SCIENCE MIND MAP (YEAR 6)

3. Basic Needs
Of Human
Food
Shelter
Air
Water
To breathe
To protect from
• danger
• extreme weather
• sun & rain
Give energy
Grow
Stay healthy
Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy
1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs

4. Basic Needs
Of Animals
Food
Shelter
Air
Water
To breathe
To protect from
• danger
• extreme weather
• sun & rain
Give energy
Grow
Stay healthy
Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy
1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs
Types :
• holes
• cave
• nest
• beehive

5. Plants Have Basic Needs
Air SunlightWater
With :
• grow healthy
• grow well
• not wilted
Without :
• wilted
• Turn yellow
• Die
1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs

6. 2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo
Analysing Life Processes That
Human Undergo
Respond To
Stimuli
Breathing
Reproduce
Organs
Inhale – take in air
Exhale – give out air
Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs
A process to produce
Their young or offspring
Rate of breath
Number of chest movement
In a period of time
Organs
Eyes - Sight
Nose - Smell
Tongue - Taste
Ears - Sound
Skin - Touch
Excrete Defecate
Lungs
( Carbon dioxide
+ water vapour )
Kidney ( urine + mineral salt )
Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt )
Faeces
Purpose :
• avoid danger
• avoid getting hurt
• avoid getting injured
• to survive

7. 2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes
Behaviour That Can Disturb
Life Processes
Smoking Taking DrugDrinking Alcohol
Effects
• Lung cancer
• Coughing
Effects
• Delay respond to stimuli
• Lose ability to walk in straight line
• Can cause accidents
How to avoid
Participate in a campaign
Discourage among their peers

8. 2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo
Animals Life Processes
BreathingExcrete Reproduce
Lay Eggs Give BirthOrgans
Lungs
• monkey
• bird
• whale
Gills
• fish
• prawn
Lungs-book
• crab
Moist
Skin
• frog
• earthworm
Trachea
Structure
• insects
Defecate
To get rid of waste product
from their bodies cat
tiger
bat
whale
butterfly
bird

9. 2.4
Life processes
plants undergo
plants respond to stimuli.
water, sunlight, touch, gravity.
why plants need to reproduce
to ensure the survival of the species.
various ways plants reproduce
through…seeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting,
leaves, underground stem.
what will happen to the world if
plants do not reproduce.
no food supply.
plants reproduce.
Seeds – balsam, corn, durian
Spores – fern, mushroom
Suckers – banana, pineapple
Stem cutting – hibiscus, rose, tapioca
Leaves – bryophyllum, begonia
Stem – potato, onion, ginger and lily
the part of plant that responds
to touch.
the part of plant that responds
to sunlight.
Shoot
the part of plant that responds
to gravity.
Roots
the part of plant that responds
to water
Roots
Science Year 4
INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS
2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes

10. Special characteristics
of animals that protect them
from danger.
special behaviour
of animals that protect them
from danger.
The special characteristics and
behaviour of animals help to
protect them from danger.
3.1 animals have specific characteristics and
behaviour to protect themselves
Thick and hard skin
To prevent their enemies from injuring
Hard shell
Snails and tortoise retract their head
And legs into the shell when the are
Attacked by enemies
Hard scales
Pangolins and crocodiles have hard
scales To protect their bodies
from injuries
Spines
Raise the sharp spines when
the enemies
Advance towards them
Horns
Use their horn to attack enemies.
Sharp claws
To protect themselves and their
Young from the enemies- lion ,cat,
Bears, and eagle.
Spray black ink
Dark surrounding helps the animal not
to been seen by enemies
– e.g: octopus, squid
Poisonous sting or fangs
Can hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion,
centipede snake , bee.
Camouflage
Has body colour or patterns that that are
Similar to the surrounding
Pretend to dead
To trick their enemies –e.g.: beetle

