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Sovereignty

   Free Will &


       Salvation
God’s Sovereignty
 and Salvation
      Part 3
Review from Last Time



• Why does God predestine some for salvation?
• It is in accordance to his own good pleasure.

• What stance on predestination appears most tenable?
• Between the prescient, Molinist, and Augustinian positions,
  the Augustinian/Reformed stance appears more reasonable
  from a Biblical standpoint.

• But doesn‘t God desire all to be saved?
• We need understand the various ‗wills‘ in God and do proper
  exegesis. The full answer to this question will be given now.
The “Big Two” Verses




   ―This is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who
 desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth.‖
                           (1 Timothy 2:3–4)

―The Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is
 patient toward you, not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to
                             repentance.‖
                             (2 Peter 3:9)
                              www.confidentchristians.org
So What is God’s Higher Purpose?




Respect for human freedom or God‘s glory and purpose?

                     www.confidentchristians.org
What Does the Bible Say?




   In Romans 9, we find the same silent dilemma posed in 1 Timothy 2:4:

―I am telling the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience testifies with me in the Holy Spirit, that I
     have great sorrow and unceasing grief in my heart. For I could wish that I myself were accursed,
     separated from Christ for the sake of my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh, who are
  Israelites, to whom belongs the adoption as sons, and the glory and the covenants and the giving of
 the Law and the temple service and the promises, whose are the fathers, and from whom is the Christ
according to the flesh, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen. But it is not as though the word of
       God has failed. For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel‖ (Romans 9:1–6)



                                             www.confidentchristians.org
―Now it is clear what is at
stake in Rom. 9-11. Romans
 9:1-5 states the problem: it
appears that what God has
  guaranteed is in fact not
  happening – the end-time
salvation of Israel. Has then
the word – the reliability – of
 God fallen, and with it the
   Christian hope as well?‖
        - John Piper


                        www.confidentchristians.org
―The question posed for the
  apostle is: how can the covenant
  promise of God be regarded as
  inviolate when the mass of those
     who belong to Israel . . . have
    remained in unbelief and come
  short of the covenant promises?
   His answer would fail if it were
 simply an appeal to the collective,
    inclusive theocratic election of
 Israel. . . . This means, in terms of
the stage of discussion at which we
   have no arrived, ‗they are not all
     elect, who are of elect Israel.‖
          Murray and Weber
       Commentary on Romans

                              www.confidentchristians.org
―The interpretation which tries to
   restrict this predestination or
 unconditional election to nations
    rather than individuals or to
historical tasks rather than eternal
destinies must ignore or distort the
 problem posed in Rom. 9:1-5, the
      individualism of 9:6b, the
vocabulary and logical structure of
9:6b-8, the closely analogous texts
     elsewhere in Paul, and the
   implications of 9:14-23. The
position is exegetically untenable.‖
             - John Piper


                           www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:7-9




     In Romans 9, we find the answer to the problem:

  ―Nor are they all children because they are Abraham‘s
descendants, but: ―through Isaac your descendants will be
named.‖ That is, it is not the children of the flesh who are
    children of God, but the children of the promise are
regarded as descendants. For this is the word of promise:
   ―At this time I will come, and Sarah shall have a son.‖
                        (Romans 9:7–9)
                        www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:10-13




  ―And not only this, but there was Rebekah also, when she had conceived twins by one
 man, our father Isaac; for though the twins were not yet born and had not done anything
good or bad, so that God‘s purpose according to His choice would stand, not because of
works but because of Him who calls, it was said to her, ―The older will serve the younger.‖
       Just as it is written, ―Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.‖ ‖ (Romans 9:10–13)

   If there was ever a place for Paul to put in that God looked down through history and
chose people based on His foreknowledge of what they would do, it would be here. Doing
  ―good‖ would be choosing God as the Arminians say happens. But instead Paul takes
the example of twins and states specifically God‘s choice was made before they had done
            anything in this life. It was all based on God‘s purpose/effective call.
                                     www.confidentchristians.org
Called according to His purpose




―Therefore do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord or of me His
  prisoner, but join with me in suffering for the gospel according to the
  power of God, who has saved us and called us with a holy calling, not
  according to our works, but according to His own purpose and grace
         which was granted us in Christ Jesus from all eternity‖
                            (2 Timothy 1:8–9)
                              www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:14-16




