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RED RIVER FLOODS
Photograph: dacotahsgirl
Red River
2009
AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Lt. Brendan Evans
Red River




~ 7 miles




            FARGO
Photograph: Sco Olson/Ge y Images
Photograph: AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster
AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster
Photograph: gfpeck




            Red River flood obelisk Grand Forks
1997
Greg Brooks, Geological Survey of Canada
Grand Forks, North Dakota 1997 flood and fire
1950 Red River flood
AP Photo/The Gaze e, Jonathan D. Woods
What causes severe Red River floods?
3 main factors
1 weather
2 geology
3 natural history
1 weather
X
How you make a Red River flood
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
How you make a Red River flood




Oct   Nov   Dec   Jan       Feb      Mar     Apr
Photograph: kodoma (home)
Winnipeg Manitoba
Lake Winnipeg
Hudson Bay
Photograph: AP Photo/The Canadian Press, Winnipeg Free Press-Wayne Glowacki
X
chain of events
2 geology
Lake Agassiz
Photograph: neeravbha
mud
Lake Agassiz
Photograph: Nick Saltmarsh
Photograph: Ma hew Bietz
Photograph: calwest
Red River valley
Photograph: Morningstarphoto
Photograph: woody1778a
Climate history of North America

                        Younger              Demise of Laurentide
                         Dryas                    Ice Sheet

    20          16        12             8                4              0

                                                                             THOUSANDS OF
                                                                             YEARS AGO




                                   Final drainage
                                  of Lake Agassiz
LAST GLACIAL                                                          MODERN
  MAXIMUM                                                           OBSERVATIONS
what happened before?
3 natural history
Winnipeg Manitoba
1812
Red River
1826
MAY 3
The river rose six feet last night perpendicularly, several tents are
now pitched upon the most elevated spots: terror is strongly depicted
on every countenance… David Jones Journal
MAY 5
On a point of the river above us, four horses and a barn were swept
off by the force of the ice and the ruins floated past us to–day on the
surface thereof… David Jones Journal
MAY 5
The force of [the ice] is inconceivable; the lo iest elm trees are
carried away like the most inconsiderable things. David Jones Journal
“
                  The forts now stand like a castle of romance in the midst of
                  an ocean of deep contending currents, the water extending
                  for at least a mile behind them, and they are thereby only
                  approachable by boats and canoes.”
                                                                 Francis Heron
                                                                 Hudson Bay Company, 1826




St.. George and Rannie, Canadian Water Resources Journal, 2003
1826 flood




       1950 flood
what happened before?
Photograph: S.L.M.
Tree-ring display at elementary school




Photograph: Tom Swetnam
“ RINGS
    IN THE BRANCHES OF
    SAWED TREES SHOW
THE NUMBER OF YEARS
  AND, ACCORDING TO THEIR
     THICKNESS,
   THE YEARS WHICH WERE
        MORE OR LESS
          DRY. ”
      Leonardo da Vinci
Photograph: Ralph Sievert
Photograph: Ma hew Bietz
Red River
                          Manitoba
Photograph: Greg Brooks
Photograph: Ralph Sievert
93
St.. George and Nielsen, The Holocene, 2003
93
St.. George and Nielsen, The Holocene, 2003
Photo: Erik Nielsen
95
Photo: Erik Nielsen
350 years of Red River floods




St. George and Nielsen, The Holocene, 2003
ditches vs. levees
Photograph: JPark99
Winnipeg
           population: 680,000




                                 River diversion


                                 Main channel




Photograph: Greg Brooks
proposed levee




Photograph: City of Fargo
Why don’t people just move?
1812
1826
“It is the good God who afflicts me.”
Photograph: AdolfGalland
Photograph: StephenZacharias
people didn’t want to move
Winnipeg Manitoba
Photograph: gfpeck
Greg Brooks, Geological Survey of Canada
What causes severe Red River floods?
1 weather
2 geology

3 natural history
What geoscience tells us about severe Red River floods

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