11. 3.2/3.3
Animals have specific characteristics
and behaviour to protect themselves from
extreme weather and survive
how specific characteristics and
behavior of animals help to protect
them from very hot or cold weather.
specific characteristics and
behavior of animals that protect
them from very hot and cold weather.
Hot weather Cold weather
Wrinkled Skin
Elephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes
lose body heat through wrinkled skins
Wallowing
Elephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes
keep their body cool by wallowing in
mud holes
Humps
Camels store food and water in the form
Of fats in the humps on their back.
Thick Fur
Polar bears have thick fur to prevent the body
From losing heat to cold surroundings.
Fat Layers Under The Skins
Penguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under
their skin to keep their bodies warm
Small Ears
Seals and Walruses have small ears to prevent
Heat loss from their bodies.
Hibernate
Polar bears hibernates during extreme cold
Weather

12. 3.4 Plants have
specific characteristics to protect
themselves from enemy
The specific characteristics
of plants that protect them
from enemies
How the specific
characteristics of
plants help to
protect them
from enemies.
characteristics that
protect plants.
Have thorns
poisonous
Have fine hairs
Produces
latex
Close leaflets
when touch

13. 3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to
protect themselves from dry region and
strong wind
strong wind
dry region
Eg : cactus
.
a. Long roots to absorb water
b. Succulent stem can store
water
c. Thorn can can prevent
the excessive loss of
water
Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree,
mangrove tree
a. Have stems that bend easily
b. Have buttress roots
c. Have separated leaves
d. Needle- shaped leaves

14. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND
ENERGY

15. Volume
MEASUREMENT1.1 Length
1.2 Area
1.5 Mass
1.6 Time1.7 Standard units
1.3 Solid
1.4 Liquid

16. 1.1Length
Terminology
- The distance
between two
points/place/position
Ways to measure
Measuring tape
Cubit
Arm spanString
Ruler
Standard Tools
Measuring tape Ruler
Unit
mm cm m km
Correct technique
- The eye must be
directly above the
end of object

17. 1.2 Area
- Area is the amount of
Space taken up by the
surface of an object.
Terminology
- Using square card with a
sides of 1 centimetre
Standard unit
- Square millimetre (mm2
)
- Square centimetre (cm2
)
- Square metre (m2
)
- Square kilometre (km2
)
- Using formula
Area = length X width
1cm
1cm
Different ways to measure area
2cm
4cm
= 4cm X 2 cm
= 8cm2
3cm
3cm
- by placing uniform
objects such as tiles,
books and stamps
on the surface of
the objects

18. Volume
Terminology
The amount of space that
something takes up
1.3 Solid
1.4 Liquid
Formula
Length x width x height
Standard Units
mm3, cm3
, m3
Tools
Standard Units
measuring
cylinder
ml, l
Correct technique
a) taking the reading at the
lowest part of the meniscus.
b) eyes must be at the same level
as the lowest part of the meniscus

19. 1.5 Mass
Terminology
- Amount of matter in
an object
Tools
Electronic
balance
Simple
balance
Beam
balance
Kitchen
scale
Bathroom
scale
Lever
balance
Standard unit
mg g kg
Correct technique

20. 1.6 Time
Terminology
- Duration between
two event
Way to measure
- Sundial , sand
clock , candle clock
Process that repeats uniformly
can be used to measure time
-Swinging pendulum
-Pulse rate candle
-water dripping
-Changing day and night
Tool
Standard unit
- Second , minute , hour
- Digital clock , watch ,
wrist watch , clock
Old clock
Events can be used measuring time

21. 1.7 The Importance of Standard Units
- for accuracy and
consistency
- easy to communicate
and understanding

22. Investigating
Materials

23. 1.1
The properties of materials
Insulator
Float on water
Conduct
electricity
metal
conduct heatSink in water
Light to pass
through
Can be stretch
wood
stone rubber ring
glasscarbon plastics
metalwood

24. 1.2
Applying knowledge
properties of materials in everyday life
Suggest ways
to keep things hot
Covered with insulators
Suggest ways
to keep things cold
hot thing cold thing
To prevent
heat loss
prevent from
absorbing heat

25. 1.3
Uses of
materials based on their properties
List of object
and materials that they
are made of
object materials properties
spoon metal hard
tissue wood Soft
glasses glass transparent
Reason why particular
materials are used to
make an object
cheap
easy to get
strength
good quality

