The Role of FIDO in a Cyber Secure Netherlands: FIDO Paris Seminar.pptx
Mg mg myint-thein
1.
2. 2007 ckESpf? pmayAdrmefpmrlqk
okwya'om (odyÜHESihf toHk;csoyÜH) 'kw,qk&
d
d
odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
pDpOfwnf;jzwfol - OD;pef;wifh (wuúokvf qef;wifEi)
d
h kd f
pmwnf; (wm0efcH)
pmayAdrmefxkwf jynfolUvufpGJpmpOf
3. 2009 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& - 1500
'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
jynfaxmifpk rûyduGJa&;
'dkYta&;
wki;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwrI rûyduGJa&; 'kYta&;
d f
f
d
tcsKyftjcm tmPm wnfwHhckdiNf rJa&;
wefzdk; ( 500 ) usyf
'dkYta&;
jynfolYoabmxm;
jynfytm;uk;ykqe½; tqk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefusiMf u/
d d f kd
d
Y
Edkiiawmf wnfNidrat;csr;a&;ESihf Ekiiawmfw;wufa&;
f H
f
f
d f H
kd
udk aESmifh,SuzsuqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusiMf u/
f f
EdkiiHawmf jynfwGi;a&;udk 0ifa&mufpGuzuf aESmifh
f
f
f
,Suaom jynfyEdkiiHrsm;tm; qefYusiMf u/
f
f
yHkESya&;ESihf pmtkyxkwa0a&;vkyief;
d f
f f
f
pmayAdrmef pmwnf;rª;csKyfu
rSwyHkwiftrSwf (07492) jzifhf yHkESyí
f
d f
rSwykHwiftrSwf (03911) jzifh xkwa0onf/
f
f
jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf
owfrSwacsrIe;Mu/
f
f
5. tcef ;
10/
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/
16/
taMumif ; t&m
pmrsuf E S m
- w½kwEkiiH tD;aumrmhpjf rifuGi;
f d f
f
- *syefEkdifiH B2B e-Commerce aqmif&GurIrsm;
f
- *syefEkiiH B2B e-Commerce tvm;tvm
d f
- awmifuk&D;,m;EkiiH tD;aumhrmhptajctae
d
d f
f
- a[mifaumif tD;aumrmhptajctae
f
ta&SUtm&S B2B e-Commerce tajctae
102
zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm;ESihf e-Commerce tajctae
d f
109
ta&SUawmiftm&S tD;aumrmhpf tajctae
115
ta&SUawmiftm&S tD;aumrmhpf jyóemrsm;
122
tmqD,HEkiiHrsm;twGi; tdkipDwDtajctae
d f
f
f
128
- *vdkb,fuGe&ufpD;yGm;a&;ESihf xdki;tD;aumrmhpf
f
f
- pifumylEkiiH e-Commerce azmfaqmifrI
d f
- rav;&Sm;EkiiH e-Commerce aqmif&GurIrsm;
d f
f
- zdvpfykdiEkdiiH e-Commerce jrifui;
f f
G f
- AD,uferfEkiiH tdkipDwDtqifhtwef;ESihf
d f
f
e-Commerce tajctae
e-Commerce zGUH ûzd;wk;wufrI
d
170
- tifwmeufay:rS pD;yGm;a&;qki&m
d f
tm;omcsursm;
f
e-Commerce zGHUûzd;rIESihf? tao;pm;ESihf
tvwfpm;vkyief;rsm;
f
194
tcef ;
taMumif ; t&m
pmrsuf E S m
17/ tkipDwDawmfvSea&;ESihf owif;tcsutvuf
d f
f
f
pD;yGm;a&;
203
18/ *vkb,fvkuaZ;&Si;ESihf tkipDwDawmfvSea&; 208
d
d f
f
d f
f
19/ e-Commerce zGHUûzd;rIESihf tpdk;&tcef;u@ 212
- e-Commerce twGuf ESpvkdzG,&m
f
f
aumif;aomay:vpD
- tpdk;&taejzifh toHk;ûyEkiaom e-Commerce
d f
- atmifjrifaom e-Commerce tajccHtaqmuf
ttHkqki&m t"duvdktyfcsursm;ESihfpyfvsO;aom
d f
f
f
tjcm; ay:vpDupö&yfrsm;
d
20/ tmqD,H vlUpGr;tm;t&if;tESD;ESihf tkiwD
f
d f
zGHUûzd;wk;wufrIoHk;oyfcsuf
d
219
21/ e-Commerce tem*wfvrf;aMumif;
227
&nfñTe;udk;um;csursm;
f
f
7. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
3
pGr;aqmif&nf&vmonf/ xkjYd yif ,if;wkonf todynm tajccH
f
dS
Yd
pD;yGm;a&;u vktyfaom qef;opfzefwD;rI vIy&Sm;aqmif&GurI
d
f
f
trsK;d tpm;rsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ tjrifEitMum;tm½Hypön;f rsm;
S hf
k
twGuf 0,fvktm;onf broadband w,fvDqufoG,a&;
d
f
0efaqmifrvkyief;rsm; ysUH EUHS rjI zif,aqmifvmaom ykrkBd uD;rm;
I f
h l
d
aom ykYdaqmifa&;vrf;aMumif;trsK;rsK;ESihf jrifhwufaeonf/
d d
b@ma&; 0efaqmifrvyief;rsm;twGuf 0,fvtm;onf tem*wf
I kf
kd
twGuf pdwêf udua&G;cs,p&mrsm;uJhokYdaom aiGa&;aMu;a&;
f
f
qki&m qef;opfzefw;rIrsm;ESihf &Saeaom tdkipwwukd a&maESm
d f
D
d
f D D Ykd
jcif;jzifh jrifhwufvmcJhNyD jzpfonf/
0efaqmifrIvkyief;wk;wufrIukd [mh'0JrS aqmhz0Jukd
f
d
f
f
cGJxkwfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? qef;opfzefwD;rIvkyfief;pOfrS
xkwvkyrIvkyief;pOfukd cGJjcm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? yg0ifrI
f f
f
twGuf 0,fvktm;udk jr§ihwifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? b@ma&;
d
f
vkyief; jrifhrm;aomwk;wufrIjzifhvnf;aumif; wGe;wifcJh
f
d
f
onf/ tkipwawmfvea&;ESitwl ukw'f (Code)? vkyief;pOf
d f D D
Sf
hf
f
f
ESihf todynmydkaqmifrwukd cGjJ cm;Edki&efjzpfvmonf/ qef;opf
Y
I Ykd
f
zefw;rI vIy&m;aqmif&ur&v'frsm;onf 0efaqmifrI yHkprsm;udk
D
f S
G f I
H
jzpfaponf/ aqmhz0J? todÓPfynmqki&m ykiqkirIypön;?