 ―What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! For
 He says to Moses, ―I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on
whom I have compassion.‖ So then it does not depend on the man who wills or the man who
                 runs, but on God who has mercy.‖ (Romans 9:14–16)

Why, if God‘s election is based on a person‘s individual choice would anyone charge God
 with injustice? If God merely looks down through history and selects those who will select
Him, what injustice is that? Paul anticipates the reader‘s response and answers it ahead of
time. God‘s choice is not limited by a person‘s decision or their will; Paul specifically says it
  is not based on a person‘s will or work, but on God who has mercy on certain individuals
                           that He chooses for His own reasons.
                                        www.confidentchristians.org
John Agrees with Paul…




 ―But as many as received Him, to them He gave
the right to become children of God, even to those
  who believe in His name, who were born, not of
 blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of
                 man, but of God. ‖
                  (John 1:12–13)
                      www.confidentchristians.org
Jesus agrees with John who Agrees with Paul…




―Every plant which My heavenly Father
   did not plant shall be uprooted. ‖
           (Matthew 15:13)
                  www.confidentchristians.org
Does God Treat Everyone Equally?




•   God chose Abraham out of all the other pagan individuals
•   God appeared to Moses in a way He did not to others
•   God gave Israel blessings He didn‘t give to Greece
•   God appeared to Paul in a way He didn‘t to Herod

            God has mercy on whom He has mercy…

                           www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:17-18




―For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, ―For this very purpose I raised you up, to
    demonstrate My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed
throughout the whole earth.‖ So then He has mercy on whom He desires, and
            He hardens whom He desires. ‖ (Romans 9:17–18)
Why did God harden Pharaoh‘s heart? The Scripture says it was so that God
 could demonstrate His power in overcoming evil and that His name would be
exalted in the whole earth. Paul then shows clearly how God is not limited by a
 person‘s individual will – He has mercy on whom He desires and He hardens
                                whom He desires.
                                www.confidentchristians.org
Our question is answered




          ―For the wrath of man shall praise you‖
                      -Psalm 76:10
  We get the answer to our question of what greater thing God
   desires more than everyone‘s salvation. It is not a free-will love
relationship, but rather the glory God gets for His name by saving
         some and demonstrating His wrath on the others.
                            www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:19-21




―You will say to me then, ―Why does He still find fault? For who resists His will?‖
  On the contrary, who are you, O man, who answers back to God? The thing
molded will not say to the molder, ―Why did you make me like this,‖ will it? Or does
 not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel
      for honorable use and another for common use? ‖ (Romans 9:19–21)

 ―Who resists His will?‖ Answer: No one! Paul‘s answer to the question he poses seems
harsh, but it reiterates the sovereignty of God over all creation including each individual.
But remember one important thing: the ‗clay‘ the potter is working with is fallen clay. One
                  receives mercy and the other is used for other purposes.
                                      www.confidentchristians.org
Exegesis of Romans 9:22-24




―What if God, although willing to demonstrate His wrath and to make His power
 known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction?
  And He did so to make known the riches of His glory upon vessels of mercy,
which He prepared beforehand for glory, even us, whom He also called, not from
              among Jews only, but also from among Gentiles.‖
                               (Romans 9:22–24)

Here is the final answer again to the question: it is for God‘s glory that He does not save
  all. He shows His mercy to some and His justice to others. And He is just and right in
doing so. And remember – the vessels of wrath like being vessels of wrath and don‘t desire
    or choose to be anything else. Lastly, note that the called are from both Jews and
              Gentiles, so once again, individuals are in view and not nations.
                                     www.confidentchristians.org
―God addresses Pharaoh through Moses:
  ‗Let my people go.‘ This corresponds to
the kindness and long-suffering of pointing
       the way to repentance (Rom. 2:4).
Nevertheless, God has already told Moses
 that he is going to harden Pharaoh‘s heart
  so that he will not let the people go. This
     corresponds to the intention of God
      expressed in 9:22 to show his wrath
    precisely by means of enduring in much
   long-suffering vessels of wrath. If God‘s
  command to Pharaoh can be thwarted by
   God‘s own decree to harden Pharaoh‘s
heart, then in the same way God‘s command
to men to repent and the time he gives them
to obey can also be thwarted in the case of
   the vessels of wrath by God‘s decree to
  harden whom He wills and thus show His
         wrath on the day of judgment.‖
                  - John Piper

                                 www.confidentchristians.org
What of Unbelievers?




