This document provides information on types of human settlements from megacities to hamlets. It discusses features of different settlement sizes and their typical populations. Models of urban structure are also summarized, including Burgess, Hoyt, Harris-Ullman, and Mann's models. The advantages and limitations of each model are highlighted. Further topics covered include studentification, ghettoization, counter-urbanization, and inner city decline. Case studies are presented on London Docklands as an example of regeneration.

1. Features
Geography
Of
Flipbook
Settlements
Mega city More than 10mil Megacity eg. New York
Capital City More than 2mil Population 10 mil +
City 150,000-2 mil Numerous large universities and
Large town 25,000-150,000 schools
Small town 2,500-25,000 Many airports
Village 100-2,500 Very rich and very poor people
Hamlet 10-100 Stock exchange
Isolated dwelling 1-10
Overcrowded
City eg. Oxford
Towns on outskirts contain
primary schools which feed into Large Town eg. Reading
secondary in the centre
Council estates
Hospitals
Fire and police stations
Universities
Banks, retail outlets and fast food
HQ of many banks
Overpriced housing
Buses, trains and taxis
High end jobs
Multicultural
Village eg. Hurst
Small Town eg. Sheridon
Village hall
Few primary schools
Butcher, baker, newsagent
Local businesses
Commute for work
Local GP
Church
1 bank
Pubs
In Sheridon: 17,000 people
1 bus an hour
Local shops
No trains

2. Rural-Urban Continuum
No human inhabited place is
truly urban or truly rural, they
are all shades of grey within the
Structure
continuum, though many are
closer to one than the other.
Of
there are not always clear
boundaries, but may be some Settlements
indicating factors eg. Population
Burgess Model
The model is based on 1920s
Chicago and show the centre
of the city is the oldest, most
economic district. The inner
city has factories and industry,
with the next ring providing
working class residential areas.
middle class and commuters live
in the out-most rings.
Advantages of Burgess
Most older areas are based
on a similar structure
Limitations of Burgess
Hoyt Sector Model
The model is very old and many
The model is a modified version
things have changed socially
of the Burgess model and
since then
allowed for city development
New working and housing
and the expansion of zones
trends have developed
and outward progression of
Every city is different
growth. It also shows it isn't
The model may be
as simple as just rings.
oversimplifying cities.

3. Advantages of Hoyt
It looks at the effect of
transport and communication
links
Some cities do seem to follow
the model
Harris-Ullman Model
Limitations of Hoyt It says that even though a city may
There is no reference to have began with a CBD, other smaller
CBD's develop on the outskirts of the
the physical environment city near the more valuable
There is no reference to out of housing areas to allow shorter
town services commutes from the outskirts of the
The growth of a sector can be city. This creates nodes or nuclei in
stopped with land use leapfrogging other parts of the city besides the
out of the inner city CBD thus the name multiple
nuclei model.
Advantages of Harris-Ullman
It is suitable for big, expanding
cities
It is clear to understand
It was the first model to
consider then complexity of a
city rather than simplifying it
Mann's Model
Limitations of Harris-Ullman Combines the sector theory with
It assumes that land is flat with the concentric zone model.
an equal distribution of Four basic sectors are postulated:
resources and workers. middle class, lower middle class,
It doesn't work as well in working class, and lower working
smaller settlements class. Each sector displays four
zones.

4. Advantages of Mann's
More up to date than the other
models
Can be adapted to fit cities
Limitations of Mann's
Social and
Doesn't fit all cities or urban
areas
Cultural
Structure
Studentification Studentification: Social impacts
Studentification is a large influx Graduation celebrations
of students moving into an area, Students having fun
Socializing at parties
often to be closer to a
Drunk and disorderly behaviour
university and may seem to Illegal activity
take over the area, changing Obesity from fast food
social, economic and Need for more police
environmental aspects of it. Spread of STDs
Studentification: Economic impacts
University gets more students
and more money
Studentification: Environmental Impacts
Increased income for bars Vandalizing public property
Fast food outlets make lots Horrible eyesores
of money
Vermin and maggots from litter
Increased house prices More pollution
Paying to enforce law
Houses abandoned after term
use only