26. natural
materials
Man-made
materials
wood metal
rubber
cotton plastics synthetic cloth
glass
State that man-made materials
comes from natural materials
reducing reusing recycling
public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass
1.4
The importance of
reuse, reduce and recycle of materials

27. RUSTING CAN PREVENTED
DIFFERENT WAYS TO
PREVENT OBJECTS FROM
RUSTING
Coating with non
rusting materials
*paint
*oil
*grease
THE NECESSARY TO
PREVENT RUSTING
*Everlasting Live
*Save Natural
material
*Save Cost
*Looking good
1.6
*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact
with air and water.

28. UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME
MATERIALS CAN BE RUST
RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY
OBJECTS
OBJECT MADE OF
IRON AND STEEL
OBJECT MADE OF
GLASS PLASTIC,
WOOD, CLAY AND SILK
*Nail
*Spoon
*Knife
*Needle
*Glass
*Bottle
*Cup
*Pencil

29. INVESTIGATING
THE EARTH
AND
THE UNIVERSE

30. 1.1
The solar system
List of
constituents
List of planets
Planets
move around
the Sun
-Nine Planets
-Natural satellites
-Meteors
-Comets
-Asteroids
Mercury – My
Venus – Very
Earth – Excellent
Mars – Mother
Jupiter – Just
Saturn – Served
Uranus – Us
Neptune – Nine
Pluto – Pudding
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM

31. 1.2 The relative size
and distance between
the Earth, the Moon
and the Sun
Size of the Sun
relative to the size
of the Earth.
Size of the Earth
relative to the size
of the Moon.
The relative distance from
the Earth to the Sun compared
to the relative distance from the
Earth to the Moon.
the Sun
1
the Earth
100
the Earth
1
the Moon
4
the Sun
the Earth the Moon
150 000 000 km 382 500 km
1 : 400

32. 1.3
Appreciating the perfect placement
of the planet Earth in the
Solar System
Why certain planets
are not conducive
for living things.
EFFECTThe Earth is
the only planet in the
Solar System that
has living things.
•The nearer a planet to the Sun is,
the hotter is the surface of the planet .
•The farther a planet from the Sun is,
the colder is the surface of the planet.
•Do not have enough air and water.
•Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light
and heat from the Sun.
•It is not too hot or too cold.
•The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water
on Earth.
Much nearer :
•The temperature on the Earth would rise.
•Water on Earth would evaporate.
•No water and the temperature would be
very hot.
Much farther :
•The temperature on the Earth would drop.
•Water would freeze into ice.
•All living things would die.

33. INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

34. 1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life
Limitation of human ability
Examples of human limitations are
• Unable to see fine objects
•Unable to speak loud
•Unable to walk for long distance
•Unable to see far away objects
Devices to overcome
human limitation
Microscope
- The usage of lens to see fine
features of objects and microbes
Microphone
-To increase the voice volume
Telephone
-To communicate from long distance
Bicycle, motorcycle, airplanes
-Can travel long distance
in a shorter time
Telescope, binocular
- To see far away objects

35. TECHNOLOGY
1.2
Understanding The
Development Of
Technology
Agriculture
e.g.:
hoe plough tractor
combine harvester
Transportation
Land: Animal bicycle
car train
Air: hot air balloon airship
glider aeroplane
Water: canoe raft
sampan ferry
ship
Communication
Drawing carrier pigeon
Telephone
Construction
Cave hut wooden house
apartment
Examples

36. Problems they
encounter in their daily life
TECHNOLOGY
Ideas to solve
the problems identified
Device to solve
the problem identified.
Demonstrate that device
invented can be used to
solve the problem
identified
1.3
Synthesising
how technology
can be used to
solve problems
Cannot move and lift heavy thing
Cannot move farther
Sketch the model
Brain storming
lever
wheelbarrow
Pully – can lift everything Wheel barrow – can move heavything easily