f
d f
d f d f
f
okawoe? zGHUûzd;rIESihf enf;ynmulnDyHhykd;rI paom 0efaqmifrI
yHkpHrsm;udk jzpfaponf/
tkipwD awmfvea&;onf ,SOûf ydiEipr; t"dut&if;
dfD
Sf
f dk f G f
tjrpftaejzifh todynmqufE,aom vIy&m;aqmif&urrsm;
T f
f S
G f I
4
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
okYd a&GUvsm;&ef tqifajyatmif aqmif&uay;aeonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
G f
zGJUpnf;rIqki&m toGiajymif;jcif;onf todynmtajccH
d f
f
pD;yGm;a&;okYd a&GUvsm;aeonf/ pifppf todynmtajccHp;yGm;a&;
D
[lonf todynmudzefw;aom pD;yGm;a&;yifjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
k D
vkyief;taejzifh wpfO;csi;jzifvnf;aumif;? tzGUJ tpnf;taejzifh
f
D f h
vnf;aumif; todynmudk&,lonf/ ykaqmifay;onf/ pGr;&nf
Yd
f
jynfh0pGm toHk;csay;onf/ a[mif;EGr;aeaom todynmudk
f
pOfqufrjywf tpm;xk;ay;onf/ todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;
d
twGuf ta&;ygaomtcsursm;rSm pGr;aqmif&nf&aom tkipwD
f
f
dS
dfD
vkyief;rsm;ESihf tdipwtajccHtaqmufttH?k pGr;f aqmif&nf&aom
f
kfD D
dS
Ekiiwumxkwvkyrue&ufrsm;? yg0g&Saom qef;opfzefw;rI
d f H
f f I Gf
d
D
pepfrsm;? vlom;&if;jrpfvkyief;ESihf tzGJUtpnf;qki&m topf
f
d f
jyefvnfûyvkyrIwkYdyif jzpfonf/
f
pifppf tkipDwDtcef;u@ESihf tajccHtaqmufttHkwkYd
d f
onf todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;yvufazmif;jzpfonf/ ,if;
yvufazmif;onf todynmtajccHp;yGm;a&;twGuf todynm
D
udk zefwD;jcif;? ynmay;jcif;ESihf toHk;csjcif;twGuf enf;vrf;
rsm;udk ulnyy;dk ay;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;pGmonf trsK;d om;
D hH
f
owif;tcsuftvuf tajccHtaqmufttHkwpfckudk wnf
aqmufí wGe;wGe;wkuwkduf aqmif&GuaeMuonf/ þonf
f f d f
f
rSm todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;odkY ,if;wkYd toGiajymif;rIukd
f
vG,ulacsmarmap&efjzpfonf/ owif;tcsutvuf tajccH
f
f
taqmuf t tH k (Infor-structure) wG i f w,f v D u G e f j rLeD
8. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
5
au;&Si; uGe&ufrsm; yg0ifonf/ xkYdjyif r[mAsL[majrmuf
f
f
owif;tcsutvufpepfrsm;? taxmuftulûyay:vpDEihf Oya'
f
S
pepfrsm; yg0ifonf/ tajccHtaqmufttHkukd toHk;cs&efESihf
zGHUûzd;wkd;wuf&ef vl;om;&if;jrpfvnf; yg0ifonf/ tDvuf
x&Geepf pD;yGm;a&;onf owif;tcsutvuf zGUJ pnf;rIykHoP²mef
f
f
wk;wufaeaom tpdwtydki;wpfcktjzpf yg&S&ef arQmvifxm;
d
f f
d
f h
onf/
tod y nmtajccH p D ; yG m ;a&; tBuD ; rm;qH k ; tusKd ;
oufa&mufronf Ekiiwumxkwvkyrue&ufrsm; zGUJ pnf;rI
I
d f H
f f I Gf
jzpfEkionf/ tjyeftvSetm;jzifh todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;&Sd
d f
f
Edkiiwum xkwvkya&;uGe&ufrsm;udk aygif;pnf;aqmif&uEif
f H
f f
f
G f kd
onf/ ,if;xkwvkyrIuGe&ufrsm;onf tao;pm;ESihf tvwf
f f
f
pm;vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pkpnf;&ef
&nf&,onf/ xkwvyrue&uf todynm? tajccHp;yGm;a&;
G f
f kfI Gf
D
yHp yHpusaom Oyrmwpfcukd aqmhz0J tcef;u@wGif awGUEif
kH kH
k
f
dk
onf/ ,if;u@wGif qDvDuGeawmifMum;&Sd qef;opf zefwD;rI
f
A[dkXmeonf bef*vdk? tdE´,&Sd xkwvkyrItajcpcef;rsm;ESihf
d
f f
csdwfqufxm;onf/
todynmzefwD;jcif;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf todynm
tajccHpD;yGm;a&;wGif pD;yGm;a&;wk;wufrI tajccHt&if;tjrpf
d
wpfckjzpfonf/ qef;opfzefw;rI vIy&m;aqmif&urrsm;twGuf
D
f S
G f I
têuducsi;wlaomywf0ef;usiwpfcktm; ulnyyk;&ef pD;yGm;a&;
f f
f
D hH d
pGr;tifwpf&yfonf ,if;Ekiiwum ,SOûf ydiEipr;udk qH;jzwf
f
dfH
f dk f G f
k
6
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
ay;onf/ qef;opfzefwD;rIpGr;&nfonf zGHUûzd;NyD;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;
f
atmifjrifrItwGuf txl;ta&;BuD;vmonf/ qef;opfzefwD;rI
vIy&Sm;aqmif&GurIrsm;udk ukexkwvkyrIrS cGJjcm;vkuonf/
f
f
f f f
d f
ukexkwvkyrI vIy&m;aqmif&urrsm;udk zGUH ûzd;qJp;yGm;a&;rsm;odkY
f f f
f S
G f I
D
a&TUajymif;onf/
qef;opfzefwD;rI ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif;onf
EkiiHwum&Sd ,SOûf ydiEkipGr;&Saom wuúokdvrsm;yifjzpfonf/
d f
f d f f d
f
,if;wuúovrsm;u todynmtajccHp;yGm;a&;twGuf odyenf;
kd f
D
HÜ
usaom todynmudk zefwD;onf/ ausmif;oifynma&;ESihf
pufrIvkyfief;tMum; tjyeftvSeftusKd;oufa&mufrIonf
aemufxyf tpdwtydki;wpfckjzpfonf/ ,if;onf todynm
f
f
zefw;ouJoYkd ynmay;jcif;udkvnf; zefw;ay;onf/ b@ma&;
D
h
D
pepfonf qef;opfzefwD;jcif;udk OD;pm;ay;onfh vkyief; pwif
f