 ―The Lord has made everything for its own purpose, Even the wicked for the
                               day of evil. ‖
                             (Proverbs 16:4)

  ―This precious value, then, is for you who believe; but for those who disbelieve,
―The stone which the builders rejected, This became the very corner stone,‖ and,
 ―A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense‖; for they stumble because they are
      disobedient to the word, and to this doom they were also appointed. ‖
                                   (1 Peter 2:7–8)
                                  www.confidentchristians.org
That‘s not Fair…!
―The mention of that nation [Israel]
   turns our attention to one of those
features in the Christian story which is
  repulsive to the modern mind. To be
   quite frank, we do not at all like the
 idea of a ‗chosen people‘. Democrats
    by birth and education, we should
    prefer to think that all nations and
 individuals start level in the search for
    God, or even that all religions are
   equally true. It must be admitted at
     once that Christianity makes no
   concessions to this point of view. It
   does not tell of a human search for
  God at all, but of something done by
   God for, to, and about, Man. And
 the way in which it is done is selective,
 undemocratic, to the highest degree.‖
               C . S. Lewis
                                 www.confidentchristians.org
―After the knowledge of God had been
   universally lost or obscured, one man
from the whole earth (Abraham)is picked
out. He is separated (miserable enough,
     we may supposed) from his natural
      surroundings, sent into a strange
    country, and made the ancestor of a
nation who are to carry the knowledge of
the true God. Within this nation there is
 further selection: some die in the desert,
 some remain behind in Babylon. There
   is further selection still. The process
 grows narrower and narrower, sharpens
at last into one small bright point like the
 head of a spear. It is a Jewish girl at her
prayers. All humanity (so far as concerns
  its redemption) has narrowed to that.‖
                C . S. Lewis
                                 www.confidentchristians.org
Mercy, Justice, and Election

   All of humanity are
    born sinners and
     deserve justice

  God chooses some
  for salvation; these
     receive mercy

  God allows some to
  continue in their sin;
  these receive justice
Mercy, Justice, and Election




―What shall we say then? There is no injustice with
        God, is there? May it never be! ‖
                 (Romans 9:14)
We get into trouble when we believe God owes us mercy. Mercy and
 justice differ. There is no injustice in God giving some mercy and
                 allowing others to experience justice.
1 Timothy 2:3-4 – Another Interpretation




    ―First of all, then, I urge that entreaties and prayers, petitions and
  thanksgivings, be made on behalf of all men, for kings and all who are in
authority, so that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and
dignity. This is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who
 desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. ‖
                               (1 Timothy 2:3–4) .

   Paul is asking for prayers for all kinds of people including even the
ruthless and godless kings who were reigning over them (e.g. Nero). Paul
then goes on to say that God desires that no one class of people be left
       out of His salvation plan; all ―kinds‖ of people will be saved.
                               www.confidentchristians.org
2 Peter 3:9 – A Closer Look
  ―This is now, beloved, the second letter I am writing to you in which I am stirring up your
 sincere mind by way of reminder, that you should remember the words spoken beforehand
    by the holy prophets and the commandment of the Lord and Savior spoken by your
  apostles. Know this first of all, that in the last days mockers will come with their mocking,
 following after their own lusts, and saying, ―Where is the promise of His coming? For ever
since the fathers fell asleep, all continues just as it was from the beginning of creation.‖ For
    when they maintain this, it escapes their notice that by the word of God the heavens
  existed long ago and the earth was formed out of water and by water, through which the
 world at that time was destroyed, being flooded with water. But by His word the present
       heavens and earth are being reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and
destruction of ungodly men. But do not let this one fact escape your notice, beloved, that
  with the Lord one day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years like one day. The
  Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is patient toward you,
              not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance. ‖
                                          (2 Peter 3:1–9)

 ―For I do not want you, brethren, to be uninformed of this mystery—so that you will not be
    wise in your own estimation—that a partial hardening has happened to Israel until the
fullness of the Gentiles has come in; and so all Israel will be saved; just as it is written, ―The
          Deliverer will come from Zion, He will remove ungodliness from Jacob.‖ ‖
                                    (Romans 11:25–26)
                                        www.confidentchristians.org
2 Peter 3:9 – A Closer Look




