Dealing with relative locations
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Otherwise use GeoDecl in TEI Header
<offset> or <measure>
Specifying a GML and KML within the TEI
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<geo><kml:Placemark/></geo>

30. Temporality and the TEI
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Referenced in 13.3.6 of P5
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The TEI Date
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<date @type @when/> where YYYY-MM-DD
<time @type @when/> where HH:MM:SS
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The TEI Event
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<event @key @when/><label/><description/><placeName/>

31. Encoding a Date
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date contains reference to a date in
any format.
eg.
<date when=”1918-01-06”
type=”Occassion”>
6 January 1918
</date>
!
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dates can be relative:
eg.
<date when="--12-02">
<date>A week</date>
<offset>before</offset>
<date when="--12-09">
<date type="occasion">my
birthday
</date> on
<date>9th December
</date></date></date>

32. Encoding a Time
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Time contains reference to a specific granular time of day.
eg.
<time when=”13:45:00”
type=”twentyfourHour”>
a quarter of two
</time>

33. Complicating Considerations
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Don’t specify accuracy that doesn’t exist
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If a day missing from a date use “--” or extra seconds “00”
Deal with other formats in transformation
Dealing with relative time and date
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<offset>

34. Events Tie together Place and Time
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event contains contains data relating to any kind of
significant event associated with a person or place.
<event/ @when @type>
eg.
<event type="battle" when="1918-03-21">
<label>German Spring Offensive</label>
<placeName>
<region>Northern France</region>
</placeName>
</event>

35. Keyhole Markup Language KML
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As I mentioned earlier it’s a language for the visualisation
of geographic information
There’s many entities that we can define in KML, we will
focus on places --> Placemarks
Ground Overlays, Paths, Polygons, Styles
All of which can be embedded in TEI

36. KML and Precise Place and Time
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<placemark/>
<name/>
<description/>
<point>
<coordinates/>
<timeStamp/>
<timeSpan/>
<when/>
<begin/><end/>
<Folder/>
<Document/>

37. Places to Visit
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Recipes: GIS Cookbook
Reference for KML: KML Tutorial
Standards: Open Geospatial Consortium
News: Slashgeo
Online Tutorial: MapSchool

38. How to Use Palladio

39. How to Use ARCGIS Online

42. for Next Lecture (11 March):
Presenting Complex Data Objects
Please take a look at:
!
How Collaboration Works and How it Can Fail
DH Contribution to Topic Modeling

43. Thank You
shawn.day@ucc.ie @iridium