aqmif&Guaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk tultnDay;onf/ zGHUûzd;NyD;
f
pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf aps;uGursm;udk zGHUûzd;wk;wufapcJhonf/
f
d
todynmudk½kyfvHk;azmfaom vlom;t&if;tjrpfonf
tod y nmtajccH p D ; yG m ;a&;twG u f r&S d r jzpf v k d t yf o nf /
todynmtajccH pD;yGm;a&; vktyfrIrsm;onf pufrIvkyief;
d
f
acwf vdktyfrrsm;ESihf rwlnacs/ pufrvkyief;qki&m pD;yGm;a&;
I
D
I f
d f
rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Guaom tzGJUtpnf;wpfckwGif tvkyf
f
vkyaeaom uRrf;usirI trsm;tjym;&Svmaom tvkyorm;rsm;
f
f
d
f
tay:wGirwnfonf/ todynmtajccHp;yGm;a&;onf qef;opff
f l
D
zefwD;rIpepfrsm;udk a&&Snxe;odr;xm;Eki&ef zefwD;wwfaom
f df f
d f
9. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
7
yg&rDESifh owif;tcsuftvufESifh w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif;
uGe&uf tajccHtaqmufttHkukd ulnyyk;&ef tkipwD vkyom;
f
D hH d
d f D
f
rsm;ay:wGif rlwnfonf/ xkYdjyif todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;&Sd
qef;opfzefwD;rI vsijf refaomajcvSr; qdkvk&if; oabmrSm
f
d
todynmonf vsifjrefpGm acwfukefoGm;NyD; vltrsm;u
vktyfaomtodynmay:wGif aemufqHk;tcsetxd xde;odr;
d
df
f f
xm;NyD; ,if;wkYduRrf;usirIrsm;onf jyefvnfvef;qef;ap&ef
f
vdktyfonf/ xkYaMumifh todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;&Sd tzGJUtpnf;
d
rsm;udk 0efaqmifrIay;aom vkyom;tiftm;udk jznfhwif;ay;&ef
f
tvdim tzGUJ tpnf; ynma&;armf',fykpukd wpfo;yk*vzefw;
kY S
H H
D ¾
D
rIESihf b0wpfoufwm avhvmrItay: yGihvif;rI&&ef xde;odr;
f
Sd
ff f
xm;&rnfjzpfonf/ todynmtajccHp;yGm;a&; vktyfrrsm;&&Sd
D
d I
&ef tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;onf ,if;wkynma&;
f
Yd
ESihf oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk yHkazmf&efvktyfonf/
d
tcef; (2)
*vd k b ,f v k d u f a Z;&S i f ; ES i f h td k i f p D w D a wmf v S e f a &;
ydraumif;rGeaom o,f,yaqmifjcif; 0efaqmifrvyief;
k kd
f
l Y dk
I kf
rsm;rS w,fvDzke;ESihf vlxkqufoG,a&;rD'D,mokYd enf;ynm
f
f
qki&mzGHUûzd;rIonf ydkrkdao;i,fNyD; ydkrkdaygif;pnf;aqmif&uaom
d f
G f
urÇmBuD;udk zefwD;cJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ ,ckrsuarSmufumvwGif
f
tkdifpDwDawmfvSefa&;onf urÇmBuD;udk ydkrdkao;i,fNyD; ydkrdk
aygif;pnf;aqmif&uEicNhJ yD jzpfonf/ qufo,a&;? ukeo,rI
G f kd f
G f
f G f
ESihf tvkytudki&&SrI? yk*K¾d vfa&;ESihf EkiiHa&;qki&m tay;t,l
f
f d
d f
d f
vkyief;rsm;onf *vdkb,fpau;taejzifh jzpfysuvmcJhonf/
f
f
EkiiHrsm;tMum; e,ferwrsm;udk ausmjf zwfNyD; *vdkb,fvkuf
d f
d d f
d
aZ;&Si; jzpfay:vmcJhonf/
f
þwGif Ekb,fqk&Sif Joseph Stig Litz u *vdkb,f
d
vkuaZ;&Si; (Globalization) udk þodkY t"dyÜm,fzGihqkcJhonfd f
f
f d
]]*vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf urÇmay:&SdEdkifiHrsm;ESifh
jynfolrsm; ydkrkdeD;uyfaom aygif;pnf;aqmif&GurIjzpfonf/
f
o,f,lykYaqmifa&;ESihf qufo,a&;qki&m BuD;rm;aomukeus
d
G f
d f
f
12. 14
tcef; (3)
tdkifpDwD tajccHtaqmufttHk zGHYNzKd;rItpDtpOf
ta&SUtm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;
(Knowledge- based Economy) toGiajymif;&ef atmufyg
f
taxmuftulûyvkyief; tpDtpOfig;rsK;udk vkyaqmif&rnfjzpf
f
d
f
onf/ ,if;wkYdrSm(1) tkipwtusK;u@zGUH ûzd;apjcif; (,if;wGif tkipwD
d f D D
d
d f D
qufE,0efaqmifrvkyief;rsm;ESihf tkipwD tajccH
T f
I f
d f D
taqmufttHkwYkd yg0ifonf/ ,if;onf todynm
tajccHp;yGm;a&; tcsutvufaumif;wpfcjk zpfonf)
D
f
(2) EkiiHwum xkwvkya&;uGe&ufrsm; &,ljcif;?
d f
f f
f
(3) qef;opfzefwD;rIpepfrsm; tm;aumif;apjcif;?
(4) vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm; tqifhjrifhjcif;ESihf
(5) pufrIvkyief;rsm;ESihf aumfyka&;&Si;rsm; jyefvnf
f
d
f
zGJUpnf;xlaxmifjcif;wkYd jzpfonf/
xkjYd yif tm&SEiirsm;onf tkipwukd taumif;qHk;ûyvkyf
kd f H
d f D D
&ef vktyfonf/ tb,faMumifqaomf ,if;xkwvkyrykrk&Edkif
d
h
h kd
f f I d d
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
aom tkipDwD awmfvSea&; tusK;jzpfxGe;rIrsm;aMumifh jzpf
d f
f
d
f
onf/ a'oqki&m qef;opfzefwD;rI vIy&Sm;aqmif&GurIrsm;
d f
f
f
tm½Hkpkujf cif;jzifh ,if;wkYd tiftm;pkrsm;wGif todynmA[k
d
okwrQa0a&; jrifrm;wk;wuf&ef vktyfonf/ ,if;vIy&m;rIrsm;
h
d
d
f S
udk tkdifpDwD qufET,faeaom 0efaqmifrItcef;u@jzifh
taxmuftulûy&ef vktyfonf/
d
ta&SUtm&SEiirsm;wGif txufygwlnaom tpDtpOfrsm;
kd f H
D