5. Studentification Case Study Studentification Case Study
Swansea – Brynmill & Uplands Swansea – Brynmill & Uplands
Noise problem 7/95 houses have permanent
Litter and damages problems residents in Bryn road
Houses damaged Sleepless nights for residents
Backyards used as dumps University isn't perceived as
Neglected and run down Doing enough to control students
properties 18,000 students and only
Unkempt gardens 3,500 rooms
Studentification Case Study Studentification Case Study
Swansea – Brynmill & Uplands Swansea – Brynmill & Uplands
Families moving out as more Attracts investment
students move in Provides new jobs
A minority of the students are
Cheap tuition fees make the
Causing problems and altering
Perception of students in Area attractive
General Can't force students to live
Contrast between term time On campus
And non term time Wheelie bin fights and ASB
Ghettoisation
Studentification Case Study
An area is isolated for residence
Swansea – Brynmill & Uplands
Pubs converted into bars
by only people of one ethnic,
Increase in fast food religious or national group. The
Increase in cheap booze Most famous historical ghettos
Diversification of services Were those that Nazis kept
Multi-occupancy Jews in, but now many different
House stock rehabilitation People are kept in various ghettos
For different reasons.
Mann's Model
Ghettoisation: Causes Combines the sector theory with
Prejudice towards a certain the concentric zone model.
group Four basic sectors are postulated:
A misconception or incorrect middle class, lower middle class,
perspective of a group working class, and lower working
A segregation of peoples class. Each sector displays four
zones.

6. Ghettoisation: Social impacts
Ghettoisation: Economic impacts
High crime rate High cost on hospitals
Discrimination Money to replace areas damaged
Unemployment in conflicts
Illiteracy Poverty
Conflictc
Ghettoisation Case Study
Southall
Less than 12% of the population
Ghettoisation: Environmental Impacts
Derelict buildings Is white.
Urban decay Over 55% of the population is
Indian or Pakistani
It is home to one of the largest
Sikh temples outside of India
Ghettoisation Case Study
Ghettoisation Case Study Small Heath, Birmingham
Southall The population is mainly of
The culture of the area has been Pakistani (51%) and Bangladeshi
heavily swayed to a more (9%) descent, while people
Asian theme of White British ethnicity is 22%.
The sign at the train station is There are many mosques and
written in both English and The majority of the population is
Punjabi Muslim
It has a bad reputation
Push factors
High crime rate
Cost of living
Migration Lack of services
Drought
Flooding
Poverty
War

7. Pull factors Counter-urbanisation
Better environment Decentralisation of population
Ability to commute to work from large urban areas to smaller
Better transport links ones or rural areas. Thought to be a
result of both improved
Better services
communication
Cheaper cost of living and connectivity as well as a
More space reaction against the problems
More suited to needs associated with large urban areas
Counter-urbanisation Case Study
Cardiff - Llantwit Major
Why Counter-urbanisation Cardiff docks reached its peak in
Areas are more accessible now 1913, exporting 13.5 mil tonnes of
There are better services and coal
facilities This dropped rapidly after WWII
There is available housing and, coupled with the closure of the
The local environment is East Moor Steelworks, unemployment
rose
attractive
Low income, racial prejudice and
ageing housing rose
Counter-urbanisation Case Study
Counter-urbanisation Case Study
Cardiff - Llantwit Major
Cardiff - Llantwit Major
Llantwit major offered employment
By the 1970s, people were moving
in Industrial Estates, building on
away from the bay as an “area of
Brownfield sites and businesses
discard”
It has very good access
These urban “refugees” bought
As it is brownfield, planning
property in fairly close Llantwit
restrictions are relaxed
Major (15 miles) and commuted
The rural environment provides a
to jobs in central Cardiff
nicer place to work
Why Sub-urbanisation
Sub-urbanisation The area is more accessible than
The process by which people, it used to be
factories, offices and shops There is more space to expand
move out from the central It is a more pleasant environment
areas of cities and into the suburbs. People have the ability to commute
or even work from home