―The Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is
 patient toward you, not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to
                             repentance. ‖
                             (2 Peter 3:9)
Who is ―you‖? These are the Christians that Peter is writing to. What/who does the term
―any‖ refer to? Grammatically it refers back toward ―you‖. The statement then is one that
 says God has no desire to see any of those He has chosen for salvation to perish and is
waiting for them to come to repentance. This would be the decretive will of God as He is
the One who grants repentance. ―The Lord‘s bond-servant must not be quarrelsome, but
 be kind to all, able to teach, patient when wronged, with gentleness correcting those who
are in opposition, if perhaps God may grant them repentance leading to the knowledge of
                                the truth, ‖ (2 Timothy 2:24–25)
                                     www.confidentchristians.org
―Who are these of whom the apostle
speaks, to whom he writes? Such as had
 received ―great and precious promises‖
  (2. Pet. 3:1); whom he opposeth to the
―scoffers‖ of the ―last days‖ (2 Pet. 3:3);
   to whom the Lord hath respect in the
 disposal of these days; who are said to
 be ―elect‖ (Matt. 24:22), Now, truly, to
   argue that because God would have
none of those to perish, but all of them to
 come to repentance, therefore he hath
   the same will and mind towards all and
   every one in the world (even those to
 whom he never makes known his will, nor
   ever calls to repentance, if they never
once hear of this way of salvation), comes
 not much short of extreme madness and
                    folly.‖
                - John Owen
                               www.confidentchristians.org
So does God choose some for Heaven and
            some for Hell?
Double Predestination?
Double predestination refers to God actively
 choosing some for salvation and choosing
   others for Hell. This is not what the
          Reformed view holds.

     The Reformed view says that God
  actively/positively chooses the elect for
  salvation, but passes over the others in a
passive/negative fashion leaving them in their
    sin. This is sometimes referred to as
             ‗abandonment wrath‘:

     ―And just as they did not see fit to
acknowledge God any longer, God gave them
 over to a depraved mind, to do those things
    which are not proper‖ (Romans 1:28)
Double Predestination?

 ―God then did manifest Himself such
  as He is: that is to say, merciful and
  just: merciful, since He delivers and
 preserves from this perdition all whom
 He in His eternal and unchangeable
counsel of mere goodness has elected
in Christ Jesus our Lord, without any
 respect to their works; just, in leaving
others in the fall and perdition wherein
    they have involved themselves.‖
     - Belgic Confession of Faith
Much of the issues of God‘s sovereignty,
humanity‘s free will, and salvation comes down to the
question of whether God gives grace to everyone so
  all have the chance to make a free-will decision to
                     choose God.
Two Possible Answers




1. Prevenient Grace
2. Irresistible or
   Effectual Grace



              www.confidentchristians.org
What is Prevenient Grace?
     John Wesley believed in
 humanity‘s total depravity. He
  wrote: ―I believe that Adam,
before his fall, had such freedom
   of will, that he might choose
  either good or evil; but that,
since the fall no child of man has
    a natural power to choose
anything that is truly good. Yet I
 know (and who does not?) that
  man has still freedom of will in
  things of indifferent nature.‖

                        www.confidentchristians.org
What is Prevenient Grace?
If humanity was unable to choose God,
  then how is man saved? According to
Wesley, God issues forth a prevenient
(‗coming before‘; ‗antecedent‘ grace) to
    all of humanity that restores each
     person‘s ability to choose God.

 From the Wesleyan Church website:




                             www.confidentchristians.org
―Wherein may we come to the
   very edge of Calvinism? In
  ascribing all good to the free
  grace of God. In denying all
 natural free-will, and all power
  antecedent to grace. And in
  excluding all merit from man;
even for what he has or does by
       the grace of God.‖
         - John Wesley



                        www.confidentchristians.org
What is Effectual Grace?




  ―All those whom God has predestined unto life, and those only, He is pleased, in
 His appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by His Word and Spirit, out
 of that state of sin and death, in which they are by nature to grace and salvation, by
   Jesus Christ; enlightening their minds spiritually and savingly to understand the
   things of God, taking away their heart of stone, and giving unto them an heart of
flesh; renewing their wills, and, by His almighty power, determining them to that which
  is good, and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ: yet so, as they come most
                        freely, being made willing by His grace.‖
So which is it…?
Prevenient or Effectual Grace?




