SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 96
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
THE CELL
*The Cell Theory.
*Types of cells.
*Parts of a cell.
All things on earth can be classified into
2 groups. Can you group these items
into these 2 main groups?
       LIVING or NON LIVING
All things on earth are either

 living                   or      non-living.
                                  non-living




So... What makes living things different from Non-
living things?            Let’s see
There are 7 characteristics:
• Movement
• Respiration
• Sensitivity
• Growth
• Reproductio
  n
• Excretion
• Nutrition
Movement
• An action by an organism or part of an
  organism causing a change of position or
  place.
Respiration
• The chemical reactions that break down
  nutrient molecules in living cells to release
  energy (break down + O2)
        Respiration
         is NOT
           *gaseous
           exchange
           *BREATHING
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Sensitivity
• The ability to detect or sense changes in
  the environment (stimuli) and to make
  responses (react to them)
Growth
• A permanent increase in size and dry
  mass by an increase in cell number or cell
  size or both.
Reproduction
• The processes that make more of the
  same kind of organism
Excretion
• The removal from organisms of toxic
  materials, the waste products of
  metabolism (chemical reactions in cells
  including respiration) and substances in
  excess of requirements.
Nutrition
• The taking in of
  nutrients (from
  environment)which are
  organic substances
  and mineral ions,
  containing raw
  materials or energy for
  growth and tissue
  repair, absorbing and
  assimilating them.
Quiz



  Guess which characteristic is being
demonstrated by the following animations:
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5

Which two characteristics are shown by
this animation:
Question 6

Other than movement, which characteristics
are shown by this animation:
Question 7

 So far you should have
 named a total of five
 different characteristics.

 However there are 7
 characteristics in total.

 Name the two remaining
 characteristics.
Answers:

How well did you do?
Question 1: Excretion
Question 2: Nutrition
Question 3: Movement
Question 4: Reproduction
Question 5: Sensitivity and
       Movement
  Which two characteristics are shown by
  this animation:
Question 6: Sensitivity and Nutrition

      Other than movement, which characteristics
      are shown by this animation:
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Cells are the basic unit of life.
                            life




       This is a single cell of a
             living thing.
Definition of Cell


A cell is the smallest unit that is
   capable of performing life
            functions.
Cells
• Cells are the basic units of all living
  things…
          if it is alive it has cells
Cells pictures
Hooke´s microscope
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
CELL THEORY
  1. The basic unit of life is the cell. (Hooke)
• In 1665, an English scientist
  named Robert Hooke made
  an improved microscope and
  viewed thin slices of cork
  viewing plant cell walls
• Hooke named what he saw
  "cells"




                                                   Slide from: http://www.worldofteaching.com
CELL THEORY
  2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells.

• Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants)
• Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying
  animals) stated that all living things were
  made of cells




                                                      Slide from: http://www.worldofteaching.com
                              Schwann

             Schleiden
CELL THEORY
3. All cells divide & come from old cells. (Virchow)




                 Virchow
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes CELLS
Eukaryotic cell = with nucleus
Prokaryotic cell = without nucleus
                                      BACTERIA

                                             Prokaryotic cell
                                                  Cell membrane
                 Eukaryotic cell




                                                      Cytoplasm



                                            Cell membrane

                                      Cytoplasm
                   Organelles
                                 Nucleus
Eukaryotic
   • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
   • Most living organisms
                           Plant                              Animal




http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
What are the main parts of a cell?



 • Cell membrane
 • Cytoplasm
 • Nucleus
artists rendition of the plant cell
Section 7-2


                                                Smooth endoplasmic
                     Vacuole                    reticulum
                                                          Ribosome
                                                          (free)
        Chloroplast
                                                            Ribosome
                                                            (attached)
        Cell
        Membrane
                                                             Nuclear
      Cell wall                                              envelope


                                                           Nucleolus

     Golgi
     apparatus                                          Nucleus

                  Mitochondrion                Rough endoplasmic reticulum


                                  Plant Cell
artists rendition of an animal cell




                    Animal cell
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Examples of Cells
             Amoeba Proteus