8. Re-urbanisation
the process whereby towns and Why Re-urbanisation
cities which have been experiencing The area may have been
a loss of population are able to regenerated/gentrified
It is closer to work and services
reverse the decline and begin to
There is better education
grow again. Some form of New malls and shopping centres
redevelopment is often have been developed
required to start re-urbanisation.
Re-urbanisation Case Study
Re-urbanisation Case Study
London Docklands
London Docklands
In the 1950s, the docks had become
Population had declined
derelict and abandoned
Employment was in decline
An increase in ship size meant
95%+ of housing was rented and
they found it difficult to come
including high density terraced
down the river
houses and large estates
Containerisation meant few
dominated by high rise blocks
dockers were needed with large
Shopping faciliities were limited
cranes used to lift containers
Lack of open space and recreation
from ships
Re-urbanisation Case Study Re-urbanisation Case Study
London Docklands - Environmental London Docklands - Economic
More pedestrian areas were £1120 was invested from the
developed public sector
150 ha of open space was made £8420 was invested from the
17 conversational areas were set private sector
up Unemployment fell from 14% to 7.4
100,000 trees were planted 100,000 commuters travel on a
The Docklands Light Railway was daily basis
developed with 126 stops Businesses doubled from 1160 to 2360
Re-urbanisation Case Study
Re-urbanisation Case Study London Docklands - Successes
London Docklands - Social It provided trade for local shopkeepers
There was a wide range of social,
15,200 new houses were built
environmental and economic benefits
17,000 new jobs were created
Accessibility in and out of the
Population doubled from 35,000 docklands was greatly improved
to 70,000 It addressed the land, housing and
A new shopping centre was built commercial problems the area had
previously faced

9. Re-urbanisation Case Study
London Docklands - Failures
It didn't actually help the original
Nappy Valley eg. Battersea
residents of the area – many found Nappy Valley is a term or
it to be too expensive to stay and had epithet applied to various
to move places to denote a particularly
It completely changed the job structure high local reproductive
of the area from secondary to tertiary
There was a reduction in a feeling demographic profile.
of community in the area
Consequences of Nappy Valley
Why is there a Nappy Valley? There are more parent and toddler
An area with vast amounts of groups
mothers already living there will There are many good nurseries
attract other mothers looking for a There is increased sales for cafés
secure environment for their children and restaurants
The area caters specifically for House prices may rise
mothers with “Cafe culture” and Childless couples or singles may
many schools and mother and move away
toddler groups The area may become overcrowded
Paedophiles may prey on the area
Retirement areas eg. Dorset Why is there a Retirement Area?
Retirement areas is a term or The elderly move to better areas to
epithet applied to various enjoy retirement
places to denote a particularly The impact of the ageing population
from the baby boom is starting
low local reproductive Some areas offer a better suited
demographic profile with the lifestyle to the elderly
majority of residents being The may want a prettier environment
older than 65 for their last years. eg. With a beach
Consequences of Retirement Areas
Elderly are less likely to litter
There is more use of public transport
More jobs are available for the
younger people that are there Inner City
Decline
Pressure on social services and
healthcare
Tax increase to support them
Possible abuse and discrimination
More vunerable people

10. Causes of Inner City Decline
Lack of investment
It is easier to outsource than have Consequences of Inner City Decline
people from the inner city working Those who can afford to leave do,
New industries don't want to locate leaving just the poorest people in the
inner city
in the already declining inner city It may get a bad reputation as a slum
People are able to suburbanise and There is even less investment and it
counterurbanise so live in other areas declines further
instead
There is a poor physical environment
Gentrification
A process by which run-down houses
Regeneration and redevelopment in an inner city or other neglected area
The improvement of old houses are improved by better off
(affluent) people who move there in
and the addition of amenities order to have easier access to the
in an attempt to bring new life jobs and services of the city centre.
to old inner city areas. The 'improving' social group changes
attract more people of the similar
wealthier social group.
Regeneration Case Study
Regeneration Case Study
London Docklands
London Docklands
In the 1950s, the docks had become
Population had declined
derelict and abandoned
Employment was in decline
An increase in ship size meant
95%+ of housing was rented and
they found it difficult to come
including high density terraced
down the river
houses and large estates
Containerisation meant few
dominated by high rise blocks
dockers were needed with large
Shopping faciliities were limited
cranes used to lift containers
Lack of open space and recreation
from ships
Regeneration Case Study Regeneration Case Study
London Docklands - Environmental London Docklands - Economic
More pedestrian areas were £1120 was invested from the
developed public sector
150 ha of open space was made £8420 was invested from the
17 conversational areas were set private sector
up Unemployment fell from 14% to 7.4
100,000 trees were planted 100,000 commuters travel on a
The Docklands Light Railway was daily basis
developed with 126 stops Businesses doubled from 1160 to 2360