  We‘ll have to tackle this in the next lesson…

                   www.confidentchristians.org
Conclusions



• If God desires all to be saved, why aren‘t all saved?
• Paul shows us in Romans 9 that God elects some to salvation
  based on His mercy.

• Isn‘t that unfair?
• No, some receive grace and some receive righteous justice

• How do the unsaved come to salvation if no person seeks
  God?
• The two most plausible possibilities are prevenient and
  effectual grace.
God’s Sovereignty
 and Salvation
      Part 3

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Sovereignty, Free Will, and Salvation - God's Sovereignty over Salvation Part 3

  • 1. Sovereignty Free Will & Salvation
  • 2. God’s Sovereignty and Salvation Part 3
  • 3. Review from Last Time • Why does God predestine some for salvation? • It is in accordance to his own good pleasure. • What stance on predestination appears most tenable? • Between the prescient, Molinist, and Augustinian positions, the Augustinian/Reformed stance appears more reasonable from a Biblical standpoint. • But doesn‘t God desire all to be saved? • We need understand the various ‗wills‘ in God and do proper exegesis. The full answer to this question will be given now.
  • 4. The “Big Two” Verses ―This is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth.‖ (1 Timothy 2:3–4) ―The Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is patient toward you, not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance.‖ (2 Peter 3:9) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 5. So What is God’s Higher Purpose? Respect for human freedom or God‘s glory and purpose? www.confidentchristians.org
  • 6. What Does the Bible Say? In Romans 9, we find the same silent dilemma posed in 1 Timothy 2:4: ―I am telling the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience testifies with me in the Holy Spirit, that I have great sorrow and unceasing grief in my heart. For I could wish that I myself were accursed, separated from Christ for the sake of my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh, who are Israelites, to whom belongs the adoption as sons, and the glory and the covenants and the giving of the Law and the temple service and the promises, whose are the fathers, and from whom is the Christ according to the flesh, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen. But it is not as though the word of God has failed. For they are not all Israel who are descended from Israel‖ (Romans 9:1–6) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 7. ―Now it is clear what is at stake in Rom. 9-11. Romans 9:1-5 states the problem: it appears that what God has guaranteed is in fact not happening – the end-time salvation of Israel. Has then the word – the reliability – of God fallen, and with it the Christian hope as well?‖ - John Piper www.confidentchristians.org
  • 8. ―The question posed for the apostle is: how can the covenant promise of God be regarded as inviolate when the mass of those who belong to Israel . . . have remained in unbelief and come short of the covenant promises? His answer would fail if it were simply an appeal to the collective, inclusive theocratic election of Israel. . . . This means, in terms of the stage of discussion at which we have no arrived, ‗they are not all elect, who are of elect Israel.‖ Murray and Weber Commentary on Romans www.confidentchristians.org
  • 9. ―The interpretation which tries to restrict this predestination or unconditional election to nations rather than individuals or to historical tasks rather than eternal destinies must ignore or distort the problem posed in Rom. 9:1-5, the individualism of 9:6b, the vocabulary and logical structure of 9:6b-8, the closely analogous texts elsewhere in Paul, and the implications of 9:14-23. The position is exegetically untenable.‖ - John Piper www.confidentchristians.org
  • 10. Exegesis of Romans 9:7-9 In Romans 9, we find the answer to the problem: ―Nor are they all children because they are Abraham‘s descendants, but: ―through Isaac your descendants will be named.‖ That is, it is not the children of the flesh who are children of God, but the children of the promise are regarded as descendants. For this is the word of promise: ―At this time I will come, and Sarah shall have a son.‖ (Romans 9:7–9) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 11. Exegesis of Romans 9:10-13 ―And not only this, but there was Rebekah also, when she had conceived twins by one man, our father Isaac; for though the twins were not yet born and had not done anything good or bad, so that God‘s purpose according to His choice would stand, not because of works but because of Him who calls, it was said to her, ―The older will serve the younger.‖ Just as it is written, ―Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.‖ ‖ (Romans 9:10–13) If there was ever a place for Paul to put in that God looked down through history and chose people based on His foreknowledge of what they would do, it would be here. Doing ―good‖ would be choosing God as the Arminians say happens. But instead Paul takes the example of twins and states specifically God‘s choice was made before they had done anything in this life. It was all based on God‘s purpose/effective call. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 12. Called according to His purpose ―Therefore do not be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord or of me His prisoner, but join with me in suffering for the gospel according to the power of God, who has saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to His own purpose and grace which was granted us in Christ Jesus from all eternity‖ (2 Timothy 1:8–9) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 13. Exegesis of Romans 9:14-16 ―What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! For He says to Moses, ―I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.‖ So then it does not depend on the man who wills or the man who runs, but on God who has mercy.‖ (Romans 9:14–16) Why, if God‘s election is based on a person‘s individual choice would anyone charge God with injustice? If God merely looks down through history and selects those who will select Him, what injustice is that? Paul anticipates the reader‘s response and answers it ahead of time. God‘s choice is not limited by a person‘s decision or their will; Paul specifically says it is not based on a person‘s will or work, but on God who has mercy on certain individuals that He chooses for His own reasons. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 14. John Agrees with Paul… ―But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God, even to those who believe in His name, who were born, not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God. ‖ (John 1:12–13) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 15. Jesus agrees with John who Agrees with Paul… ―Every plant which My heavenly Father did not plant shall be uprooted. ‖ (Matthew 15:13) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 16. Does God Treat Everyone Equally? • God chose Abraham out of all the other pagan individuals • God appeared to Moses in a way He did not to others • God gave Israel blessings He didn‘t give to Greece • God appeared to Paul in a way He didn‘t to Herod God has mercy on whom He has mercy… www.confidentchristians.org
  • 17. Exegesis of Romans 9:17-18 ―For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, ―For this very purpose I raised you up, to demonstrate My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed throughout the whole earth.‖ So then He has mercy on whom He desires, and He hardens whom He desires. ‖ (Romans 9:17–18) Why did God harden Pharaoh‘s heart? The Scripture says it was so that God could demonstrate His power in overcoming evil and that His name would be exalted in the whole earth. Paul then shows clearly how God is not limited by a person‘s individual will – He has mercy on whom He desires and He hardens whom He desires. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 18. Our question is answered ―For the wrath of man shall praise you‖ -Psalm 76:10 We get the answer to our question of what greater thing God desires more than everyone‘s salvation. It is not a free-will love relationship, but rather the glory God gets for His name by saving some and demonstrating His wrath on the others. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 19. Exegesis of Romans 9:19-21 ―You will say to me then, ―Why does He still find fault? For who resists His will?‖ On the contrary, who are you, O man, who answers back to God? The thing molded will not say to the molder, ―Why did you make me like this,‖ will it? Or does not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for common use? ‖ (Romans 9:19–21) ―Who resists His will?‖ Answer: No one! Paul‘s answer to the question he poses seems harsh, but it reiterates the sovereignty of God over all creation including each individual. But remember one important thing: the ‗clay‘ the potter is working with is fallen clay. One receives mercy and the other is used for other purposes. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 20. Exegesis of Romans 9:22-24 ―What if God, although willing to demonstrate His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction? And He did so to make known the riches of His glory upon vessels of mercy, which He prepared beforehand for glory, even us, whom He also called, not from among Jews only, but also from among Gentiles.‖ (Romans 9:22–24) Here is the final answer again to the question: it is for God‘s glory that He does not save all. He shows His mercy to some and His justice to others. And He is just and right in doing so. And remember – the vessels of wrath like being vessels of wrath and don‘t desire or choose to be anything else. Lastly, note that the called are from both Jews and Gentiles, so once again, individuals are in view and not nations. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 21. ―God addresses Pharaoh through Moses: ‗Let my people go.‘ This corresponds to the kindness and long-suffering of pointing the way to repentance (Rom. 2:4). Nevertheless, God has already told Moses that he is going to harden Pharaoh‘s heart so that he will not let the people go. This corresponds to the intention of God expressed in 9:22 to show his wrath precisely by means of enduring in much long-suffering vessels of wrath. If God‘s command to Pharaoh can be thwarted by God‘s own decree to harden Pharaoh‘s heart, then in the same way God‘s command to men to repent and the time he gives them to obey can also be thwarted in the case of the vessels of wrath by God‘s decree to harden whom He wills and thus show His wrath on the day of judgment.‖ - John Piper www.confidentchristians.org
