Notes on the history of Astronomy, Earth's seasons, moon's phases, and Earth's tides with video links

1. Astronomy 1
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

2. NOTE OUTLINE:
1.Historical Astronomers
2.Motion
3.Cycles:
• Seasons
• Moon phases
• tides

3. FAMOUS
ASTRONOMERS
of the PAST

4. PTOLEMY
•Worked with sundials & trigonometry
•astronomer who accepted the common
idea that the planets & Sun traveled around the
Earth! (geocentric view)
WRONG!!!
COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
•Proposed that the Earth & other planets
revolved around the sun (heliocentric view)
•People did NOT like this idea!
RIGHT IDEA!!!
http://www.cyfronet.pl/~n1kokow
s/poszukiwania_en.html
http://students.ou.edu/G/Summ
er.D.Golden-1/coverpage.html

5. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)
•Used the invention of the telescope &
mathematics to look at the universe
•Observed The Milky Way, the moon, Jupiter’s
moons & more
http://ml.shapiro.gs/?p=64
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/engli
sh/nael/18century/topic_3/illustrations/i
mtelescope.htm
PBS: Telescopes
NOVA: VIDEO
Galileo- Sun-centered universe (5 min)

6. MOTION
http://utahscience.oremjr.alpine.k12.ut.us/Scibe
r06/6th/moon/html/rotate.htm

7. MOTION VOCABULARY:
•Axis: The tilt on which the earth spins (rotates)
•Latitude: lines running on a map or globe
•Longitude: lines running on a map or globe
•Rotation: spinning around from one point & back
around
•Orbit: the path one body follows around another
body
•Revolution: the movement of a body in orbit from
one point back to that point; one complete trip
ADVANCE

8. LATITUDE:
Measured N & S
of the Equator
LONGITUDE:
Measured E & W
of the Prime
Meridian
http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/NorthStar/Unit2/unit2_sub1.htm
BACK
A
X
I
S
http://pseudoastro.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/planet-x-
and-2012-proof-earth-is-not-experiencing-a-pole-shift/

9. ROTATION
The earth makes one rotation on its axis every 24
hours. This makes day & night.
Earth satellite views: ppt.
BACK
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/arny/instructor/graphics/ch04/0422.html

10. REVOLUTION
The earth travels one revolution around the sun in
365 Earth days.
BACK
Summer Solstice
http://www.uwm.edu/~kahl/CoVis/Seasons/

11. JOHANNES KEPLER: (1600)
Mathematician & astronomer
•Kepler’s laws of motion:
•objects travel in an ellipse around
another object
•objects move faster when
closest to the sun and slower
when farthest from the sun
•the more distant from the
sun an object is, the longer it
takes to orbit the sun
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencef
acts/scientists/johanneskepler.html
http://kepler.nasa.gov/johannes/#anchor784359
VIDEO: Planetary orbits are Eliptical

12. SIR ISAAC NEWTON: (1643-1727)
Mathematician & astronomer
NEWTON LINKBIOGRAPHY
•Newton’s 1st
law of Motion: objects
remain still or in motion until another
force is applied to it (law of inertia)
•Newton’s 2nd
law of Motion: acceleration happens
when a force is acted on an object. The greater
the mass of the object, the more force is needed to
move it. (f=ma)
•Newton’s 3rd
law of Motion: for every action, there
is an equal and opposite reaction
•NEWTON LINK: explore the 3 laws
http://www.mrdowling.
com/601-newton.html

13. ILLUSTRATION: Show how inertia & gravity
create orbits.
p. 660-661
VIDEO 2: planetary rotation & revolution

14. Why are there seasons
on Earth?
Seamon VIDEO: S

15. •Equinox: when the sun is directly above the
equator
•Solstice: when the sun is farthest N & S of the
Equator

16. Summer Solstice
Winter Solstice
Autumn Equinox
Spring Equinox
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/corporate/pressoffice/2006/pr20060317b.html
Seasons are dependent upon:
1.The Earth’s axis tilt
2.Where the Earth is on its solar revolution
Summer Solstice
HSW: VIDEO LINK
(The Earth’s Seasons)
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/12886-spin-around-the-solar-system-the

17. Longer days in the
Summer
Summer Solstice Equinoxes Winter Solstice
Shorter days in the
Winter
Day &
night are
almost
equal
Longest
day
Shortest
day
http://www.uwm.edu/~kahl/CoVis/Seasons/

18. Video: Autumnal equinox
Video: vernal equinox
Video: seasons N & S poles
VIDEO: Earth’s Movements (4 min)
Earth satellite views: ppt.

19. Why does the moon
change?

20. •Moon: a smaller body circling a
larger body in space
Luna: Earth’s moon
•Luna rotates on its axis in about 27.3 Earth days
•Luna revolves around the Earth in about 28 Earth
days
(Therefore, we see the same FACE of the moon)
Google Earth images

21. Luna’s Phases:
VOCABULARY
• Waxing the appearance of the moon getting larger
(more sunlight shining on it as nights go by)
• Waning the appearance of the moon getting
smaller (less sunlight shining on it as nights go by
• Crescent
• Gibbous

22. Waxing
crescent
Waning
crescent
VIDEO:
V IDEO: Same Side of the Moon

23. • Eclipse: the shadow of one celestial body falling
on another body
1.Lunar eclipse
1.Solar eclipse
Earth’s shadow on moon during lunar eclipse
Shadow on moon during solar eclipse

24. VIDEO 1: lunar eclipse
VIDEO 2: solar eclipse1
VIDEO: solar Eclipse 2
Video: solar Eclipse 3 Total eclipse
of the sun
Video: eclipses

25. MOON &
ECLIPSE
PHASES
LAB p. 658 &
659

26. TIDES
Moon’s gravity pulls on the Earth’s oceans,
causing the level of water to rise or lower:
1.High tide
2. Low tide
http://www.fotonomy.com/Ceterus
Paribus/photo/1ee2edd8/

27. 1.Spring tides:
Largest daily range
-during new &
full moons; every 14
days
2. Neap tides:
Smaller daily range
-during 1st
& 3rd
quarters
of moon
(sun, Earth, moon align)
(sun & moon are at right
angles to the Earth)
VIDEO: Tides

28. EXTRA:
Video: NOVA- formation of our
solar system (13 min)
VIDEO: HSW The Beauty of Astronomy
(2 min)