11. Regeneration Case Study
Regeneration Case Study London Docklands - Successes
London Docklands - Social It provided trade for local shopkeepers
There was a wide range of social,
15,200 new houses were built
environmental and economic benefits
17,000 new jobs were created
Accessibility in and out of the
Population doubled from 35,000 docklands was greatly improved
to 70,000 It addressed the land, housing and
A new shopping centre was built commercial problems the area had
previously faced
Regeneration Case Study
London Docklands - Failures
It didn't actually help the original
residents of the area – many found
it to be too expensive to stay and had
to move
It completely changed the job structure
CBD
of the area from secondary to tertiary
There was a reduction in a feeling
of community in the area
Pedestrianising and upgrading
Competition with out of town These may make areas like the
Shopping centres high street more attractive to
Out of town shopping centres people and may change their
offer things that require more space mind about going to out of town
and may not be available in CBDs shopping centres instead. It makes
There is less traffic to get to the area it easier to move around, there are
These big shopping centres may often parking areas available
offer other facilities such as swimming
surrounding the pedestrian areas
pools as well as shops
People go to them and not the CBD and the do not need to look out
when moving between shops.
CBD Case Study – Reading
The abandoned brewery and
transport depot were replaced with
shops
Retail parks, the oracle and broad
street mall were developed
Broad street became pedestrianised
CCTV was installed to make it safer
It has some of the most secure car
parks
It is one of the top 10 shopping areas

12. Changes in the RUF
Rural
There are new developments as
land is cheaper and both housing
and commercial developers want to
Urban make money out of it
Transport links are being built in it
It offers more space for services
Fringe that can't be built in centres
Urban sprawl is taking over areas
around cities
Pull Factors
Push Factors
Cheaper land Expensive land and cost of living
Less planning permissions Strict planning permission
More open space Having to build up, not out
Ability for houses to have gardens No chance for gardens
Can house transport links Loud
High crime rate
RUF Case Study – South London
Motorways: M25
Airports: Gatwick
Theme Park: Chessington
Race Courses: Epsom
Golf courses
Rural
Commuter towns: Leatherhead
Villages: Brockham Settlements
Cemeteries
Prisons: Feltham
Reasons for decline
Second home owners buying
Decline in rural areas properties but not contributing at all
Population becoming smaller to the local community or businesses
Local services and businesses Commuters using services in town
closing rather than local ones
Less education facilities Young people moving into the
No jobs available towns and cities, leaving a small
working population with limited
skills

13. Rural Decline Case Study Rural Decline Case Study
Helford Isle of Purbeck
70% of homes are empty for much
The Isle of Purbeck has become a
of the year
favoured retirement area, so the
The milkwoman only has 1 customer
average age is above the national
There is conflict over the planning
With people migrating in, house
of a jetty: fisherman think it is vital,
prices go up and young residents
second home owners think it's an
leave
eyesore
There is a decline of traditional
2HO place demands on the area
services as new people move in
even when they aren't there
Growth and urbanisation
People are moving more towards
town and cities than the traditional
rural areas, so some rural areas
are becoming more urbanised Demographic
Change
to cater for the new demand. eg.
Twyford is more accessible,
Leatherhead has become a commuter
town for London and Llantwit Major
For Cardiff.
Birth Rate
Population Change (natural) The number of live births per 1000
The difference in number between women between 15-45 per year.
those who are born and those
who die in a year. Additional
effects of migration are not
Death Rate
included. The number of deaths
per 1000 people per year.
Infant Mortality Demographic
The number of babies dying
before their first birthday per Transition
1000 live births.
Model

