1. Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization

5. Fig. 3.1 Generalized Body Cell

8. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

11. Figure 3.3

15. Simple Diffusion, Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion, and Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion

16. Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Potassium ions through a Gated K + Channel

17. Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose across a Plasma Membrane

18. Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 Glucose transporter Glucose gradient Glucose Glucose Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Cytosol 1 2 3

21. Tonicity and its effect on RBCS

24. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

25. 1 Clathrin-coated pit Binding Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane 2 3 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Fusion with endosome Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome 2 3 4 5 Transport vesicle 1 Clathrin-coated vesicle Clathrin-coated pit Binding Vesicle formation Receptor Receptor-LDL complex Uncoated vesicle Degradation in lysosome Lysosome Transport vesicle Transport vesicle Fusion with endosome Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane Uncoating LDL particle Plasma membrane Invaginated plasma membrane Endosome Digestive enzymes 2 3 4 5 6

26. Phagocytosis

27. Bulk-phase Endocytosis

29. The Cytoskeleton

31. The Centrosome

32. Cilia and Flagella

34. Ribosomes

35. Endoplasmic Reticulum

37. Golgi Complex

38. Processing and Packaging

39. Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein 1 Rough ER Transport vesicle Ribosome Synthesized protein Rough ER 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Rough ER 3 2 1 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Secretory vesicle 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 Proteins in vesicle membrane merge with plasma membrane Proteins exported from cell by exocytosis Plasma membrane Transport vesicle Ribosome Entry face cisterna Exit face cisterna Medial cisterna Synthesized protein Transport vesicle (to lysosome) Transfer vesicle Rough ER Transfer vesicle Membrane vesicle Secretory vesicle 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4

40. Lysosomes

43. Mitochondria

46. Packing of DNA into a Chromosome of a Dividing Cell

47. Overview of Gene Expression

48. Transcription

49. Translation

50. 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Anticodon mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G 2 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A 2 3 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C 2 3 4 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U 2 3 4 5 1 Key: Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. Amino acid (methionine) Amino acid Anticodon Anticodon Codons Stop codon mRNA mRNA mRNA movement mRNA binding site Initiator tRNA tRNA Start codon Small subunit Initiator tRNA Small subunit Large subunit P site A site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site. Protein synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA. tRNA at P site leaves ribosome, ribosome shifts by one codon; tRNA previously at A site is now at the P site. New peptide bond Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with amino acid at A site. P site A site Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA mRNA tRNA Complete protein Growing protein = Adenine = Guanine = Cytosine = Uracil U U U G G G G G G A A A A A U A C C U C U A A C U C G A U U U G G A A A A A C C G G U C U A C U U A C G A U C U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U C U A C G A C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C U A C A U C C G A U U U U G G G G G A A A A A C U C U A C C U A C A U C U U G G G G G G A A C U C U A A C U A U 2 3 4 5 6

53. The Cell Cycle

54. DNA Replication

57. 1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: all at 700x LM 1 Late Early Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere (a) INTERPHASE (b) PROPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore 2 all at 700x LM Centromere 1 Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Metaphase plate (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosome (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 Cleavage furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE 2 3 4 5 Cleavage furrow Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere Centromere 1 Early Late (d) ANAPHASE Pericentriolar material Nucleolus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Plasma membrane Cytosol (a) INTERPHASE Centrioles Centrosome: (f) IDENTICAL CELLS IN INTERPHASE Cleavage furrow (e) TELOPHASE (c) METAPHASE Cleavage furrow 2 3 4 5 6 Late Early (b) PROPHASE Fragments of nuclear envelope Mitotic spindle (microtubules) Kinetochore Metaphase plate Chromosome all at 700x LM Centromere Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere

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