37. 1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely
Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology
•Communication
Enable human to learn more about
things happening around the world
•Transportation
Enable human to travel
far away places in shorter time
•Agriculture
Machines make it easier to plants
and harvest their crops
•Construction
Roads, highways, bridges and
building is easier and faster to build
Environmental pollution from increase
In waste materials
Environmental destruction result from
excessive usage of natural resources
Social problem
Bad effects on health result from
environmental pollution and excessive
use of chemicals

40. 1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a living things
Microorganism
Bacteria Fungi Protozua Virus
Cannot see with
naked eyes
GrowMoveBreathe
Characteristics
Cause the
dough rise
• Rotten oranges
• Mouldy rice
tiny

41. 1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful
Some Organisms Are Harmful And
Some Are Useful
Useful Harmful
Can cause
Illness Food
poisoning
Food
stale
Tooth
decay
Making bread/
tapai/tempe/fertilizer
Prevention
Disease
Stomach upset
Measles/cough
Tooth decay
Conjunctivitis/mumps
Washing hand
Drink boiled water
Covering mouth &
nose when coughing
& sneezing

42. 2.1
Survival of Animal
Species
Examples animals that take
care of their eggs and young.
how animals take care of
Their eggs and young.
Why animals take care of
their eggs and young.
Bird - Eggs with shell covering
Frog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smell
Spider - kept in a bag underneath its body
Fish - keep their young in their mouths
Snake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs
Turtle - hide their eggs
Kangaroo - carry their young in their pouches
Elephant - stay in herds
2.3
Importance
Shortage of food resource
Animals and plants species
may face extinction.
Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake,
turtle, Kangroo, Elephant
To ensure the survival
of their species

43. 2.2
Survival of Plant
Species
Water
Explosive
mechanism
Wind
Animal
• Light
• Air Space in the fruits
• Not water absorbent
• Light
• Small in size
• Winged
• Dry when ripe
• Explodes when mature
• Brightly coloured
• Edible
• Have smells
• Have hook
• Coconut
• Lily
• Shorea
• Angsana
• Lalang
• Rubber fruit
• Balsam fruit
• Chestnut
• Rambutan
• Mango
• Love grass
• Mimosa
Agents of dispersal Special characteristic Examples

44. 3.1 Food Chain
Animals and the
food they eat
Classify animals into
herbivore, carnivore
and omnivore.
Producer ConsumerConstruct food chain
Green plant obtain
energy from
the sun to make
food. Green
Plant as a producer
Herbivore :
Animals that eat plants only.
e.g.: cow, goat, deer
Carnivore:
Animals that eat other animals.
e.g.: tiger, lion
Omnivore:
Animals that eat plants and
other animals
Animals that eat plant
or other animals
are called consumers.
The food relationship
among living things
can be shown by
a food chain.
To construct food
chain It must start
with plant as
a producer.
In a food chain
the arrow
means ‘eaten by’
All living things need
food to survive.
Green plant can make their
own food. However
animals cannot
make their own make
their own food.

45. 3.2 Synthesizing food chain
to construct food web.
Food
web
What will happen
If there is a change in
population of a certain
species in a food web
Food
web of different
habitats
What will happen
to a certain species
of animals if they
eat only one type
of food
Paddy field
garden
A change in the population
of a certain species
will effect the Population
of other species
They will face difficulty
to survive – if the
Source of food
runs out

46. 1 Energy
2 Electricity
3 Light
4 Heat

47. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY 1.1 The Uses of Energy
Why energy
is needed?
- by living things to carry
out life processes.
Ex : moving, breathing,
growing
The Sources of Energy
Sun
- main source of energy
- produces light and heat
Food
- food contains
stored energy
Wind
- Moving air
- Used to pump
water, drive
small sawmills
- to move, boil, melt,
or bounce non-living things
Fuel
Batteries
- wood, coal,
petroleum,
natural gas
- device that
generated
electrical energy
from chemical energy
Water
- moving or
falling water
produce
energy

48. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY 1.2 Energy can be transformed from
one form to another
Form of energySound energy
Heat energy
Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
Potential energy
Energy can be
transformed
a) lighting a candle
Chemical energy →
heat energy + light energy
b) Kicking a ball
Chemical energy →
kinetic energy →
heat energy
Example of appliance that make use of
energy transform
a) Electric iron
Electrical energy → heat energy
b) Radio
Electrical energy → sound energy
c) Television
Electrical energy → sound energy + light energy

49. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY
1.3 Renewable and
Non-renewable Energy
Renewable energy
Energy that
cannot
be replaced
Resources –
solar, wind,
biomass fuel,
water
Non-renewable energy
Energy that be
replenished when
it is used up
Resources –
natural gas,
petroleum,
coal
Why use energy wisely
How to use energy
Some energy
resources cannot
be replenished
when used up
To save
cost
Avoid
wastage
Reduce
pollution
Turn off the
television when
no one
watching it
Switch off the
lights before
going to leave
the room

50. Electricity Sources
Dry cell
Accumulator
Dynamo
Solar cell
Type of circuit
Name Symbol
Dry cell
Connecting
wire
Switch
Bulb
Symbol and componentParallel circuit Series circuit
Precautions
Differences
The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter
then the bulb in the series circuit
Danger of mishandling
electrical appliances
Fire Burn
Electric shock Electrocution
Safety
precautions to be
taken when using
appliances
Do not touch electrical
appliances with wet hand
Do not repair electrical
appliances on your own

51. Light
Can be reflected
How ?
Uses of reflection
Side mirror of a car
Periscope Kaleidoscope
Travel in a straight line
How shadow
is formed
When light is
completely
or partially
blocked by
an opaque
object
The light that
falls on objects
‘bounces off’
the objects and
comes to your
eyes
mirror
Shadow form
Opaque object
Light

52. Heat Gain
Loss Cooler
Warmer
How to measure temperature
using the correct technique
The effects of heat
on matter
Matter expands
when heated
Matter contract
when cooled

53. Investigating
Materials

54. 1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas
solid liquid gas
has mass
Properties of solid Properties of liquid Properties of gas
fixed
volume
fixed shape
has mass
examples
water milk air
no permanent shape
fixed volume
stem
wood
stone
can't fixed
shape
has mass
Can't fixed
volume
can compressed

55. 1.2
CHANGING
STATES OF
WATER
gas - liquid
liquid - gas
liquid - gas
solid - liquid melting
Boiling
Affected by windy and hot
weather
evaporation
condensation
Freezing

56. 1.31.3
Understanding the water cycle.Understanding the water cycle.
Circulation of water inCirculation of water in
the environment.the environment.
Formation of cloudsFormation of clouds
and rain.and rain.Importance of water.Importance of water.
Changes in the states ofChanges in the states of
matter in the water cyclematter in the water cycle
Liquid to gas (evaporation)Liquid to gas (evaporation)
Droplets of water willDroplets of water will
become bigger andbecome bigger and
heavier →heavier → rain
evaporation
condensation
sea
Gas → liquid (Condensation)Gas → liquid (Condensation)

57. 1.41.4
Appreciating the importanceAppreciating the importance
of water resources.of water resources.
To prevent living aquatic from beingTo prevent living aquatic from being
destroyed and undergoing extinctiondestroyed and undergoing extinction
Reasons to keep ourReasons to keep our
water resources clean.water resources clean. To ensure the cleanlinessTo ensure the cleanliness
of water supplyof water supply
To regulateTo regulate
the formation ofthe formation of
clouds and rainclouds and rain
To avoid infectedTo avoid infected
diseasesdiseases
Ways to keep our waterWays to keep our water
resources cleanresources clean
Keep the rivers cleanKeep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaignCleanliness campaign

58. 2.1 The properties of acid,2.1 The properties of acid,
alkaline and neutral substances.alkaline and neutral substances.
Identify the taste of acidicIdentify the taste of acidic
and alkaline food.and alkaline food.
Identify acidic, alkalineIdentify acidic, alkaline
and neutral substancesand neutral substances
using litmus paper.using litmus paper.
• Conclude the properties ofConclude the properties of
acidic, alkaline and neutralacidic, alkaline and neutral
substances.substances.
Changes in colourChanges in colour
of litmus papersof litmus papers
blue to redblue to red red to bluered to blue
no changeno change
bitterbitter soursour
Properties of alkaliProperties of alkali
Properties of acidProperties of acid
Properties ofProperties of
neutral substancesneutral substancesTaste bitter & changeTaste bitter & change
red litmus paper bluered litmus paper blue
Taste sour & changeTaste sour & change
blue litmus paper redblue litmus paper red
Other tastes –Other tastes –
no changes in litmus paperno changes in litmus paper
acidacid alkalinealkaline
neutralneutral