14. Stage 2: Bangladesh
Birth Rate: 22.98/1000
Death Rate: 5.75/1000
Population Growth: 2.4%
Life Expectancy: 70.06 years
Infant Mortality Rate: 48.99/1000
Reasons for Bangladesh Stage 3: Brazil
Birth rate: Lack of contraception Birth Rate: 17.48/1000
Death rate: Higher chance of Death Rate: 6.38/1000
living if they didn't die as an infant
Population Growth:1.102%
Infant mortality rate: High levels of
tetanus, prematurity, pneumonia Life Expectancy: 72.79 years
and malnutrition. Infant Mortality Rate: 20.5/1000
Reasons for Brazil
Birth rate: People are beginning
to have less need of children for Stage 4: United Kingdom
labour and want to have one to Birth Rate: 12.27/1000
give them a better life Death Rate: 9.33/1000
Death rate: New medicine and Population Growth: 0.553%
surgery is allowing people to live longer Life Expectancy: 80.17 years
Infant mortality rate: Rising income Infant Mortality Rate: 4.56/1000
and better healthcare mean less
infants are dying
Reasons for United Kingdom
Birth rate: People are waiting till
they're older or not having children Stage 5: Japan
Death rate: People are starting to Birth Rate: 7.53/1000
have self destructive tendancies Death Rate: 10.09/1000
such as smoking or eating junk Population Growth: -0.2%
Infant mortality rate: Hospital Life Expectancy: 83.91 years
standards have improved highly Infant Mortality Rate: 2.21/1000
enough that we can combat many
things that may otherwise kill infants

15. Reasons for Japan Implications of change
Birth rate:There is an ageing Larger dependant population
population so less fertile people More debt for future generations to
available to have children and some support the current one
Are waiting longer or not having kids Less working age citizens means
Death rate: The Japanese have less potential economic growth
always had good diets and Possible encouragement of
hospital advances can combat more immigration
Infant mortality rate: There is a very More demands on healthcare and
small amount that medical advances social services
can't prevent Rising taxes
Voluntary Migration
People move anywhere they want
to because of all the pull factors
Migration that it offers. It may be to send
money home in the case of
economic migrants, for holidays,
missionary work or educational
reasons.
Voluntary Migration: Push and pull
May prefer the other country
Family may live there
Voluntary Migration: Examples
More work
Poole, Dorset for retirees (15.93%)
Cheaper
31,689,000 Mexicans in USA
Better place to bring up family
2,000 a week move from Ireland
Crime
to Australia
Bad area
Unemployment
Lack of healthcare
Forced Migration: Push and pull
Safety
Political stability
Forced Migration Better quality of life
People have no other option Freedom of speech
but to leave a place eg. Refugees Marriage for love, not arranged
leaving a place to avoid further Conflict
prosecution War
Threat to life and/or property
Lost everything eg. In hurricane

16. Forced Migration: Examples
7.4 mil people left Rwanda after
genocide Internal Migration
10,671 people living in UK after the People move for various reasons
Sudanese civil war within the same country.
56,000 Afghans living in the UK
Internal Migration: Push and pull
Low crime
Internal Migration: Examples
Quiet and peaceful
People from Northern England
Good services
moving to Southern England
Plenty of jobs
In 2004, 259,000 left North and
Cheaper
239,600 moved just to South East
High crime
Southern Italians moving to North
Expensive
Chinese rural-urban migration
Overcrowded
126 mil moved in 2004
Bad services
High unemployment
International Migration: Push and pull
Better quality of life
Better healthcare
International Migration More jobs
People move for various reasons Better education
to different countries. Poverty
Poor healthcare and QoL
Unemployment
Less sophisticated education facilities
International Migration: Examples
240 mil world wide in 2010
2009 estimate for Indians in UK:
1,414,100 Permanent Migration
2001 census: 140,201 South Moving with the intention of staying
Africans in UK (avoiding high crime there with a visa that will allow
rate) residence if it is abroad.
2010 estimate: 1,192,879 British
in Australia
1/3 of Poland's population migrates
each year

