Street lighting

Manual |STREET LIGHTING OVERVIEW, TECHNOLOGY & IMPLEMENTATION

Manual

All about “STREET LIGHTING“

The Sun Is Gone, but I Have A LIGHT – Kurt Cobain

Prepared by Mohammed Mohasin Shaik

| STREET LIGHTING | | 1 of 47


Contents Page

Executive summary 3

Street Lighting History 4

Street Lighting Project Implementation 5

Lighting Requirements for Various Areas 6

Type of Lighting System Configurations 7

Definition of Terms 9

Lamp Technology 11

Type of Lamps 12

Transformers 14

Lighting Equipements 21

Various Poles 22

Various Base 29

Luminaire Types 30

Effective Lighting System 33

Type of Street Lighting Problems 34

Installations 39

Maitenance 40

Records 41

Questions & Answers 42

Additional Photographs 43

References 45



Executive summary

Purpose
This document is the Project Report as output of the analysis and research that has been
undertaken. It addresses the practices, technical aspects and process of Street Lighting.

Back Ground
Lighting is a major end use of electricity & 19% global electricity generation is taken for lighting.

Providing Street Light is one of the most important and expensive – responsibility of a city. Street
Lighting is a particularly critical concern for public authorities in developing countries because of
its strategic importance for economic and social stability.

Objectives

The objectives of this project and thus this report are to:

 Lighting has always been an effective tool to promote a city

 Promotes and support safe operation of vehicles at night

 Deters unlawful activity

 To provide night time safety of road users

 To reduce crime and the fear of crime during the hours of darkness

 That good street lighting design minimizes the effect on the environment whilst
enhancing the night – time ambience

 Enhancement of commercial (especially retail sales) properties by attracting
evening shoppers, audiences and other users.

 Improvement of traffic flow at night by providing street lighting

 Raising quality of living by providing good street lighting

 Reducing number of night time road accidents



Street Lighting History

Street Light or Street Lamp or Lamp Post or Light Standard

A Street Light is a raised source of light on the edge of road or walkway, which is turned or
lit at certain time every night.

The earliest lamps were used by Greek and Roman civilizations , where light primarily
served the purpose of security, both to protect wanderer from tripping over something on
the path as well as keeping the potential robbers at bay. At that time oil lamps were used.

The first modern street lamps, which used kerosene, were introduced in Lviv in what was
then the Australian Empire in 1853.

The first electric street lighting employed arc lamps. Today, Street Lighting commonly uses
high – intensity discharge lamps, often HPS High Pressure Sodium Lamps. Such lamps
provide the greatest amount of illumination for the least consumption of electricity.

Modern Lamps may also have light sensitive photocells to turn them on dusk, off at a
dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather.



Street Lighting Project Implementation

Street Lighting Project Have Several Stages:

 Lighting Requirements and Needs

(Identifying the needs and lighting requirements of the roads)

 Best Available Technology

(Identify best available technology and design to meet the lighting requirement)

 Procurement and Tender Evaluation

(Evaluate tenders based on life cycle cost instead of lowest price)

 Operation and Maintenance

(Incorporated good operation and maintenance to avoid energy waste)

 Measurement and Evaluation

(Evaluate the project and look for improvement)

The Most Common Reasons for Inefficient Street Lighting Systems:

 Selection of inefficient luminaries

 Poor design and installation

 Poor power quality

 Poor operation and maintenance practices



Lighting Requirements for Various Areas

Central Business Districts
Lighting here should not only be sufficient for people to see at night, but also to enhance the
general atmosphere.

Housing Estates
The lighting recommendations should be achieved over the whole of the area between property
boundary lines.

Industrial Estates
The lighting in these areas is normally restricted to the road network, the lighting being for the
benefit of those travelling to and from the estate. Individual premises would normally provide their
own additional lighting for any outdoor loading/working areas.