&Saomfvnf; wpfEkiiHcsi;pD zGHUûzd;rItqifht& OD;pm;ay;rIrsm;
d
d f f
onf uGJjym;jcm;em;Ekdifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh aemufusaom
zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm;onf ,if;wkYpD;yGm;a&;udk taxmuftulûy&ef
d f
d
tudki;tcufrsm;udk tm½Hkpku&ef &nf&G,Mf uonf/ EkiiHwum
f
d f
d f
f
xkwvkyrIuGe&ufrsm;ESihf qufoG,&,l&ef &nf&G,Mf uonf/
f f
f
w,fvuejf rLeDau;&Si; tajccHtaqmufttHkukd jrifrm;wk;wuf
D G
f
h
d
apjcif;ESihf pufrIvkyief; tcsutjcmae&mrsm; zGHUûzd;apjcif;jzifh
f
f
'pf*spw,fuGm[rI ay:aygufvmrIukd umuG,&ef&nf&G,Mf u
f
f
onf/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif pufrIxGe;opfpEdkiiHrsm; xdywef;
f
f
f
OD;pm;ay;rIonf a,bk,stm;jzifh zGUH ûzd;NyD;Edkiirsm;ESihf twlwyif
f H
l
jzpfonf/ ,if;OD;pm;ay;rIum; qef;opfzefwD;rI vIy&Sm;aqmif
f
&GurIrsm; jr§ihfwifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ tu,fí pufrIxGe;opfp
f
f
EkiiHrsm;onf todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&;udk ydkrkdvsijf refpGm &,l
d f
jcif;jzifh Ekiirsm;odkY wufvr;&ef tkipwawmfvea&; yg&m'ki;
d f H
S f
d f D D
Sf
d f
d f
ta&GUtm;omcsuukd &,lvQif ,if;EkiiHrsm;onf tkipDwD
f
d f
r[mAsL[mrsm; vkdtyfvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;EkdifiHrsm;onf
14. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
17
zGHUûzd;rI tpDtpOfESihf tjcm;zGHUûzd;qJEkdiiHrsm;ESihf pufrIxGe;opfp
f
f
Edkiirsm;tMum; uGm[rIus,jf yefaejcif;udk jyefvnfok;oyfronf
f H
Y
H
I
,if;Ekiirsm;tMum; uGmjcm;rIrsm;udk a&mifjyef½kucwfay;onf/
d f H
d f
w,fvuejf rLeDau;&Si;rsm;wGif pnf;rsO;pnf;urf;rsm; vGeurI
D G
f
f
f J
aMumifh rvHkavmufaom ,SOûf ydironf tcsKUd Ekiirsm;wGif tajccH
f I
d f H
taqmufttHkwpfck wnfaqmufjcif;udk avsmyg;aponf/ xki;
h
d f
Ekiiwif tifwmeuf qufo,rtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;tMum; ,SOûf ydirI
d f H G
G f I
f
avsmhenf;jcif;onf jrifhrm;aomtqifhrsm;wGifuscH&aom
tifwmeuf access udk xdef;odrf;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
w,fvDuGejf rLeDau;&Si;tcef;u@wGif ,SOûf ydirItcif;tusi;
f
f
f
onf ta&SUtm&SEkdiiHrsm;twGuf t"duusaom tpDtpOftrsK;
f
d
tpm;jzpfNyD; tpdk;&rsm;onf ,if;e,fy,fwif ,if;wd êud;yrf;
G
kY
rIrsm;udk jrifrm;wk;wufatmif aqmif&uaeonf/ xki;Ekiiwif
h
d
G f
d f d f H G
w,fvDuGejf rLeDau;&Si; tcef;u@ü tpdk;& vuf0g;BuD;
f
tkyronf tifwmeufxk;azmufrEihf tifwmeuf tajccHvkyief;
f I
d
I S
f
rsm;ESihf toHk;csrIrsm; ta&;wBuD;jzpfay:rItwGuf tcuftcJ
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ tmqD,HEkiiHrsm;onf e-Commerce twGuf
d f
pnf;rsO;pnf;urf;ESihftnD Oya'twki;twm abmiftwGi;
f
d f
f
&&S&ef ASEAN Frame work agreement vktyfrukd todtrSwf
d
d I
ûycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif e-Commerce zGHUûzd;rIokdYaqmif&Guaom
f
ywf0ef;usiwpf&yfukd tm;ay;jr§ihfwif&ef ta&;ygonf/
f
tcef; (4)
tD v uf x &G e f e pf ul ; oef ; a&mif ; 0,f r I
(e-Commerce) qk d o nf r S m ....
tD;aumrmhpftjzpf vlodrsm;aom tDvufx&Gefepf
ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI (Electronic commerce) (e-Commerce)
qkonfrm tDvufx&Geepfue&ufwpfckay:ü ae&m ,lvmaom
d
S
f Gf
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;aqmifwm wGucsurI okYr[kwf qufoG,rI
f
f f d
f
enf;ynmwkukd toHk;ûyonfh vkyief;aqmif&urrsm; jzpfonf/
Yd
f
G f I
þodjkY zifh tD;aumrmhpwif tD;vfar;pmyd?kY owif; tcsutvuf
f G
f
f
hf
wku½uy,vyief; yDpueysLwmjzifh wku½uf zke;vSnac:,l
d f kd f Ykd l k f
D Gf
d f dk
qufoG,pepf? EDI ( Electronic Data Interchange) [kac:
f
aom tDvufx&Geepf tcsutvuf zvS,a&;pepfwkYd yg0if
f
f
f
aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyukdiaqmif&GurIrsm; yg0ifMuyg
f
f f
f
onf/ pifppf tD;-aumrmhptwGuf txif&Sm;qHk;ESihf pGr;tm;
f
f
txufjrufqHk;qufoG,rIpepfrSm tifwmeuf jzpfygonf/
f
xdkYaMumifh tD;-aumrmhpukd wpfcgwpf&H tifwmeuf aumrmhpf
f
okr[kwf tki-aumrmhpf (Internet commerce (or) iCommerce)
Yd
df
[kvnf;ac:Muonf/
15. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
19
trSetm;jzifh tD;-aumrmhponf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;
f
f
f
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIenf;vrf;udk ajymif;ypfcJhNyDjzpfygonf/
0ufbqk'f r&Sonfh vkyief;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk tkwt*Faw?