59. INVESTIGATING
THE EARTH
AND
THE UNIVERSE

60. Show
directions
Indicates
Seasons
A group of stars that form a
certain pattern in the sky
Importance of
constellation
Identify
constellation
What constellation is
1.1 Understanding
the constellation
Constellation
Big dipper
Scorpion
Orion
Southern Cross
North
North
South April – June
Kite or Cross
Scorpion
Hunter
Water dipper
south
December - January
June - August
planting harvesting
desert
sea

61. 2.1
The movements
of the Earth, the Moon
and the Sun
Earth rotates
on it axis
Earth rotates
and at the
same time
moves around
the sun
Moon rotates
on it axis
Moon rotates
and at the
same time
moves around
the Earth
The Moon and
the Earth move
round the Sun at
the same time
The earth
rotates on its axis
from west to east
The changes
in length and position
of the shadow
throughout the day
THE EARTH , THE MOON
AND THE SUN

62. 2.2
The occurrence of day and night
It is day time for the part
of the Earth facing the Sun.
It is night time for
the part of the Earth facing
away from the Sun.
Day and night occur
due to the rotation of the Earth
on its axis.
the Sun the Earth
night-timenight-time
daytimedaytime
axisaxis
westwest easteast

63. 2.3 Phases Of The Moon
The Moon Does Not Emit Light
The Moon appear bright
when it reflect sunlight
Describe the phases
of the moon
1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon
7- Old half moon

64. INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

65. 1.1
The shapes of objects in a structure
The shape of objects Identify shape in structure
CuboidCube Cylinder
Sphere ConePyramid
Sphere
Cylinder

66. Strength
and
Stability
Shapes of objects that are
stable
The factors that affect
stability of objects
How base area affects
stability
How height affects stability
1.2
The strength
and
stability
of a structure
The factors that affect the
strength of a structure
Design a model that
is strong and stable
Cube, cone, cylinder
Height , base area
Bigger base area more stable
Smaller base area less stable
Lower object more stable
Higher object less stable
Types of materials used
Steel ,Iron, Wood
Suggested design strong and stable
Bridge – one with manila card
one with wood

68. INVESTIGATING LIVING
THINGS

69. 1.11.1
AnimalsAnimals
Some
live in solitary
(Animals that live by themselves)
SomeSome
live in groupslive in groups
(Animals that live together)(Animals that live together)
zebra giraffesgiraffesbees ants tigerlizardcatsnake
For safety
For Food
To avoid competition for food
 To avoid competition for space
Cooperation is a form
of interaction

70. 1.21.2
Understanding that competition is a form ofUnderstanding that competition is a form of
Interaction among living thingsInteraction among living thingsAnimals
Plants
Factors for compete
Food
Water
Mate
Shelter
Space
Limited food resources
Limited water resources
Trying to get mate to breed
Defending or looking for shelter
Defending or looking for space
Factors for compete
Nutrient
Sunlight
Water
Space
Limited sunlight can reach them
Limited water resources
Limited space
Limited nutrient
Reason
Reason