Main Roads
The lighting requirements should be achieved over the whole surface of the road on which
vehicles travel. If there is significant pedestrian movement then pedestrian areas should also be
included in the design considerations.

Minor Roads
These will have less traffic usage than the roads described above. Vehicles will be using their own
lights for guidance so the fixed lighting will be primarily for the use of pedestrians



Type of Lighting System Configurations

 Bridge Lighting

 Highways Lighting

 Intersection Lighting



 Roundabout Lighting

 Street Lighting

 Underpass Lighting



Definition of Terms

Definitions
Table

Term Explanation

Ammeter An Electric Meter used to measure current, calibrated in amperes.

Ampere The Basic SI unit measuring the quantity of current.

Ballast Usually a copper winding around a steel core, this is act as an inductor and limits
the current through the lamp. It is connected in series with lamp.

Cable An assembly of insulated conductors, ether buried or carried on poles .

Cable Tray A specialization form of raceway used to hold insulated electrical power cables.

Candela The unit of luminous intensity.

Continuous Load A Load where the maximum current is expected to continue for three hours or
more.

Conductor Material suitable for carrying electrical current.

CRI Color Rendering Index scale is used to compare the effect of a light source on the
color appearance of its surroundings.

Current Rate of transfer of electricity, measured in amps (I).

Diagnostics One of a set of tests to run through a system that determines whether the system is
functioning correctly.

Duct Underground or overhead tube for carrying electrical conductors or cables.

Earthing An Earth connected electrical conducting connection that may be designed or
non-intentionally created.

Energy Is capable of doing work.

Failure Manifestation of an error at system level. It relates to execution of wrong actions,
non execution of correct actions.

Fault A physical defect

Feeder Overhead lines or cables that are used to distribute the load.

Feeder Circuit An Electrical Circuit designed to deliver power from the service equipment.

Flicker Variation in light intensity due to 6oHz operation. Can cause eye strain.

Glare The brightness of a light source which causes eye annoyance, discomfort.

Ground A large conducting body (as the earth) used as a common return for an electrical
circuit and as an arbitrary zero for potential.

Grounded Conductor A System or Circuit Conductor that is intentionally grounded, usually white or gray
in colour.

HID High Intensity Discharge.

Ignitor This is usually some form of external electronic device that is used to start some
discharge lamps.

Illuminance It is called light level and is measured in foot candles (fc).

Insulation

Lamp Lamp is the basic source of light and converts electrical energy into radiation.
(visually evaluated radiant energy)



Term Explanation

Lighting System Any scheme used for illuminating a scene

Luminaire A complete unit consisting of lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to
distribute the light, protect the lamps and to connect the lamps to power supply.

Luminance Luminance is referred to as brightness.

Lumen The radiation which comes from the lamp is measured in lumens (lm).

Luminous Intensity The force of luminous flux in a specified direction , measured in candela (cd)

Mega ohm A unit of electrical resistance equal to one million ohm.

Mega Ohm meter An instrument for measuring high resistance.

Ohm The derived SI for electrical resistance.

Ohm meter An instrument for measuring resistance in ohms.

Over Current Any current in excess of the rated current of equipment.

Over Load Load greater than the load for which the system.

Panel Board A group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of single panel.

Photocell Photocells can be used for individually switching street lights.

Safety The probability that a system will either perform its function correctly .

Service Conductor The supply conductors that extends from the street main or transformers to the
service equipment.

Service Equipment The necessary equipment, usually consisting of a circuit breaker or switch and
fuses and their accessories.

Short Circuit Electrical Loads which occur during fault conditions, and are usually high current
flow.

Starter A device used with ballast to start preheats fluorescent lamps.

Switch A Switch intends use in general distribution and branch circuits. It is rated in
amperes and capable of interrupting its rated voltage.

Transistor A Semiconductor device with three or more electrodes commonly used to

Transformer A Transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current
from one voltage to another.
It can be designed to step up or step down voltages.

