1. Reformations and Religious Wars1500-1600 Chapter 14

2. Causes of the Reformation Babylonian Captivity Great Schism- 1377-1417 Rejected Conciliar Movement Corruption of the Catholic Church

3. Corruption of the Catholic Church Simony- sale of church offices Pluralism- an official holding more than 1 office at a time Absenteeism- an official not participating but receiving payment Nepotism- favoring family members when appointing church officials Moral decline of the clergy- drinking, gambling, indulgence, neglect of celibacy Clerical Ignorance- many illiterate priests Sale of Indulgences- people paying money to absolve their sins

4. Critics of the Catholic Church John Wyclif John Hus Thomas á Kempis Erasmus Martin Luther

5. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustinian friar; professor at University of Wittenburg The pope needed more money to pay for St. Peter’s cathedral-authorized the selling of indulgences Johann Tetzel 95 Theses October 31, 1517

6. Defied pope by refusing to recant Wanted to reform Catholic Church at first Debate with Johann Eck Diet of Worms Excommunicated by Pope Leo X 1520 Edict of Worms- outlawed as heretic Confessions of Augsburg (15300 Phillip Melanchthon

7. Protestant Thought Salvation through faith alone Bible was sole authority Only 2 valid sacraments- baptism and communion “priesthood of all believers” Rejected Catholic monastic ideas about poverty, chastity, and obedience Consubstantiation

8. Spread of Reformation Leaders feared revolution Peasants’ unhappy and revolted German Peasants’ War 1525 Northern German states Denmark and Sweden Charles V sought to stop spread Protestantism League of Schmalkden Habsburg-Valois Wars

9. Spread of Protestantism Anabaptists Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin Calvinism John Knox Presbyterianism Dutch Reformed Church Huguenots Puritans Eastern Europe

10. Reformation and Marriage Marriage not a sacrament Luther married to former nun Zwingli married widow Women subject to men Divorce and remarriage

11. Reformation and German Politics Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty Political Impact Changing allies and political maneuvers

12. Reformation in England and Ireland King Henry VIII Church of England Supremacy Act of 1534 Edward VI Protestant Bloody Mary Catholic Elizabeth I Protestant

13. The Catholic Reformation Holy Office The Council of Trent Jesuits

14. Violence France St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre Edict of Nantes Netherlands Witch-Hunts