17. Permanent Migration: Push and pull Permanent Migration: Examples
Nicer area Retirees in Poole, Dorset
Family live there 800,000 permanent British residents
High crime rate in Spain
Poor facilities 11,000 Czech's in Canada 1969
Temporary Migration: Push and pull
Family are there
Temporary Migration Nicer environment
Moving for an allocated space of Possible employment
time with the intention of coming Holidays
back. Low income
Unemployment
Inadequate healthcare
Impacts on host country: Social
Temporary Migration: Examples Stops rural depopulation
Going to work on an oil right in the Creates a diverse culture
Atlantic Ocean Migrants tend to be working age -
Swansea for university students counteracts ageing problem
2010: 238,000 came to the UK to Original residents may resent migrants
study Migrants belief/religion/tradition may
2005: 1,500 asylum seekers arrived differ from the locals
in the UK each day (565,000 total) It is mostly men that migrate, leading
to a gender imbalance
Impacts on host country: Economic
Impacts on host country: Environmental
Migrants help the economy Barn conversion and other regeneration
Migrants fill the skills gap makes use of old rural buildings
Poor neighbouring countries bear Gentrification may take place
the heaviest burden Rural urban migration creates ghettoisation
Unemployment in the host country Shortage of resources eg. Water in
may become higher with more Costa Del Sol with demand for pools
competition for jobs Mexico-USA migration has forced the
US to build a large, unsightly wall to try
Cost of housing asylum seekers - to limit illegal migration.
£430,000 to detain 73 people

18. Impacts on origin country: Social Impacts on origin country: Economic
Raised status of women, gain of Migration led to a decrease in
autonomy and management skills
Poverty and unemployment
New ideas from new migrants
Increased taste – Western services
Migrants send over $20 bil back
Improved support of democracy annually
In dictatorial countries, only a few have Philippines received $12.8 bil in 2008
Access to profitable economic sectors India received £20 bil in 2005
So there is more poor people Most skilled workforce leaves
Gender imbalance Buganda lost 20% of educated
If many doctors move out, there is a Population in the past 10 years
higher death rate
Impacts on origin country: Environmental
Voluntary Migration: Mexico to US
Outmigration reduces pressure on the
land and resources 2000km being built between US
Money returned can be invested in and Mexico
improving infrastructure 900,000 Mexicans migrate to the
Abandoned land can be returned to nature US annually
Rural depopulation means the land has Illegal migration is a huge problem
to change a second time US border patrol guards try to
Water supply problems and diseases control the migration
spread with loss of healthcare and sanitation
Detention centres need to be built 850,000 Mexicans were caught in
in intervening places 1995
Voluntary Migration: Mexico to US
Push and Pull factors
Impacts on USA
1800 per doctor Border patrol and prisons cost
GNP: $3750 millions
55% Literacy $6 billion sent from US to Mexico
Life expectancy: 72 years annually
40% unemployed Migrants will work for less
400 per doctor Cultural and racial issues
GNP: $24750 Mexican culture has enriched
99% Literacy
Life expectancy: 76 years border states
Many jobs Incidents of TB increased
Impacts on Mexico
Shortage of economically active
Men migrate and leave women
unmarried
Young people migrate, leaving the
old and the very young
Legal and illegal immigrants send
back $6 billion a year
Villages like Santa Ines have lost
2/3 of their inhabitants

19. Voluntary Migration: Africa to Europe
Push and Pull factors
Voluntary Migration: Sub Saharan Life expectancy: 47 years
Africa to Europe 2.3% growth
People from poor African countries 65.7% Literacy
try to come through Spain, the HIV prevalence: 5.8%
Internet usage: 29/1000
Canary islands and Italian islands
Life expectancy: 80 years
They leave through Libya and 0.6% growth
Morocco 98.9% Literacy
HIV prevalence: 0.3%
Internet usage: 439.4/1000
Impacts on Europe
120,000 illegal immigrants deported
Impacts on Africa
from Spain in 2002
Loss of skilled workers
Tighter security at certain points
1 in 10 people crossing die
just changes where people are
Having to build detention centres
deporting from
eg. in Manila, Morocco
Millions are spent in processing
fees
Refugees and Asylum seekers
Asylum seeker: A refugee who has
arrived at their desired country
Refugees and Asylum seekers
and asks to seek asylum. If they
Refugee: A person who has been
are granted it, they become
forced to leave their country in
refugees again, within the new
order to escape war, persecution,
country. They are not allowed to
or natural disaster.
work for 2 years and must live
on benefits to prove they are not
economic migrants.
Forced Migration: Uganda to UK Uganda to UK: Push and pull
Idi Amin came to power in 1971 Dictatorial regime
In 1972 he gave all Asians an Major financial instability
ultimatum to leave within 90 days High death rate
He ran a regime of people who Many people disappearing
disagreed with him simply Stable democratic government
disappearing or dying in “accidents” Better economics
More than 50,00 fled Uganda, with Lower death rate
30,000 coming to the UK Safety