Vapor Pressure Pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with a solution.

Visibility The quality or state of being perceivable by the eye.

Volt (V) Unit of measurement of electromotive force or electrical potential.

Voltage The difference in electrical potential between two points of an electric circuit.

Voltage Drop The loss of voltage between the input to a device and the output from a device
due to the internal impedance or resistance of the device.

Voltage Stability A measure of power system stability which considers the system capacity to
support given load.

Voltmeter An instrument for measuring a potential difference between different points of
electrical circuits.

Wattmeter An instrument for measuring electrical power in watts.



Lamp Technology

Type Of Lamp Luminous Colour Lamp Life In Remarks
Efficiency Rendering Hours
(lm/W) Properties

High Pressure 36-65 lm/W Fair 10,000 – 15,000 High Energy Use
Mercury Vapour
(MV) Poor Lamp Life

High Pressure 50-150 lm/W Fair 15,000 - 24,000 Energy Efficient
Sodium
Vapour(HPSV) Poor Colour
Rendering

Metal Halide 70-130 lm/W Excellent 8,000 – 12,000 High Luminous
(MH) Efficiency

Poor Lamp Life

Low Pressure 30 – 90 lm/W Good 5,000 – 10,000 Poor Lamp Life
Mercury Vapour
Medium Energy
Use

Low Pressure 100 – 190 lm/W Very Poor 18,000 – 24,000 Energy Efficient
Sodium Vapour
Poor Colour
Rendering

Light Emitting 70 – 160 lm/W Good 50,000 High Energy
Diode (LED) Savings, Low
Maintenance,
Long Life



Type of Lamps

High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps
High pressure mercury vapor lamps are one of the most common types used in outdoor
lightning, first used in the early 1960’s. This lamp is expensive and lasts around three years. It
has a good voltage tolerance and burns universally.ti is extremely energy in-efficient and
contains mercury. Mercury lamps provide white light.

High Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps
High pressure sodium vapor lamps are very energy efficient and last up to four years. The
lamp is optically efficient but shows a long run up time. High pressure sodium vapor lamps
provide an orange/yellow colored light. Sodium vapor lamps cause less light pollution than
mercury.



In Deep: Type of Lamps

Metal Halide Lamps

A Metal Halide Lamp is an electric light that produces light by an electric arc through a
gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides. They are similar like mercury
vapor lamps but contain additional metal compounds in the arc tube, which improve the
efficiency and color rendition (whiteness) of the light.

Metal Halide Lamps used in commercial, industrial, public spaces & retail applications.

LED ( Light Emitting Diode ) Lamps

LED Systems are almost maintenance free and lifetime is considerably longer than other
lamps. LED is not subjected to sudden failure and can also operate with low voltage. They
produce less heat. LED Lamps are extremely energy efficient.

LED Lamps are used for both general and special purpose applications.



Transformers

A Transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one
voltage to another. It can be designed to step up or step down voltages and works on the
magnetic induction principle. A transformer has no moving parts and completely static
solid state device.

Two adjacent coils and coils not physically connected to each other.

Transformer Oil act as Coolant and Insulator

 Low Viscosity

 High Flash Point

 Chemically Inert

 Good Insulator



Type of Transformers

Step Up Transformer - VS > VP

Step Down Transformer - VS < VP




Air Core – Inside area of coils are empty

Open Core – Ferromagnetic material inside coils




Closed Core – Ferromagnetic ends connected

Shell – Overlap of coils on same ferromagnetic core



Transformer Photographs

Oil Filler Power Transformer

Pole Mounted Distribution Transformer



Transformer Photographs

Three Phase Pole Mounted Step down Transformer

Three Phase Large Network Transformer



Transformer Failures

Cause of Failure

 Insulation

 Insufficient Oil Level

 Design / Manufacturing Errors

 Oil Contamination

 Overloading

 Fire / Explosion

 Line Surge

 Maintenance / Operation

 Flood

 Loose Connections

 Lighting

 Moisture

 Unbalanced Loading



Lighting Equipments

Structural

 Poles

 Pole Bases ( Foundations )