f d
d
f
f
tajccHpD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;[kac:Muonf/ uGefysLwmESifh
tifwmeufqufoG,rIrsm; &Sonfhvkyief;rsm;udkrl cvkwESihf
f
d
f
f
f dk f
ñTeMf um;rI pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;[k trnfwyfMuygonf/ ½kyyi;
f
jynfprEihf tifwmeufqufo,rI ESprsK;pvH;&Saeonfh pD;yGm;a&;
h kH I S
G f f d k d
vkyief;rsm;udk cvkwESihf t*FawpD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; (click
f
f
f
an mortar) [kac:wGionf/ tD;-aumrmhponf a&S;½dk;pD;yGm;a&;
f
f
vkyief; qufoG,vkyukdirIrsm;wGif aES;auG;av;vHapcJhonfh
f
f f f
tcseESihf c&D;wmtuGmta0;wkYd tuefYtowf? twm;tqD;
df
rsm;udk trSeyif y,f&m;Edkiygonf/ ,cktcg tD;-aumrmhpjf zifh
f
S f
vkyief;aqmif&urrsm;udk urÇmtESUH csucsi;vufiif; vkyukif
f
G f I
f f
f d
f
Ekiojzifh yg0ifaqmif&GuolESpOD;pvHk;udk aiGaMu;tuketus
d f
f
f
oufomapygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk omreftvkyae&m
f
f
rsm;wGiyif vpOf taumiftxnfazmfEkionf/ uGeysLwm
f
d f
f
wpfvHk;? tifwmeuf qufoG,rIwpf&yfwkYd&Sxm;vQif vkyief;
f
d
f
aqmif&urrsm;udk ae&mra&G;üaqmif&uEkiygonf/ qk&ygvQif
G f I
G f d f
d
tD;-aumrmhponf ukeypön;0,f,jl cif;uJoYkd pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;
f
f
f
h
f
taumiftxnfazmfrIrsm;udk ½dk;&mtkwfESifh t*Fawvkyfief;
taqmufttHk tjyifbufü jzpfay:vmaponf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;twGuf e-Commerce tm;omcsursm;
f
f
aumfy&wXmetwGi; owif;tcsutvufprcefcrwif
kd d f
f
f
D H Y JG I G
tifx&meuf tultnDay;rIrsm;onf ukrÜPDwpfck e-Com-
20
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
merce tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;ESihf
f
tjyeftvSequfpyfEkionf/
f
d f
xkjYd yif tifx&meuf jyifyqufpyfaeaom tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;
f
ESihvnf; tjyeftvSequfpyfaeonf/ XmewGi;owif;tcsuf
f
f
f
tvufqi&m wpfûydieufp;qif;rItwGuf tifx&meufukd cGiûhf y
kd f
f D
aomaMumifh ta&;ygaom owif;tcsutvufukd vkyief;pOf
f
f
0ifNyD; jyify e-Commerce tay;t,lvkyief;rS pD;qif;aeaom
f
tcsutvufESihf vkuzufatmif aqmif&Guonf/ wpfzef
f
d f
f
aumfya&;&Si; tzGUJ tpnf;qki&m vkyief;pOfrsm; pGr;&nf&dS
kd
f
d f
f
f
NyD; xda&muftusK;&Saom aygif;oif;aqmif&urukvnf; cGiûhf y
d d
G f I d
xm;onf/
tifx&meufrsm; wpf[ex;kd wk;d wufvmjcif;onf txuf
kf
atmuftqifhqifh trdeYay;xde;csKyfaom tzGJUtpnf;rS owif;
f
f
tcsutvuf tajccHaomtzGJUtpnf;odkY a&TUajymif;rIjzpfapcJh
f
onf/ ,if;a&TUajymif;rIwGif pDrHcefYcGJrIqki&m wm0ef,lrIrsm;?
d f
qufo,a&;ESihf owif;tcsutvufp;qif;rIrsm;ESihf vkyief;
G f
f
D
f
tkypkzUJG pnf;rIrsm;twGuf yg0ifywfoufrrsm;&Sonf/ þonf
f
I d
rSm e-Commerce wGif cswqufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;
d f
f
twGuf tifx&meuf ta&;ygrIyif jzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;twGuf e-Commerce tm;om
f
csursm; &Sonf/ þonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;aqmif&Gujf cif;?
f
d
f
ukeusp&dwf avQmhcsjcif;tjyif tjcm;tm;omcsuukd qkvkjd cif;
f
f
d
jzpfonf/ e-Commerce onf equalizer wpfcktaejzifh
aqmif&Guonf/ ,if;onf pwifaqmif&Guonfhvkyief;opf
f
f
f
rsm;ESihf tao;pm;ESihf tvwfpm;vkyief;rsm;udk *vdb,faps;uGuf
f
k
16. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
21
odkYa&muf&S&ef pGr;aqmifay;onf/ tm;aumif;aom e-Busid
f
ness plan onf a&S;qefaom pD;yGm;a&;wefzk;rsm;udk vHk;0rSw,l
d
f
jcif;r&Sacs/
d
e-Commerce onf 0,folUpwêf uduf rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
d
toHk;ûyjcif;udk ûyvkyay;onf/ þe,fy,fwif e-Commerce
f
G
toHk;csjcif;rsm;wGif toHk;ûy&efvG,ulaom atmf'grSmpepfrsm;
f
yg0ifonf/ azmufonfrsm;onf olwkdY yk*¾Kd vfa&;qki&m
d f
txl;a&G;cs,rIt& xkwukeypön;rsm;udk a&G;cs,rSm,lcGihfukd
f
f f
f
f
,if;pepfrsm;u cGihfûyxm;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh e-Commerce
r[mAsL[m toHk;ûyonfh um;xkwvkya&;ukrÜPDwpfckonf
f f
tGevki;trSmrsm; cGihûf yxm;NyD; &uftenf;i,ftwGi; um;opf
f d f
f
rsm;rSm,lEkdi&ef pDpOfxm;onf/ þonfrSm azmufonfrsm;
f
txl;rSm,lrI vkyief;pOfonf wk;wufrI&NSd yD; atmf'grSmpepfukd
f
d
aygif;pnf;aqmif&ucvQif ,if;pepfonf ydkrkxa&muf tusK;
G f hJ
d d
d
&SpGm tvkyvkyEkionf/
d
f f d f
e-Commerce onf uGe&ufxkwvkyrI (network prof
f f
duction) udk cGihfûyxm;onf/ yx0D0iftaetxm;t& ysHUESHU
aeaom uefx½duwmrsm;onf uGeysLwmuGe&ufrsm;rS wpfqifh
k f
f
f
wpfO;ESiwpfO; cswqufMuonf/ uGe&ufxkwvkyr tusK;
D hf
D d f
f
f f I
d
jzpfxe;rIrsm;wGif ukeusp&dwrsm; avQmhcsay;onf/ ydkrkd r[m
Gf
f
f
AsL[mqefaom ypfrwrm;uufwif;vnf;yg0ifonf/ xyfqifh
S f
f
I
f
wefzk;jr§iukeypön;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrrsm;a&mif;csjcif;? vG,ul
d hf f
acsmarGUap&efvnf; aqmif&uay;onf/ vktyfaom pepfopfrsm;
G f
d
22
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
vnf;yg0ifonf/ uGe&ufxkwvkyjf cif;ESihftwl ukrÜPDwpfck
f
f
onf urÇmtESUH tjym;&Sd puf½krsm;odkY vkyief;rsm;owfrway;Ekif
H
f
S f d
onf/ Oyrm- wdusaomtpdwtydki;rsm; wyfqifjcif;uJhokYd
f
f
tvkyrsm;udk txl;owfrSway;Ekionf/
f
f d f
Amazon.com onf virtual pmtkyqkiBf uD;jzpfonf/
f d
4if;pmtkyqkiBf uD;onf ESppOfta&mif;EIe; cefYrSe;ajc a':vm
f d
f
f
f
1 'or 2 bDvsH &Sonf/ 0ufbay:wGif a&mif;csaeaom
d
f
f d f
pGr;aqmif&nfrsm;t& Amazon onf yHkaoydkiqkirIrsm;wGif
f
a':vm 56 oef;cefY oHk;pGJcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ þwGif dot.com
Frenzy rS oifcef;pmrsm;udk wifjyvkonf/ &if;ES;jr§KyErbPfrsm;
d
D f HS I
qki&m ½IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif dot.com Frenzy onf aiGaMu;
d f
BuD;BuD;rm;rm; upm;wwfolrsm; (vkyief;&Sif t&if;&Sirsm;)
f
f
&Sonfh avmif;upm;jcif;ESihf cswqufxm;onf/ tifwmeuf