                              Plant Stem


Bacteria


                                           Red Blood Cell



           Nerve Cell
“Typical” Animal Cell




http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
“Typical” Plant Cell




http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
A section through a liver cell (animal
                cell):

cell membrane                 nucleus
controls what                 contains the
enters and                    DNA and so
leaves the cell               controls the cell


   cytoplasm                  DNA
   metabolic                  contains the
   (chemical)                 coded
   reactions                  instructions to
   occur here                 make proteins
Section through a palisade cell of a leaf
              (plant cell)


                              chloroplast
cell membrane
                               Site of
                               photosynthesis

                              large sap vacuole
      nucleus
                              Storage of
                              nutrients and
                              waste products.
                              cellulose cell wall
     cytoplasm                 Provides
                               protections and
                               support for cell
Comparing animal and plant cells

Found in both animal   Found only in plant
   and plant cells           cells

  cell membrane        cellulose cell wall

     nucleus           large sap vacuole

    cytoplasm             chloroplast
13


    Plant and animal cells
• All cells have cytoplasm, a nucleus and a
  cell membrane.

• Plant cells have also a cell wall, a central
  vacuole and in many cases, chloroplasts.

• Animal cells do not have these structures
14
            Plant cells               Animal cells
Cytoplasm                 Cytoplasm

Nucleus                   Nucleus
Cell membrane             Cell membrane
Nucleolus                 Nucleolus
Ribosomes                 Ribosomes
Mitochondria              Mitochondria
SER                       SER
RER                       RER
Golgi Apparatus           Golgi Apparatus
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole

                          lysosomes

                          centrioles
Cell and functions unit 1 mine
Red blood cells transport oxygen

       cell surface membrane        cytoplasm contains
                                    no nucleus
                                           allows more room for
                                           haemoglobin

cytoplasm contains
haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a
protein which carries          bi-concave disc shape
the oxygen molecules           increases surface area
                               over which absorption of
                               oxygen can occur
Muscle cells contract and enable
         movement of the body

                              muscle


                                              Muscle cells have
                                              many nuclei


                                  cell surface membrane
                                                          nucleus
The strands of protein
slide over each other
making the muscle cell
(fibre) shorter and causing
the muscle to contract
                                   protein strands
Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust
         away from the lungs
        cilia


                     Cilia are small extensions of
                     the cell. They beat rhythmically
                     to sweep mucus, which has
                     trapped bacteria and dust,
                     away from the lungs


                           nucleus



                             magnification X3000
Xylem vessels transport water and
          minerals up the plant
                                       xylem vessels are continuous tubes

  xylem vessel




no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for
continuous flow of water
and dissolved mineral
ions

    lignin
    water-proof and strong;
    helps support the plant
                              cross-section           longitudinal section
Root hair cells absorb minerals and
           water from the soil
  Cross-section of a root hair cell


                                      cell membrane semi-permeable, so will
                                                    allow water and mineral
cytoplasm                                           ions into the cell
contains no
chloroplasts as no
photosynthesis is
needed
                                                 root hair cell
                                       increases surface area for absorption
                                       of water and mineral ions
SPECIALIZATION
A tissue is a group of cell of similar
structure that form a shared function
          Tissues found in the leaf                Animal tissues:
                                                   muscle tissue
                               upper epidermal
                               tissue
                              palisade mesophyll
                              tissue


                               spongy mesophyll    nervous tissue
                               tissue
                               lower epidermal
                               tissue


Cross-section of a leaf
An organ is a structure made of a
group of tissues working together to
     perform specific functions
         heart       lungs      liver




         stomach     brain     kidneys


 Plant organs include the stem and the leaves
An organ system is a group of organs that
  coordinate to perform related functions
lymphatic       digestive          reproductive          skeletal    endocrine
  system         system               system             system       system




        respiratory         excretory             muscular      nervous     circulatory
          system             system                system       system        system


In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem
Levels of organisation
 cell         tissue    organ     organ        organism
                                 systems




nerve cell    nervous    brain    nervous   Homo sapiens
               tissue             system

   smallest                                 largest
15


        Organs, cells and tissues

                    The stomach is an
                    organ, part of the
                    digestive system