Optical

 Luminaries

 Lamps

Electrical

 Ballasts

 Circuit Breaker

 Fuse Box

 Ignitor

 Transformer

 Power Cables

 Sodium Trans

 Mercury Trans

Transport

 Electric Basket Crane

 Hydraulic Crane

 Supervisory Vehicle



Various Poles

Bent straw Pole



Various Poles

Bridge Pole



Various Poles

Standard Pole with 9 Foot Davit



Various Poles

Double Davit Arm Pole



Various Poles

Double Vertical Mount Pole



Various Poles

High Mast Tower Poles



Various Poles

Solar Street Light Pole



Various Base

Steel Base

Concrete Base

High Mast Tower Base



Luminarie Types

Cobra Head Luminaire

Vertical Mount Luminaire



Luminarie Types

High Mast Luminaire

Shoebox Luminaire



Luminarie Types

Decorative Luminaire

Bridge Underpass Luminaire



Effective Lighting System

Features Benefits

Proper pole height & spacing Provide uniform light distribution

Proper Luminaire aesthetics Blends in with the surroundings

Good maintenance Reduce problems in lightning

High lamp efficiency Minimize energy cost

Life of Luminaire Reduce lamp replacement cost

Good colour rendering Helps object appear more natural

Proper light distribution Provide required light on roads

Cost effectiveness Lowers operating cost

Minimizing light pollution & glare Reduce energy use



Type of Street Lighting Problems

 Broken glass

 Ballast out

 Damaged poles

 Damaged fuse boxes

 Earthing problems

 Exposed power cables

 Flickering

 Graffiti on poles

 Ignitor Out

 Lantern hanging off

 Leaning poles

 Lights which are not operating

 Lights which are going on and off

 Lights on in daylight hours

 Lights out all together

 Loose columns in the ground

 Low Transformer Oil

 Manhole Problems

 No Numbering On Poles & Substations

 Trans Out

 Open , broken or mixing light fixture

 Power cable short problems

 Un Equality In Load Balance



INSTALLATION

Installation Work as Below:

 Change of Damaged Fuse Boxes

 Constructing Safety Poles for Substations

 Constructing Concrete Foundations for Substations

 Installing New Luminaire

 Installing New Luminaire Cover

 Installing New Decorative Luminaire

 Installing Poles of Any Height

 Installing High & Low Tension Transformers

 Laying Cables In Underground or Walls

 Making Asphalt or Paved Digging

 Numbering Poles and Substations

 Painting the Poles and Substations



MAINTENANCE

Cleaning, Night Inspection, Repairs and Replacement of Lamps

The objective of lighting maintenance is to ensure efficient, safe and reliable working process.

This will be achieved by:

 Regular night inspection for failed lamps.
 The replacement or repair of defective equipment.
 Cleaning of the optical components.
 Cleaning of the fuse boxes.
 Cleaning of the substations and manholes.
 Cleaning Transformer / Panels.
 Closing all manholes.
 Increasing Transformer Oil
 The programmed replacement of lamps at the end of their useful life.
 The regular testing of the electrical equipment.
 Testing Transformer Oil, Increase or Change Oil.
 Testing Earth Resistance and Load Balance.
 Repair Concrete Foundation
 Repair Damaged Iron Poles
 Fixing Lock for Substation & Transformer Chambers.