20. Impacts on UK (Uganda) Impacts on Uganda
High unemployment rate Loss of working population
Tension between races Further pressure from economic
Fear that temporary settlements failures
would become permanent Major economic failure as many
eg. Stradishall camp businesses were owned by the
Many more people living on benefits Asians who had been forced to
and requiring welfare leave
Forced Migration: Zimbabwe to UK
Zimbabwe to UK: Push and pull
Mugabe came to power in 1980
One party state
He set up a 1 party dictatorial state
High death rate
He has threatened many groups,
Political instability
forcing them to leave and causing
Civil war
financial instability in some areas
Stable government
of the economy
Better finances
Any political opposition is dealt with
Safety
violently
Lower death rate
Sanctions have been imposed
Impacts on UK (Zimbabwe)
High unemployment rate Impacts on Zimbabwe
Tension between races Loss of working population
Fear that temporary settlements Major economic failure
would become permanent Economic problem made worse
Many more people living on benefits by sanctions imposed by UN
and requiring welfare
Gender imbalance in the DTM
Gender In stage 2 of the DTM, there is often
a high infant mortality rate, and this
effects males more than females.
Structures Later in life, many women are
dying in childbirth though a few men
do still die from high labour jobs.

21. Gender imbalance in the DTM
Gender imbalance in the DTM In stage 4 of the DTM, the job
In stage 3 of the DTM, countries like sectors of the country has changed
China may recognize the population and there is less need for labour,
problem yet still have a need for removing the preference for males.
labour. This may lead to a preference Medicine has advanced enough for
for males and either abortions of childbirth related deaths to be
female foetuses or female minimal. Women naturally live longer
infanticide than men, so the very oldest people
are women.
Gender Imbalance Case Study: China
Why was the policy needed?
Gender imbalance in the DTM Food shortages became a major
In stage 5 of the DTM, women are problem as more had to be
still generally living longer, there provided to keep up with the
is no preference over gender or demand of a quickly growing
intervention dependant on this and population.
there is nothing during their lifetimes Unemployment became a serious problem
that should wipe out more of one andincreases with population growth.
Unemployment rose from 1.8% in
gender than the other.
1985 to 2.9%and is predicted to keep
growing.
Gender Imbalance Case Study: China
The one child policy Gender Imbalance Case Study: China
Concessions and variations
It was introduced in 1978
The policy is not as strictly enforced in rural
It was only fully implemented in areas so people living there may often have 2
urban areas Parents who are both only children themselves
Many in rural areas may have 2 may have 2 children
children Divorced and remarried women may have
It changes the sex ratio as boys are children if they didn't in a previous relationship
Couples may have another child if the first
favoured,so if it is found out to be a girl,
is mentally handicapped or dies
parents may tryto abort, kill it at birth Ethnic minorities are exempt from the policies
or simply not report it.
Gender Imbalance Case Study: ChinaGender Imbalance Case Study: China
Implications of the sex ratio Age related problems
There will be a shortfall of women The baby boom of 1962-1973 will create a
retirement bulge in the 2030s.
in the important fertile age group Over 65s could make 25% of the population
There is currently a 106:100 ratio of Number of retired will go from 1 in 25 to 1 in 4
men to women Children are seen as an investment for old age
There will be too many dependants
Young men may find it difficult to Children will be unable to fulfil social obligations
find a partner The gap between desire for children and
Prostitution may rise the policy will eventually narrow