                                         The stomach wall contains muscle
                                         tissue
The muscle tissue consists of
muscle cells
4
A group of cells from
    animal tissue
            cell membrane
cytoplasm                   nucleus
Cell Parts
Organelles
Surrounding the Cell
7

            Cell membrane
The cell membrane encloses the
cytoplasm and stops it flowing out


It also controls which substances
can get into and out of the cell

It is only about 0.00001mm thick
   Double layer
                                      cell membrane
If it is damaged, the cell will die
Cell Wall
                                                      • Most commonly found
                                                        in plant cells &
                                                        bacteria
                                                      • It is made of
                                                        cellulose.

                                                      • It supports & protects
                                                        cells


http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Inside the Cell
Cytoplasm
• Collective term for cytosol and organelles
5

                  Cytoplasm
 The cytoplasm is a living,
 semi-liquid material               cytoplasm


Although it looks structureless
it contains many structures
which are not visible at this
magnification

All the processes which keep
the cell alive, take place in the
cytoplasm or nucleus
Cytoskeleton
            - Composed of
            microtubules
            - Supports cell and
            provides shape
            - Aids movement of
            materials in and out of
            cells


http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
6


                  Nucleus
 *The nucleus is a specialised region
 of cytoplasm which regulates all
 the chemical changes which take           nucleus
 place in the cytoplasm
*It sends chemical signals to the
cytoplasm which start or stop the
chemical processes going on in it
*The nucleus also controls cell division
 *Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
 membrane
 Contains genetic material - DNA
Nuclear Membrane
       • Surrounds nucleus
       • Made of two layers
       • Openings allow
         material to enter and
         leave nucleus




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chromosomes
                                                      • In nucleus
                                                      • Made of DNA
                                                      • Contain instructions
                                                        for traits &
                                                        characteristics




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Nucleolus
 • Inside nucleus
 • Contains RNA to build
   proteins




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                      • Moves materials around
                                                        in cell
                                                      • Smooth type: lacks
                                                        ribosomes
                                                      • Rough type (pictured):
                                                        ribosomes embedded in
                                                        surface




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Ribosomes
 • Each cell contains
   thousands
 • Make proteins
 • Found on ribosomes
   & floating throughout
   the cell




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
  chemical reactions –
  breaking down fats &
  carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
  other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
  proteins, fats, and
  carbohydrates

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Golgi Bodies
 • Protein 'packaging
   plant'
 • Move materials within
   the cell
 • Move materials out of
   the cell




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Lysosome
  • Digestive 'plant' for
    proteins, fats, and
    carbohydrates
  • Transports undigested
    material to cell
    membrane for removal
  • Cell breaks down if
    lysosome explodes




http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
  sacs for storage,
  digestion, and waste
  removal
• Contains water
  solution
• Help plants maintain
  shape


http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Chloroplast
• Usually found
  in plant cells
• Contains green
  chlorophyll
• Where
  photosynthesis
  takes place



http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
Centrioles
• Centrioles are found in
  animal cells and help to
  organize the assembly
  of microtubules during
  cell division.
8


     Cells from the cheek lining

   cytoplasm



  nucleus




cell membrane




       0.01mm           © Biophoto Associates
9

                   Plant cells
                                           nucleus

cytoplasm

  vacuole
                                                              cell wall




     Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall
     outside the cell membrane, and a large, fluid-filled vacuole
10


                         Chloroplasts
                                                                       0.2mm
   vacuole




chloroplast

        cell wall



                                                     © Biophoto
                                                     Associates
       Cells from the green parts of plants, such as leaves, contain
       chloroplasts.
       The chloroplasts are always in the cytoplasm
17


               Question 1
Which of these structures controls cell
  division?
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
18


               Question 2
In a plant cell, which of these describes the
  vacuole?
• A semi-liquid living material
• A specialized region of cytoplasm
• A region containing chloroplasts
• A solution of salts and sugars
19


               Question 3
The cell structure which controls the entry or
  exit of substances is
• the nucleus
• The cell wall
• The cell membrane
• The cytoplasm
20


                Question 4
 Which one of these statements is correct?