  • 22. What of Unbelievers? ―The Lord has made everything for its own purpose, Even the wicked for the day of evil. ‖ (Proverbs 16:4) ―This precious value, then, is for you who believe; but for those who disbelieve, ―The stone which the builders rejected, This became the very corner stone,‖ and, ―A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense‖; for they stumble because they are disobedient to the word, and to this doom they were also appointed. ‖ (1 Peter 2:7–8) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 24. ―The mention of that nation [Israel] turns our attention to one of those features in the Christian story which is repulsive to the modern mind. To be quite frank, we do not at all like the idea of a ‗chosen people‘. Democrats by birth and education, we should prefer to think that all nations and individuals start level in the search for God, or even that all religions are equally true. It must be admitted at once that Christianity makes no concessions to this point of view. It does not tell of a human search for God at all, but of something done by God for, to, and about, Man. And the way in which it is done is selective, undemocratic, to the highest degree.‖ C . S. Lewis www.confidentchristians.org
  • 25. ―After the knowledge of God had been universally lost or obscured, one man from the whole earth (Abraham)is picked out. He is separated (miserable enough, we may supposed) from his natural surroundings, sent into a strange country, and made the ancestor of a nation who are to carry the knowledge of the true God. Within this nation there is further selection: some die in the desert, some remain behind in Babylon. There is further selection still. The process grows narrower and narrower, sharpens at last into one small bright point like the head of a spear. It is a Jewish girl at her prayers. All humanity (so far as concerns its redemption) has narrowed to that.‖ C . S. Lewis www.confidentchristians.org
  • 26. Mercy, Justice, and Election All of humanity are born sinners and deserve justice God chooses some for salvation; these receive mercy God allows some to continue in their sin; these receive justice
  • 27. Mercy, Justice, and Election ―What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! ‖ (Romans 9:14) We get into trouble when we believe God owes us mercy. Mercy and justice differ. There is no injustice in God giving some mercy and allowing others to experience justice.
  • 28. 1 Timothy 2:3-4 – Another Interpretation ―First of all, then, I urge that entreaties and prayers, petitions and thanksgivings, be made on behalf of all men, for kings and all who are in authority, so that we may lead a tranquil and quiet life in all godliness and dignity. This is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Savior, who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. ‖ (1 Timothy 2:3–4) . Paul is asking for prayers for all kinds of people including even the ruthless and godless kings who were reigning over them (e.g. Nero). Paul then goes on to say that God desires that no one class of people be left out of His salvation plan; all ―kinds‖ of people will be saved. www.confidentchristians.org
  • 29. 2 Peter 3:9 – A Closer Look ―This is now, beloved, the second letter I am writing to you in which I am stirring up your sincere mind by way of reminder, that you should remember the words spoken beforehand by the holy prophets and the commandment of the Lord and Savior spoken by your apostles. Know this first of all, that in the last days mockers will come with their mocking, following after their own lusts, and saying, ―Where is the promise of His coming? For ever since the fathers fell asleep, all continues just as it was from the beginning of creation.‖ For when they maintain this, it escapes their notice that by the word of God the heavens existed long ago and the earth was formed out of water and by water, through which the world at that time was destroyed, being flooded with water. But by His word the present heavens and earth are being reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men. But do not let this one fact escape your notice, beloved, that with the Lord one day is like a thousand years, and a thousand years like one day. The Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is patient toward you, not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance. ‖ (2 Peter 3:1–9) ―For I do not want you, brethren, to be uninformed of this mystery—so that you will not be wise in your own estimation—that a partial hardening has happened to Israel until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in; and so all Israel will be saved; just as it is written, ―The Deliverer will come from Zion, He will remove ungodliness from Jacob.‖ ‖ (Romans 11:25–26) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 30. 