d
d f
pGeYfOD;vkyief;&Sirsm;onf vkyief;xlaxmifonfh t&if;tESD;
f
f
f
xkway;olrsm; qGaqmif&efEihf aps;uGua0pk&&S&eff tvGeeraom
f
J
S
f
d
f d hf
tqifhrsm;wGif ,if;wkY ukeypön;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrIvkyief;
d
f
f
f
rsm; aps;EIe;rsm;udk owfrSwxm;onf/ jrifhrm;aom wefzkd;
f
f
owfrwjf cif;rsm;twGuf &if;ES;jr§KyfEorsm;u cufcaom 0ifaiG
S
D
HS l
J
rsm; awmif;qkjd cif; pwifaomtcg aps;EIe;xk;usrI pwifcJh
f d
onf/ tifwmeuf ukrÜPDrsm;onf aps;uGufa0pkr&&Sdcif
taxGaxGtoHk;p&dwrsm; tvGetrif; oHk;pGJcJh&onf/
f
f
e-Commerce onf azmufonfrsm;ukd rsm;pGmtultnD
ay;onf/ C2B tay;t,lvkyfief;rsm;wGif azmufonfrsm;
17. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
23
(pm;oHk;olrsm;) onf xkwukeypön;rsm; rnfokYd ûyvkyonf/
f f
f
f
0efaqmifrIrsm; rnfokYd ydkYaqmifrItay:ydkrkdvTr;rdk;rI ay;pGr;Mu
f
f
onf/ azmufonfrsm;udk ykrkdBuD;rm;pGmxde;csKyfEkirIESihtwl ed
f
d f f
Commerce onf ykdrdkjrefqefNyD; ydkrdkyGifhvif;vkyfief;pOfudk
f
cGihfûyxm;onf/ e-Commerce onf tvHk;pHk vG,vifhwul
&&SEkirEihf vufcrtaejzifh aps;uGuEihf xkwukeypön;rsm;udk
d d f I S
H I
f S
f f
f
owif;tcsutvufrsm; ûyvkyay;onf/ aps;EIe;yGihfvif;rIukd
f
f
f
wk;wufaponf/ þonfu azmufonfrsm;udk ykrkdoifhawmf
d
d
aom 0,f,lrIqHk;jzwfcsursm; ûyvky&efpGr;aqmifay;onf/
f
f
f
e-Commerce toHk;csrIenf;vrf;rsm;
trsK;rsK;aom toHk;csrIrsm;onf ed d
f d f
f f
Banking, e-Tailing ESihf tGevki; publishing ? tGevkdi; retailing tygt0if tifwmeufay:&Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;twGuf
f
vrf ; aMumif ; rsm;ES i f h tvm;tvmrsm;ud k pOf q uf r jywf
oufa&mufrI&Saeonf/ orm;½k;us aiGay;acsrIenf;vrf;rsm;
d
d
(aiGaMu;ppfaq;rIrsm;? pm&Gupmwrf;puúLtoHk;ûyrIukd tajccH
f
aom w&m;0ifwif'gyHkpH) rS tDvufx&Geepfqki&m tjcm;
f
d f
a&G;cs,p&menf;vrf;rsm; (e-Payment pepfrsm;) odkY a&TUajymif;rI
f
udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh ydkrdkzGHUûzd;NyD; &ifhusufaom e-Banking
ywf0ef;usionf e-Commerce wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@
f
okYd a&muf&Svmonf/
d
þokYqkvQif tGevki;ay:wGif 0,f,ljcif;ESihf aiGay;acs
d d
f d f
jcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í zGHUûzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeaom
tavhtusihftawGUtêuHrsm;u rnfokYd&Sygoenf;/
d
e-Commerce
24
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
zGHUûzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif tGefvdkif; tay;t,lvkyfief;rsm;
twGuf &&SEkiaom aiGay;acsrIpepfrsm;rSm atmufygtwki;
d d f
d f
jzpfygonf(u) orm;½dk;us aiGay;acsrIenf;vrf;rsm;
1/ aiGom;ydkYaqmifrI
rsm;pGmaom tGevki; tay;t,lvkyjf cif;rsm;
f d f
onf tGefvdkif;ay:wGif 0,f,la&;atmf'grsm;
wifoi;jcif;ESihf yg0ifywfoufonf/ aiGay;acsrI
G f
f
onf ½ky0w¬Kypön;rsm; ydkYaqmifrItay:rlwnf
f
aom aiGaMu;jzpfonf/
2/ bPfaiGay;acsrIrsm;
tGevi;ay:wGif ukeypön;rsm;rSm,lNyD;aemuf
f kd f
f
f
rSm,laomukrP bPfaiGpm&if;odkY aiGom;p&ef
Ü D
f
aiGay;oGi;jcif;jzifh Payment udk ûyvky&onf/
f
ydkaqmifrI (Delivery) udk orm;½dk;usenf;vrf;rsm;
Y
twki; ûyvky&onf/
d f
f
(c) tDvufx&Geepf aiGay;acsrIenf;vrf;rsm;
f
pm;oHk;olrsm;udk tusK;oufa&mufapaom qef;opf
d
zefwD;rIrsm;d
,if;wGif Redit ESihf Debit uwfrsm;? tvktavsmuf
f
aiGxkwpufrsm; (ATMs) odr;qnf;xm;aom value cards ESihf
f
e-Banking wkYd yg0ifonf/
18. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
25
f f
f
f
* tGevkdi;aumrmhpukd pGr;aqmifay;aom qef;opfzefwD;
rIrsm;-
,if;wdkonf e-Cash, e-Checks, smart cards ESihf enY
crypted credit uwfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if; payment enf;vrf;
rsm;onf zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm;wGif tvGetrif; ay:jyLvm rjzpfacs/
d f
f
tay;t,lvkyief; tajccHtay:wGif vHkûcHpwcs&aom csee,f
f
d f
f
rsm;ü BuD;rm;aomukrÜPDtenf;i,fu ,if;wkYdukd toHk;ûyMu
onf/
Ü D
I dS
* ukrPrsm;udk oufa&mufr&apaom qef;opfzefw;D rIrsm;,if;wkYdonf aiGay;acsrI,EÅ&m;rsm;ESihf qufpyfonf/
þwGif wku½kup&efaiGxm;jcif;jzifh cGiûhf yxm;aom automated
d f d f
clearing houses rSwpfqifh bPftwGi; vTJajymif;rIrsm; yg0if
f
onf/
f
* tDvufx&Geepf aiGay;acsrIpepf ta&;BuD;yHk
tDvufx&GeepfaiGay;acsrIpepf (EPS) onf tGevki;
f
f d f
ywf0ef;usi&Sd 0,f,lolrsm;ESihf a&mif;olrsm;tMum; b@ma&;
f
qki&m zvS,rIpepfwpfck jzpfonf/ ,if;udk bPfwpfbPf
d f
f
Mum;cHqufo,ay;ol? okr[kwf Oya'ESitnD aqmif&uaom
G f
Yd
hf
G f
wif'gtm;jzifh ay;ol? okYr[kwf Oya'ESihtnD aqmif&Guaom
d
f
f
wif'gtm;jzifh ausmaxmufaemufcHûyxm;aom 'pf*spfw,f
b@ma&;ud&,mwpfck (Oyrm electronic checks,or digital
d
cash) jzifh vG,ulacsmarmaponf/
f
26
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
tDvufx&Geepf aiGay;acsrpepfonf e-Commerce wGif
f
I
t&;BuD;aomtcef;u@ü yg0ifonf/ tb,faMumifhqkaomf
d
,if;onf e-Commerce loop ukd ydwapaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
f
zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm;wGif zGHUûzd;rIatmuftqifha&mufaeaom tDvuf
d f
x&Geepf aiGay;acsrpepfonf e-Commerce wdk;wufrI twGuf
f
I
av;eufaom t[eftwm; 0efxky0efyk;jzpfonf/ ,if;Ekiirsm;
Y
f d
d f H
wGif pGeO;wDxivyief;&Sirsm;onf Oya'taMumif;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;
Yf D
Gf kf
f
qufpyfrIt& tifwmeufay:wGif ta<u;0,f uwfjzifh aiGay;
acsrukd vufrcHEkiMf uacs/ t"dujyóemrSm aiGay;aiG,vkyief;
I
d
l f
vHkûcHrIyifjzpfonf/
e-Payments aqmif&GurIukd pDrHtkycsKyfaeaom Oya'
f
f
aMumif;qki&m tajccHtaqmufttHkr&SrI odr[kwf rvkavmufrI
d f
d kY
H
onfvnf; yg0ifywfoufvsu&onf/ xkaMumifh e-Banking
f dS
Yd
atmfya&;&Sif;rsm; aqmif&GufonfhbPfrsm;onf ,if;wkdY
uk,wkiESihf ,if;wkYd azmufonfrsm;tMum; 0efaqmifrI?