•Plant cells do not have cell walls

•Plant cells have no vacuoles

•Plant cells have nuclei

•All plant cells have chloroplasts
21


Answer



Incorrect
22


Answer



Correct
Cell and functions unit 1 mine

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt? (18)

IVMS-OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY
IVMS-OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGYIVMS-OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY
IVMS-OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY
 
Topic 2.3 Eukaryotes
Topic 2.3   EukaryotesTopic 2.3   Eukaryotes
Topic 2.3 Eukaryotes
 
Cell database
Cell databaseCell database
Cell database
 
Chapter4 sections+1 7
Chapter4 sections+1 7Chapter4 sections+1 7
Chapter4 sections+1 7
 
The Cell
The CellThe Cell
The Cell
 
The Cell
The CellThe Cell
The Cell
 
Cell the unit of life
Cell the unit of lifeCell the unit of life
Cell the unit of life
 
Plant cell
Plant cellPlant cell
Plant cell
 
L3.cell organelle
L3.cell organelleL3.cell organelle
L3.cell organelle
 
A Tour of The Cell
A Tour of The CellA Tour of The Cell
A Tour of The Cell
 
Sel
SelSel
Sel
 
1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
 
Cell stucture and function class 8
Cell stucture and function class 8 Cell stucture and function class 8
Cell stucture and function class 8
 
IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells
IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to CellsIB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells
IB Biology 1.1 Slides: Introduction to Cells
 
Cells
CellsCells
Cells
 
Cell structure and function
Cell structure and functionCell structure and function
Cell structure and function
 
Kuliah anfis 1
Kuliah anfis 1Kuliah anfis 1
Kuliah anfis 1
 
Wonderful world of cells
Wonderful world of cellsWonderful world of cells
Wonderful world of cells
 

Ähnlich wie Cell and functions unit 1 mine

2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012
2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-20122, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012
2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012ganganaik
 
living things & cell theory
living things & cell theoryliving things & cell theory
living things & cell theorydapolls
 
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cellsAliAqsamAbbasi
 
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK GargCell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK GargPROFESSOR Dr. H.K. Garg
 
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02Dewi Sivasamy
 
Plant and Animalcell
Plant and AnimalcellPlant and Animalcell
Plant and AnimalcellMalti Aswal
 
The cell factory ppt
The cell factory pptThe cell factory ppt
The cell factory pptshriverh
 
Cell organelle presentation
Cell organelle presentationCell organelle presentation
Cell organelle presentationjamesbono76
 
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.ppt
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.pptFUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.ppt
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.pptSHATHADEVI
 

Ähnlich wie Cell and functions unit 1 mine (20)

2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012
2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-20122, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012
2, origin, structure and function of eucaryotes cells 5 11-2012
 
living things & cell theory
living things & cell theoryliving things & cell theory
living things & cell theory
 
Cells
CellsCells
Cells
 
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cellsProkaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
 
2. Cells
2. Cells2. Cells
2. Cells
 
Cell
CellCell
Cell
 
Biology cell structure function
Biology cell structure functionBiology cell structure function
Biology cell structure function
 
CELL COMPONENTS
CELL COMPONENTSCELL COMPONENTS
CELL COMPONENTS
 
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK GargCell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
Cell Biology for Under-graduates - Dr HK Garg
 
Chapter 4-1232902759297606-1
Chapter 4-1232902759297606-1Chapter 4-1232902759297606-1
Chapter 4-1232902759297606-1
 
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
Cellstructureandorganisationlssbiology 110420051647-phpapp02
 
1 cell fernando
1 cell fernando1 cell fernando
1 cell fernando
 
Animal cell
Animal cellAnimal cell
Animal cell
 
Plant and Animalcell
Plant and AnimalcellPlant and Animalcell
Plant and Animalcell
 
Atv what is biology
Atv what is biologyAtv what is biology
Atv what is biology
 
Biochem1
Biochem1Biochem1
Biochem1
 
unit 1.pptx
unit 1.pptxunit 1.pptx
unit 1.pptx
 
The cell factory ppt
The cell factory pptThe cell factory ppt
The cell factory ppt
 