22. Gender Imbalance Case Study: China
Gender Imbalance Case Study: China Shanghai is China's leading
Success or failure economic city, experiencing
Population growth reduced by 300 million phenomenal economic
Rate of natural increase 1.7% in 2007 growth. There are fears the one
Birth control targets are being reached child policy may bring down
Food security became an issue as arable this fortune.
land is still limited
China may still face water shortages The TFR for Shanghai is 0.8 and
population has been decreasing
since 1993
Gender Imbalance Case Study: China
Shanghai was the first city where,
Gender Imbalance Case Study: China if both parents are only children,
In the long term, the one child they may have 2 children. They
policy could cause a labour are currently looking at
shortage with too amendments for educated
many elderly dependents couples, one partner being an
only child and where two
divorcees remarry.
Philippines: POPCOM – Why?
Demographic 85 million people living on 11
islands
142.2 mil predicted by 2050
Changes and Debt problem and high demands
on healthcare and education
Policies United nations declaration 1970
Martial law in 1972 made
contraceptives available
Philippines: POPCOM
Positives and Negatives Philippines: POPCOM – Evaluation
Dropped birth rate from 3% to 2.4% Though it has dropped, it's still
Decline in the TFR very high
Went from 6 children per woman to 3.5 Many still follow religion and use
It clashes with the roman catholic only traditional methods, which
religion prominent in the country often fail
Even though birth rate has dropped, Abortion is still illegal and 12% of
it's still high maternal deaths are due to home
With each change of government, the induced abortions
policy is changed

23. Uganda: ABC – Why? Uganda: ABC
To encourage Abstinence, Being Positives and Negatives
HIV prevalence fell from 15% to 5%
faithful and using a Condom HIV testing for pregnant women has
To reduce sexual incidents causing increased to 80%
HIV Condoms are widely available
Ugandan teachers are instructed to Grant of $70 million
Less than 1/5 of Ugandan children that
discuss abstinence only, not condoms need treatment get it
Free prevention of mother-to-child Healthcare providers can't handle the
transmission services amount of people and have to turn them away
The initial drug role out was slow
Uganda: ABC – Evaluation
Pro-abstinence organizations use
Uganda as an example to show
Kenya: National Family Program – Why?
success, but ignore the other methods
Population growth needed to be
The being faithful and avoiding
reduced from 3.3% to 3%
casual sex part of the policy had a
Trying to reduce to TFR
big initial impact, but slowly faded
To reduce child mortality
The number of condoms rose from
1.5 mil to 10 mil between 1992 and
1996
Kenya: National Family Program
Positives and Negatives
Child mortality rates have decreased Kenya: NFP – Evaluation
In 1998, TFR had fallen to 4.7 Population growth has carried on
Contraceptive use increased to 38.3% increasing
Fertility and population growth rates Economy has run into difficulties
both increased Fertility rate has increased
24% of women don't use it
44% of under 15s need future health
Singapore – Why?
Total Fertility Rate of 1.3 children Singapore
10% of the population are already Positives and Negatives
over 65 More people will work longer
Equalised payable age for men and
The average life expectancy at birth
women
is 79 years Short term solution
Couples get childcare allowances More money will be spent
Encourages immigration Immigration doesn't help with the
Promotes increased retirement ageing population
age

24. Singapore – Evaluation
They get more workers
Singapore is able to maintain its Norway – Why?
productive edge against other To encourage women to have more
nations kids
Higher taxes To prevent the dependency ratio
More need for facilities for elderly from increasing
National population does not
increase
Norway
Positives and Negatives
10 months 100% pay Norway – Evaluation
12 months 80% pay Helped maintain a stable fertility
Stayed at a steady 1.8 children per woman
5/6 women between 30-39 are employed
rate
Greater gender equality Encouraged women to have more
1992-1997 TFR dropped 2.1-1.5 children
Target TFR of 2.1 is still not
acheived
Causes of Low Fertility Rates
It is more acceptable for women to
Ageing have children later or not at all
Many women are choosing career
over family
Population An ageing population leaves less
people available to have children
Baby boomers of the 1960s are
just coming up to retirement age
Consequences Ageing population: Case Study: UK
Old people commit crime less, so TFR is 1.8 so growth is falling
national crime rates may drop People may have to retire later
Society may become more cohesive Taxes are going to rise to support
Many old people volunteer the dependant population
More money will be put into leisure The elderly are costing massive
Pensions are more of a burden amounts: the retirement age was
The ability to care for the elderly
set in the 1880s when people were
decreases as average household size
Does only expected to live to 68, now
There are going to be sharp rises in they're living till 80, they are on
Healthcare costs pensions for 15 years