d f d f
oabmwlnDrIrsm; toHk;ûyMuonf/
zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm;pGmwGif EIi;,SOcsutm;jzifh rzGHUûzd;ao;
d f
d f f f
aom ta<u;0,fuwfvkyief;onfvnf; e-Commerce twGuf
f
twm;tqD;wpfcjk zpfonf/ vlO;a& ao;i,faom tpdwtydi;f
D
f k
wpfckomvQif ao;i,faom ta<u;0,fuwfjym; aps;uGuf
tajccHt& tifwmeufay:wGif ukeypön;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrrsm;
f
f
I
0,f,EiMf uonf/ aiGay;aiG,vkyief;udk usK;aMumif;nDñwNf yD;
l kd
l f
d
G
Oya'aMumif;t& vktyfr[krpOf;pm;rD uwfyi&i tao;pdwf
d I
kd f S f
19. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
27
azmfjyxm;aom oabmwlncsuf (Oyrm- xd;NrJvufrw) qki&m
D
k
S f df
vdktyfrjI yóemvnf; &Sao;onf/ ,if;vktyfronf tar&duef
d
d I
ESihf tjcm;zGHYûzd;NyD;EkiiHrsm;wGif r&Sacs/
d f
d
f
* tDvufx&Geepf aiGay;acsrIpepf toHk;ûyjcif;wGif
oHk;pGJolrsm; ,HkMunfrItqifhtwef;
zGûYH zd;qJEiitrsm;pkwif aiGom;tajccH pD;yGm;a&;rsm;&SaeqJ
dk f H
G
d
jzpfonf/ aiGom;udk vHkûcHrIrQomru trnfvQKdU0Suxm;jcif;
f
t&yg aiGay;acsrI ydkrkdESpvkzG,&maumif;aom tajctae[k
f d f
rSw,xm;Muonf/ tjcm;Ekiirsm;twGurl aysmufqk;oGm;aom
f l
d f H
f
H
odkYr[kwf ckd;,lcH&aom ta<u;0,fuwfESifh qufpyfaom
ay;qyf&efwm0ef (Lia bility) tay:wGif Oya'aMumif;t&
uefowfrraocsmrIEihf vdrvnfrukd pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;twGuf
Y
I
S
f
I
Oya'abmiftwki;twm tm;enf;rIESihf ûyvky&efrsm;jym;rIonf
d f
f
vHkûcHa&;ESihf yg0ifqufpyfaeonf/
ûcHíqkd&vQif tDvufx&Gefepf aiGay;acsrIpepfESifh
pyfvsO;í oufqki&mjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Si;&ef vdktyfonf/
f
d f
f
,if;wkonf rSwwrf;xde;odr;jcif;wGiyg&Saom pGr;aqmif&nf
Yd
f
f f
f d
f
rSwpfqifh vdrvnfrtay: oHk;pGotumtuG,ay;jcif;? tay;
f
I
J l
f
t,lvkyief;oD;oefYwnf&SNd yD; taESmifht,Suuif;rIESihf vHkûcHrI&Sd
f
f
jcif;? oHk;pGJolrsm;tm;vHk;odkY nDrQaom vufcHrIukd aocsmap&ef
,SOûf ydiEkiaom aiGay;acsrIvkyief;rsm;ESihf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf
f d f
f
aiGay;acsrenf;vrf;rsm; a&G;cs,rtcGita&;wkjYd zpfonf/ zGUH ûzd;qJ
I
f I hf
Ekiirsm;&Sd Oya'abmiftwki;twmonf tDvufx&Geepfenf;jzifh
d f H
d f
f
28
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
tay;t,lvkyjf cif;rsm;ESihf aiGay;acsrIrsm; tpDtpOfrsm;udk tod
trSwûf y pwifoifhonf/
rS wpfqifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;qufoG,rIrsm;
f
f
e-Commerce onf end-to-end qufqHa&;pDrHcefYcGJrI
tajzrsm;jzifh azmfaqmifaom pD;yGm;a&;opfqufqHa&;odkY
pD;yGm;a&;a[mif;qufqHa&; (a'gifvku^tvsm;vdkuf qufqH
d f
a&;) udk toGiajymif;onf/ þonfrSm e-Commerce rS
f
wpfqifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; qufqHrIrsm; toGiajymif;jcif;yif
f
f
jzpfonf/ e- Commerce onf tzGJYtpnf;uGef&ufrsm;udk
vG,ulacsmarmaponf/ þuGe&ufrsm;wGif tao;pm;vkyief;
f
f
f
rsm;onf azmufonf0,fvktm;rsm;udk ydkrkdxa&muftusK;&SpGm
d
d
d d
ukiwG,ajz&Si;&ef ypön;ay;oGi;rIrsm;ESihf xkwukeypön;
d f f
f
f
f
f f
f
jzefYcsa&;twGuf vufwGJazmf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf
d
onf/
f
azmufonfrsm;? tvkyorm;rsm;? ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;?