Cell organelle presentation
Cell organelle presentationCell organelle presentation
Cell organelle presentation
 
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.ppt
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.pptFUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.ppt
FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE CLASS IX.ppt
 

Mehr von Andrea Sánchez del Rio

Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineSynthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineAndrea Sánchez del Rio
 
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toNervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toAndrea Sánchez del Rio
 

Mehr von Andrea Sánchez del Rio (20)

Digestive System short 2019
Digestive System  short 2019Digestive System  short 2019
Digestive System short 2019
 
4to respiratory system for students
4to respiratory system for students4to respiratory system for students
4to respiratory system for students
 
3ero 1 historyof life mine
3ero 1 historyof life mine3ero 1 historyof life mine
3ero 1 historyof life mine
 
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga LineSynthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
 
3rd 10 units 10 11 students
3rd 10 units 10 11 students3rd 10 units 10 11 students
3rd 10 units 10 11 students
 
4to 9 human reproduction for students
4to 9 human reproduction for students4to 9 human reproduction for students
4to 9 human reproduction for students
 
4to 4 excretion
4to 4 excretion4to 4 excretion
4to 4 excretion
 
3ero 4 enzymes mine
3ero 4 enzymes mine3ero 4 enzymes mine
3ero 4 enzymes mine
 
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
3ero 3 chemicals of life mine
 
Endocrine system mine for 4th
Endocrine system mine for 4thEndocrine system mine for 4th
Endocrine system mine for 4th
 
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4toNervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
Nervous system and coordination brian & friends para 4to
 
Circulatory system mine for 3rd
Circulatory system mine for 3rdCirculatory system mine for 3rd
Circulatory system mine for 3rd
 
Skeleton, muscles and movement mine
Skeleton, muscles and movement mineSkeleton, muscles and movement mine
Skeleton, muscles and movement mine
 
Skin homeostasis
Skin homeostasisSkin homeostasis
Skin homeostasis
 
Plant structure function and transport
Plant structure function and transportPlant structure function and transport
Plant structure function and transport
 
Plants don't go to Coto
Plants don't go to CotoPlants don't go to Coto
Plants don't go to Coto
 
Lymphatic system mine
Lymphatic system mineLymphatic system mine
Lymphatic system mine
 
Transport in cells 3rd
Transport in cells 3rdTransport in cells 3rd
Transport in cells 3rd
 
Respiration 3rd
Respiration 3rdRespiration 3rd
Respiration 3rd
 
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
Biology unit 1 cell (reparado)
 