Cleaning

The cleaning cycle should take account of local levels of air pollution. Light from the lantern will
reduce with time due to the buildup of dust and dirt on both the inside and outside faces of the
optical components. To minimize this it is essential to clean at regular intervals.
Plastic surfaces should not be polished. They should first be cleaned with water containing a small
quantity of suitable detergent, then wiped over with a leather or cloth soaked in clean water (or
a proprietary spray cleaner may be used)

Repairs
This includes such work as:

 Replacement of random type failure.
 Replacement or repair of faulty equipment-electrical or structural.
 Supply fault rectification.
 Replacement or repair of equipment damaged by accident or vandalism.
 The repair team should carry sufficient replacement components for their day's work.

Replacement of Lamps

Relamping is carried out in one of two ways. These are:

 Random Change (Reactive Maintenance)
 Replacing lamps individually on failure.
 Bulk Change (Preventative Maintenance)
 Replacing groups of lamps at a predetermined life.



RECORDS

Accurate records are vital to the successful running of a lighting system:
 To identify the equipment installed

 To monitor its performance

 To program the routine maintenance

 To verify the energy charges (if not metered)

 Identity No (As recorded on the pole or column)

 Identity No (Pole / Feeder / Substation)

 Location

 Mounting height and bracket outreach

 Type of mounting (column, pole or wall bracket)

 Electricity supply

 Lantern type

 Light source (type) and wattage

 Control gear

 Switching apparatus(Photocell)

 Routine maintenance dates

 Bulk lamp change dates



Questions and Answers

LIGHTING SYSTEM
Table

Question Answer

1. GLS Stands for? General Lighting Service.

2. ANSI? American National Standards Institute

3. Most commonly used lamps  Incandescent
 Fluorescent Lights
 Gas Discharge Lamps

4. Down light A type of ceiling Luminaire

5. The average rated life of CFL is? 10,000 Hours

6. What is the typical frequency of 30 kHz
operation of electronic ballast?

7. A device that distributes and Luminaire
filters the light emitted from one
or more lamp is

8. Luminaire consists of?  Lamp
 Lamp Socket
 Ballast
 Reflective Materials

9. Colour rendering index is 1-100
measured in the scale of

10. One lux is equal to One lumen per m2

11. The average rated life of CFL is 10,000 hours

12. If voltage is reduced for gas Reduced power consumption
discharge lamps, it will result in

13. What is luminous efficiency? Luminous efficiency is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp
to the power consumed by the lamp

14. What are the merits of LED  Less Power Consumption
Lamps over Filament Lamps?  Longer Operating Life

15. Describe the advantages of Most of the problems faced by the lightning equipment due to
providing transformer exclusively supply voltage fluctuations.
for lighting? By installing transformer, which regulate the voltage exclusively for
lightning circuits and also reduce the voltage related problems.



Additional Lighting Photographs



References

 http://www.altavista.com

 http://www.bstlamps.com

 http://www.celma.org

 http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com

 http://www.clintonfoundation.org

 http://www.codedifferent.com

 http://www.dial4light.de

 http://www.freepatentsonline.com

 Http://www.google.com

 http://www.globalmarket.com

 http://www.iaeel.org

 http://www.ledcity.org

 http://www.ledsmagazine.com

 http://www.leonardo-energy.org

 http://www.lightcity.eu

 http://www.mrs.org

 http://www.ngldc.org

 http://www.radiolocman.com

 http://www.urbangreenenergy.com

 http://www.wikipedia.com

 http://www.youtube.com



Catch Up

I’m Mohammed Mohasin Shaik

Blogger | Cheerful | Highly Driven

I’m a Professional Electrical Engineer

I’m a Person who is enthusiastic & positive about every aspect of life

Done a key research in Renewable Energy Sector (Solar & Wind)

Key Focus: Business Development, Marketing Strategy & Techno Sales

Specialties: Energy Efficient Lighting, Energy Conservation and Solar Energy

Mail Me: shaik.mohasin@yahoo.com

Talk on Skype: shaik.mohasin

Visit My Blog http://www.shaikmohasin.wordpress.com

Life Mantra: “Success Comes In Can’s Not Cant’s “

Unique Application of LED Lighting



THANK YOU


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