2 Peter 3:9 – A Closer Look ―The Lord is not slow about His promise, as some count slowness, but is patient toward you, not wishing for any to perish but for all to come to repentance. ‖ (2 Peter 3:9) Who is ―you‖? These are the Christians that Peter is writing to. What/who does the term ―any‖ refer to? Grammatically it refers back toward ―you‖. The statement then is one that says God has no desire to see any of those He has chosen for salvation to perish and is waiting for them to come to repentance. This would be the decretive will of God as He is the One who grants repentance. ―The Lord‘s bond-servant must not be quarrelsome, but be kind to all, able to teach, patient when wronged, with gentleness correcting those who are in opposition, if perhaps God may grant them repentance leading to the knowledge of the truth, ‖ (2 Timothy 2:24–25) www.confidentchristians.org
  • 31. ―Who are these of whom the apostle speaks, to whom he writes? Such as had received ―great and precious promises‖ (2. Pet. 3:1); whom he opposeth to the ―scoffers‖ of the ―last days‖ (2 Pet. 3:3); to whom the Lord hath respect in the disposal of these days; who are said to be ―elect‖ (Matt. 24:22), Now, truly, to argue that because God would have none of those to perish, but all of them to come to repentance, therefore he hath the same will and mind towards all and every one in the world (even those to whom he never makes known his will, nor ever calls to repentance, if they never once hear of this way of salvation), comes not much short of extreme madness and folly.‖ - John Owen www.confidentchristians.org
  • 32. So does God choose some for Heaven and some for Hell?
  • 33. Double Predestination? Double predestination refers to God actively choosing some for salvation and choosing others for Hell. This is not what the Reformed view holds. The Reformed view says that God actively/positively chooses the elect for salvation, but passes over the others in a passive/negative fashion leaving them in their sin. This is sometimes referred to as ‗abandonment wrath‘: ―And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God any longer, God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do those things which are not proper‖ (Romans 1:28)
  • 34. Double Predestination? ―God then did manifest Himself such as He is: that is to say, merciful and just: merciful, since He delivers and preserves from this perdition all whom He in His eternal and unchangeable counsel of mere goodness has elected in Christ Jesus our Lord, without any respect to their works; just, in leaving others in the fall and perdition wherein they have involved themselves.‖ - Belgic Confession of Faith
  • 35. Much of the issues of God‘s sovereignty, humanity‘s free will, and salvation comes down to the question of whether God gives grace to everyone so all have the chance to make a free-will decision to choose God.
  • 36. Two Possible Answers 1. Prevenient Grace 2. Irresistible or Effectual Grace www.confidentchristians.org
  • 37. What is Prevenient Grace? John Wesley believed in humanity‘s total depravity. He wrote: ―I believe that Adam, before his fall, had such freedom of will, that he might choose either good or evil; but that, since the fall no child of man has a natural power to choose anything that is truly good. Yet I know (and who does not?) that man has still freedom of will in things of indifferent nature.‖ www.confidentchristians.org
  • 38. What is Prevenient Grace? If humanity was unable to choose God, then how is man saved? According to Wesley, God issues forth a prevenient (‗coming before‘; ‗antecedent‘ grace) to all of humanity that restores each person‘s ability to choose God. From the Wesleyan Church website: www.confidentchristians.org
  • 39. ―Wherein may we come to the very edge of Calvinism? In ascribing all good to the free grace of God. In denying all natural free-will, and all power antecedent to grace. And in excluding all merit from man; even for what he has or does by the grace of God.‖ - John Wesley www.confidentchristians.org
  • 40. What is Effectual Grace? ―All those whom God has predestined unto life, and those only, He is pleased, in His appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by His Word and Spirit, out of that state of sin and death, in which they are by nature to grace and salvation, by Jesus Christ; enlightening their minds spiritually and savingly to understand the things of God, taking away their heart of stone, and giving unto them an heart of flesh; renewing their wills, and, by His almighty power, determining them to that which is good, and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ: yet so, as they come most freely, being made willing by His grace.‖
  • 41. So which is it…?
  • 42. Prevenient or Effectual Grace? We‘ll have to tackle this in the next lesson… www.confidentchristians.org
  • 43. Conclusions • If God desires all to be saved, why aren‘t all saved? • Paul shows us in Romans 9 that God elects some to salvation based on His mercy. • Isn‘t that unfair? • No, some receive grace and some receive righteous justice • How do the unsaved come to salvation if no person seeks God? • The two most plausible possibilities are prevenient and effectual grace.
  • 44. God’s Sovereignty and Salvation Part 3