Cell and functions unit 1 mine

  • 2. THE CELL *The Cell Theory. *Types of cells. *Parts of a cell.
  • 3. All things on earth can be classified into 2 groups. Can you group these items into these 2 main groups? LIVING or NON LIVING
  • 4. All things on earth are either living or non-living. non-living So... What makes living things different from Non- living things? Let’s see
  • 5. There are 7 characteristics: • Movement • Respiration • Sensitivity • Growth • Reproductio n • Excretion • Nutrition
  • 6. Movement • An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
  • 7. Respiration • The chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy (break down + O2) Respiration is NOT *gaseous exchange *BREATHING
  • 9. Sensitivity • The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make responses (react to them)
  • 10. Growth • A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.
  • 11. Reproduction • The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
  • 12. Excretion • The removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements.
  • 13. Nutrition • The taking in of nutrients (from environment)which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them.
  • 14. Quiz Guess which characteristic is being demonstrated by the following animations:
  • 19. Question 5 Which two characteristics are shown by this animation:
  • 20. Question 6 Other than movement, which characteristics are shown by this animation:
  • 21. Question 7 So far you should have named a total of five different characteristics. However there are 7 characteristics in total. Name the two remaining characteristics.
  • 27. Question 5: Sensitivity and Movement Which two characteristics are shown by this animation:
  • 28. Question 6: Sensitivity and Nutrition Other than movement, which characteristics are shown by this animation:
  • 30. Cells are the basic unit of life. life This is a single cell of a living thing.
  • 31. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
  • 32. Cells • Cells are the basic units of all living things… if it is alive it has cells
  • 36. CELL THEORY 1. The basic unit of life is the cell. (Hooke) • In 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke made an improved microscope and viewed thin slices of cork viewing plant cell walls • Hooke named what he saw "cells" Slide from: http://www.worldofteaching.com
  • 37. CELL THEORY 2. All living things are made of 1 or more cells. • Matthias Schleiden (botanist studying plants) • Theodore Schwann (zoologist studying animals) stated that all living things were made of cells Slide from: http://www.worldofteaching.com Schwann Schleiden
  • 38. CELL THEORY 3. All cells divide & come from old cells. (Virchow) Virchow
  • 39. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes CELLS Eukaryotic cell = with nucleus Prokaryotic cell = without nucleus BACTERIA Prokaryotic cell Cell membrane Eukaryotic cell Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus
  • 40. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html
  • 41. What are the main parts of a cell? • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Nucleus
  • 42. artists rendition of the plant cell Section 7-2 Smooth endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear Cell wall envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell
  • 43. artists rendition of an animal cell Animal cell
  • 46. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell
  • 49. A section through a liver cell (animal cell): cell membrane nucleus controls what contains the enters and DNA and so leaves the cell controls the cell cytoplasm DNA metabolic contains the (chemical) coded reactions instructions to occur here make proteins
  • 50. Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell) chloroplast cell membrane Site of photosynthesis large sap vacuole nucleus Storage of nutrients and waste products. cellulose cell wall cytoplasm Provides protections and support for cell
  • 51. Comparing animal and plant cells Found in both animal Found only in plant and plant cells cells cell membrane cellulose cell wall nucleus large sap vacuole cytoplasm chloroplast
  • 52. 13 Plant and animal cells • All cells have cytoplasm, a nucleus and a cell membrane. • Plant cells have also a cell wall, a central vacuole and in many cases, chloroplasts. • Animal cells do not have these structures
  • 53. 14 Plant cells Animal cells Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus Cell membrane Cell membrane Nucleolus Nucleolus Ribosomes Ribosomes Mitochondria Mitochondria SER SER RER RER Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Cell wall Chloroplasts Central vacuole lysosomes centrioles
  • 55. Red blood cells transport oxygen cell surface membrane cytoplasm contains no nucleus allows more room for haemoglobin cytoplasm contains haemoglobin haemoglobin is a protein which carries bi-concave disc shape the oxygen molecules increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur
  • 56. Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body muscle Muscle cells have many nuclei cell surface membrane nucleus The strands of protein slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract protein strands
  • 57. Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs cilia Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs nucleus magnification X3000
  • 58. Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant xylem vessels are continuous tubes xylem vessel no cytoplasm hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions lignin water-proof and strong; helps support the plant cross-section longitudinal section
  • 59. Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil Cross-section of a root hair cell cell membrane semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral cytoplasm ions into the cell contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed root hair cell increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions
  • 61. A tissue is a group of cell of similar structure that form a shared function Tissues found in the leaf Animal tissues: muscle tissue upper epidermal tissue palisade mesophyll tissue spongy mesophyll nervous tissue tissue lower epidermal tissue Cross-section of a leaf
  • 62. An organ is a structure made of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions heart lungs liver stomach brain kidneys Plant organs include the stem and the leaves
  • 63. An organ system is a group of organs that coordinate to perform related functions lymphatic digestive reproductive skeletal endocrine system system system system system respiratory excretory muscular nervous circulatory system system system system system In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem
  • 64. Levels of organisation cell tissue organ organ organism systems nerve cell nervous brain nervous Homo sapiens tissue system smallest largest
  • 65. 15 Organs, cells and tissues The stomach is an organ, part of the digestive system The stomach wall contains muscle tissue The muscle tissue consists of muscle cells
  • 66. 4 A group of cells from animal tissue cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus
  • 69. 7 Cell membrane The cell membrane encloses the cytoplasm and stops it flowing out It also controls which substances can get into and out of the cell It is only about 0.00001mm thick Double layer cell membrane If it is damaged, the cell will die
  • 70. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • It is made of cellulose. • It supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 72. Cytoplasm • Collective term for cytosol and organelles
  • 73. 5 Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a living, semi-liquid material cytoplasm Although it looks structureless it contains many structures which are not visible at this magnification All the processes which keep the cell alive, take place in the cytoplasm or nucleus
  • 74. Cytoskeleton - Composed of microtubules - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 75. 6 Nucleus *The nucleus is a specialised region of cytoplasm which regulates all the chemical changes which take nucleus place in the cytoplasm *It sends chemical signals to the cytoplasm which start or stop the chemical processes going on in it *The nucleus also controls cell division *Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA
  • 76. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 77. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 78. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 79. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 80. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 81. Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 82. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 83. Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 84. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 85. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
  • 86. Centrioles • Centrioles are found in animal cells and help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division.
  • 87. 8 Cells from the cheek lining cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane 0.01mm © Biophoto Associates
  • 88. 9 Plant cells nucleus cytoplasm vacuole cell wall Plant cells differ from animal cells in having a cell wall outside the cell membrane, and a large, fluid-filled vacuole
  • 89. 10 Chloroplasts 0.2mm vacuole chloroplast cell wall © Biophoto Associates Cells from the green parts of plants, such as leaves, contain chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are always in the cytoplasm
  • 90. 17 Question 1 Which of these structures controls cell division? • Cytoplasm • Nucleus • Cell membrane • Cell wall
  • 91. 18 Question 2 In a plant cell, which of these describes the vacuole? • A semi-liquid living material • A specialized region of cytoplasm • A region containing chloroplasts • A solution of salts and sugars
  • 92. 19 Question 3 The cell structure which controls the entry or exit of substances is • the nucleus • The cell wall • The cell membrane • The cytoplasm
  • 93. 20 Question 4 Which one of these statements is correct? •Plant cells do not have cell walls •Plant cells have no vacuoles •Plant cells have nuclei •All plant cells have chloroplasts