71. 1.3
Understanding the
responsibility of human beings
in protecting endangered species
Extinct animal Endangered animal
Endangered plant
Factors
of Extinction
ways to prevent
extinction
•Dodo bird
•Dinosaur
•Auk bird
•Desert rat kangaroo
•Mammoth
•Quagga
•Tasmanian wolf
•Tiger
•Turtle
•Orang Utan
•Panda
•Rhinoceros
•Hornbill
•Blue Whale
•Raflessia
•Pitcher plant
•Venus fly trap
•Wild orchid
Illegal Hunting
Elephant – Tusk
Tiger – Skin & Bone
Blue Whale – Fat
Giant Panda – Fur
Rhinoceros - Horn
Illegal Logging
Human cut trees
Forest clearing
The destruction of habitat
Excessive development
Water & air Pollution
Many habitat has
destroyed
Extreme Weather
Long dry season
Flood
Forest fire
Campaign against
excessive Logging
Educate the public about
the importance of protecting
& conserving animals & plant
Avoid consuming or buying
products made from
endangered species
Enforcing the law
Replanting
Selective logging
Setting up forest reserved
Setting rehabilitation centre
Encourage recycle , reuse
& reduce Campaign

72. 1.4
Knowing the impact of human
activities on environment.
Environmental destruction
caused by human activities
Impact of uncontrolled
human activities to the Earth
Impact of human activities to
environmental destruction
Erosion
Landslide
Flash-Floods
Water & Air pollution
Illegal & Excessive
Logging
Clearing Forest
Improper management
of development
•Erosion
•Landslide
•Flash-Floods
•Loss of
habitats
Illegal & Excessive hunting
Improper management of
waste from factory
Improper management of
waste from household
Extinction of
endangered
species
Air &
water Pollution
Water Pollution
Flash flood
Excessive use of
fertilisers,
pesticides
& herbicides
Heavy usage of
motor vehicles
The Lost of habitat
The lose of raw material &food supplies
Climate changes
The rise in temperature on earth
Extinction of endangered species
The balance in nature is disturbed
The loss of the Earth’s natural water basin
Air &
water Pollution
Air pollution

73. 1.Force 2.Movement
INVESTIGATING FORCE
AND ENERGY

74. INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
FORCE
Pull – an action of bringing an object
towards us
Push – an action of moving an object
away
D
E
F
I
N
I
T
I
O
N
Effects
Move a stationary object
Stop a moving object
Change direction of moving object
Make object move faster or slower
Change the motion an object
Change the shape of an object
Friction
Definition
-Force that apposes
the movement of an
object.
-Two surfaces occurs
rub against each
other
Effects
-Surfaces warm.
-Difficult to move
-Wear and tear.
-Slow down and
stop
Reduce
-Lubricant :oil, wax,
grease or water
-Air cushion
-Talcum powder
-Roller marbles
-Ball bearing
Advantages
1. Hold thing
2. Walk without slipping
3. Sharpen a knife
4. Slow down moving
Disadvantages
1. Worn out the shoes / tyre
2. Produce heat
Advantages/Disadvantages

75. Movement
Speed
A measurement on how fast an object moves
an object
which moves
faster travels
a longer
distance in a
given time
Definition
an object
which move
faster takes a
shorter time
travel a given
distance
Conclusion
Calculation
Formula
Speed = distance / time
Unit
• km/h,
• m/s ,
• cm/s

76. INVESTIGATING
MATERIALS

77. Microbes that
spoilt food
Condition for
microbes to grow
What is
spoilt food
•Unpleasent smell
eg. Fish with bad smell
•Unpleasent taste
eg. milk turns sour
•Changed colour
eg.vegetables, rice
•Changed texture
eg. Yogurt turns curd
•Mouldy
eg. Yogurt have many
black spots
Characteristics of
Spoilt Food
Food that has turned bad and
is not suitable to be eaten
Bacteria Fungus
•Air
•Water
•Nutrient
•Suitable
Temperature
( 5°C - 65° C )
•Suitable acidity
1.1 Food Spoilage

78. 1.2 Food Preservation
(Process whereby food turning
bad is slowed down)
Drying
Boiling Cooling Vacuum
packing
Pickling
Freezing
Example :
fish, prawn, fruits
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi cannot
grow without water
Example :
Eggs, water
Reason :
Boiled will killed bacteria
and fungi
Example :
eggs, vegetables, fruits
Reason :
Cold temperature slow
down the growth of
bacteria and fungi
Example :
Biscuits, crackers,
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow
without water
Reason :
Prevents the growth
of bacteria and
fungi
Example :
Fruits, chili, fish
Bottling/
canning
PasteurisingSalting
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot active at a
very low temperature
Example :
Fish, meat
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow
without air
Example :
Meat, fish, fruits
Reason :
Destroy
microoganism
Example :
Milk, yogurt
Reason :
Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow in very
salt substances
Example :
Fish, eggs
Reason :
Dry the food
Example :
Fish, meat
Reason :
Slow down the
loss of water
Example :
Fruits
Smoking
Waxing

79. 1.3 The Importance of
Preserving Food
Food can be kept
for a longer time
Easier to
store
Easier to
carry
To prevent the
wastage of food

80. 2.1 The Effects of
Improper Waste Disposal
On The Environment
•Gas
•Liquid
•Solid
•From agricultural
activities
•From vehicles and
open burning
•Toxic materials
•Rubbish
Sources of wastes
Types of waste
•Open burning
•Littering
•Chanelling- waste
factories into river
• Releasing smoke
and dangerous gasses
•Treat waste water
•Keep environment
and home clean
•Reuse and recycle
rubbish and waste
• Reduce car
•Build factories far
from home
The improper
ways disposal Smoke dissolved
form weak acid
Kills plants & fish
Destroys building &
bridges
Rubbish thrown in
rivers or drain
 Cause flash-floods
& water over flow
Kill plants & animals
in the river
Open burning
Cause asthma &
eye irritation
Air pollution
Disease
Cause by eating
polluted fish and plants
The Harmful
Effect
The proper
disposal ways

81. • Animal extinction
• Habitats destruction
•Spoil natural beauty
•Change Climate
• Tin can
• Plastic
• Synthetic
• Glass
• Metal objects
• Give out
poisonous gas
• Unpleasant
smell
• Return nutrient
to soil
• Prevent rubbish
from accumulate
•Paper
• Wood
• Food
• Meat
• Fungi
• Bacteria
2.2 Some Waste
Can Decay
Waste that decay
Waste that do not decay
Microbes that cause
waste to decay
Advantages of
waste decaying
Disadvantages of
waste decaying
What will happen if
waste do not decay

82. INVESTIGATING THE EARTH
& THE UNIVERSE

83. ECLIPSE OF THE MOON
The Earth is
between the Sun
and the Moon
The Earth, the Moon
and the Sun are
positioned in a
straight line
The Earth’s position
blocks sunlight from
reaching the Moon.
The Earth’s shadow
is formed on the
Moon surface and
cause an eclipse of
the Moon
Sun Moon
Earth

84. ECLIPSE OF THE SUN
The Moon is
between the Sun
and the Earth
The Earth, the Moon and
the Sun are positioned in a
straight line
The Moon’s blocks
the sunlight from
reaching the Earth
The Moon’s shadow
is formed on the
Earth’s surface
SUN
Earth
Moon
The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time
PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE

85. INVESTIGATING
TECHNOLOGY

86. WHEEL AND AXLE
1.1. Simple machine
LEVER
WEDGE
PULLEY
GEAR
INCLINED PLANE
SCREW
-To carry or move heavy objects
- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor
-To lift heavy objects easier
e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank
-To carry to move heavy objects easily
e.g screw driver , car spanner
-To carry or lift objects to a higher place
-e.g flag pole , crane
-To cut or separate objects
-E.g knife , saw , axe
-To fix two objects together
-E.g drill bit , spanner
-To move objects easily
-Gear in a watch
A device that allows us to use
less force to make work easier
or faster

87. 1.2 Analysing a
complex
machine
Made up of more
than one simple
machine.
Wheelbarrow
Lever, wheel and axle
Crane
Gear, pulley, lever
Egg Beater
Gear, wheel and axle
Bicycle
Gear, lever,
wheel and axle Scissors
Lever, wedge
Hand Drill
Wedge, wheel and axle

88. 1.3 Appreciating the invention of machines that
make life easier.
Life with machine Life without machine
Difficulty moving heavy things.
Will not be able to travel from
one place to another faraway
place.
Help to move heavy things.
Work in the fields is made easier and
productivity of agricultural product is
raised.
Construction work is made easier and
can be completed faster.
Help us travel from one place to
another.