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. 1-striated muscle cells 2-macrophage engulfing a bacterium 3- plant cell 4- nervoes cell 5- red blood cell 6- stem cell
  2. There are exceptions to these general statements. Red blood cells, for example, do not have a nucleus. Animal cells often have vacuoles but these are small and scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
  3. Very few tissues consist of a single cell type. There are usually nerve fibres and blood vessels supplying the tissue
  4. All cells consist of cytoplasm, nucleus and a cell membrane. The next three slides explain the function of each of these
  5. A cell needs to take up oxygen and food substances to keep it alive. The cell membrane allows these substances to pass into the cytoplasm but keeps unwanted, and possibly harmful, substances out.
  6. Under the ordinary microscope, the cytoplasm appears to be a semi-liquid gel. In some plant cells it can be seen streaming around the cell. Small particles and granules can be observed in the cytoplasm but, under higher magnification, a complex arrangement of microscopic tubules and vacuoles is revealed. These structures enable the chemical reactions, which make the cell alive, to take place in an orderly and controlled manner
  7. The nucleus contains a substance called DNA. This substance controls what kind of a cell is produced, such as a liver cell, muscle cell or blood cell. Chemicals produced by the DNA escape from the nucleus and regulate all the chemical reactions in the cytoplasm. Cells without a nucleus cannot divide.
  8. These cells have been scraped from the inside of the cheek. They are not .stained but viewed by a special type of lighting. The magnification on the print-out is about x 950
  9. The cell membrane is pressed up against the inside of the cell wall by the pressure of the vacuole and is difficult to see.. The cell wall is made of cellulose . It is permeable , that is, it lets water and dissolved substances pass in and out freely. The vacuole contains a solution of chemicals such as salts, sugars and, sometimes, coloured substances (pigments). This solution is called ‘cell sap’. Its outward pressure on the cell wall keeps the cell firm.
  10. These cells are from a moss leaf. The magnification on this page is about x400. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment, chlorophyll , which absorbs sunlight and helps the plant to make its food