f
f
jzefYcsolrsm;ESihf ,SOûf ydibufrsm;ESihf cswqufxm;aom uGe&uf
d
f
d f
f
rsm; uGi;qufukd pDrHcefYcGJ&ef aygif;pnf;xm;aom odkYr[kwf
f
H Y JG
f
d
wk;csUJ xm;aom Supply Chain pDrcefcrI tajz&Si;rIrsm; vktyf
d
f
f
onf/ Supply Chain Management (SCM) udk ukeypön;rsm;?
owif;tcsutvufESihf b@ma&;udk BuD;Muyfjcif;taejzifh
f
t"dyÜm,fowfrSwonf/ ,if;wkYdonf ypön;ay;oGi;olxHrS
f
f
f
ukexkwvkyook?Yd ,if;rS vuúm;a&mif;olok?Yd vuúm;a&mif;olrS
f f f l
vufvDa&mif;olokY?d vufvDa&mif;olrS pm;oHk;olxHokYd a&GUvsm;
e-Commerce
20. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
29
jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ukrPrsm;tMum; ,if;wdkY pD;qif;rIrsm;
Ü D
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gujf cif;ESihf aygif;pnf;aqmif&Gujf cif;wkYd yg0if
ywfoufonf/ 0ifa&muftusK;&Saom Supply Chain Mand d
Sf f
f
G
d f
agement &nfre;csuonf uGi;xJwif aemufxyfcswquf
aom ukeypön;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk tcseukuf yHhykd;ulnD
f
f
df d
jcif;jzpfonf/
Supply Chain Management (SCM) wGif t"du pD;qif;
rI oHk;ck&Sonf/ ,if;wkYdrSmd
1/ xkwukeypön; pD;qif;rI (The Product Flow)
f f
f
,if;pD;qif;rIwGif Supplier rS azmufonfwpfOD;
xHokdY ukeypön;rsm; a&GUvsm;rIyg0ifonf/ xkYdjyif
f
f
azmufonfxHrS wkHYjyefrI odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrI
vktifrsm; yg0ifonf/
d
2/ owif;tcsutvuf pD;qif;rI (The Informaf
tion Flow)
,if;wGif trSmvTmrsm; xkwvway;ydkjY cif;ESihf ydkaqmifrI
f T f
Y
tqifhtwef; aemufqHk;tajctaewkYd yg0ifonf/
3/ b@ma&;pD;qif;rI (The Finances Flow)
,if;wGif ta<u;ay;pepf? aiGay;acsrItpDtpOfrsm;?
tyfukepepfEihf aiGaMu;acgif;pOftvkuf ykiqirI pDpOfrI
f
S
d d f kd f
rsm; yg0ifonf/
30
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
tcsKdU SCM toHk;csrIrsm;onf zGifhxm;aom tcsuf
tvufyHkpHrsm;tay:wGif tajccHonf/ ,if;wkYdonf tifwm
y½dkuptwGi;ESihftjyif tcsutvufESpckpvHk; rQa0jcif;udk
f f
f
f
f
yHhykd;ay;onf/ ,if;udk wk;csJUxm;aom tifwmy½dkup[kac:
d
f f
onf/ ,if;tifwmy½dkufpfwGif t"duypönf;ay;oGif;olrsm;?
ukexkwolrsm;ESihf wdusaom ukrÜPDwpfck aemufqHk;azmuf
f f
f
d d
onfrsm; yg0ifonf/ rQa0ay;aom tcsutvufwkYd trsK;rsK;
uGJjym;aom tcsutvufpepfrsm; odkYr[kwf tcsutvuf
f
f
odkavSmif½kHrsm;wGif xm;&Sonf/ ,if;wkonf rsm;pGmaom uGjJ ym;
d
Yd
jcm;em;aom ae&mrsm;ESihf ukrÜPDrsm;wGif &SMd uonf/ ukrÜPD
ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;ESihf ,if;tcsutvufrQa0jcif;ESihf ukrPD
f
f
f
Ü
azmufonfrsm;ESifh ,if;tcsuftvufrQa0jcif;wdkYonf
xkwukeypön;wk;wuf&ef SCM toHk;csrIrsm;udk cGihfûyonf/
f f
f d
xkYdjyif ukeusp&dwrsm;avQmhcs&efvnf; cGihfûyonf/ ,if;onf
f
f
tem*wfvkdtifrsm;twGuf vuf&t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf pDrHcsuukd
Sd
f
ydkrkaumif;rGe&ef Supply Chain tzGUJ tm;vHk;udkvnf; cGiûhf yonf/
d
f
þonfrSm e-Commerce onf azmufonfrsm;? vkyom;rsm;?
f
ypön;ay;csiolrsm;? jzefYcsolrsm;ESihf ,SOûf ydibufrsm;udk rnfokdY
f
f
d
f
cswqufaMumif; azmfjyonf/
d f
e-Business model oufqiaom tpdwtydi;rsm;
dk f
f kf
e-Business armf',fyHkpHwpfckwGif wpfzufazmfjyygwkYd
yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/
21. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
31
1/ rQa0xm;aom 'pf*spw,f bdZeuf tajccHtaqmuf
f
ttHk
,if;wGif 'pf*spw,fxkwvkyrIESihf jzefYcsa&;enf;
f
f f
d
ynmrsm; (broadband/ 0g,mvufue&ufrsm;? conGf
tent/ zefwD;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;ESifh owif;tcsuf
tvufpDrHcefYcGJrIpepfrsm;) yg0ifonf/ ,if;wkYdonf
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; xkwvkyrIue&ufESihf e,fy,fzefwD;
f f Gf
&efESihf toHk;cs&ef vkyief;yg0ifaqmif&Guolrsm;udk
f
f
cGihfûyrnfjzpfonf/
2/ atmfya&;&Si;f rsm;twGuf acwfrqef;jym;aom armf',fypH
D
kH
þyHkpHwGif Supply Chains ESihf Buy Chains ESpfck
pvHk; yg0ifaom aygif;pnf;aqmif&Guaom Value
f
Chain rsm;yg0ifonf/
3/ e-Business pDrHcefYcGJrI armf',fyHkpH
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tzGUJ rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyazmfuizuf
f
f
kd f
rsm; þyHkpHwGif yg0ifonf/
4/ ay:vpD? pnf;rsO;ESihf vlrIa&;pepfrsm;
f
þpepfrsm;wGif e-Commerce Oya'rsm;? uGe&uf
f
ûyvkyjf cif;vkyief;? ta0;oifavhvma&;? rufvkH;ay;
f
tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf udkunr&aom bdZeufay:vpDrsm;
f D I dS
yg0ifonf/
32
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
þwGif e-Business r[mAsL[mqki&m zefw;
d f
D
wwfaom ae&m,lrI om"uwpfckukd wifjycsif
ygw,f/ ,if;rSm Dawson a&S;a[mif;ypön;vkyief;
f f
ESifh Sotheby tGefvkdif;avvHyGJae&mrsm;yif
jzpfonf/
Dawson's a&S;a[mif;ypön;vkyief;onf
f f
23 ESpfMum oufwrf;&SdNyDjzpfaom a&S;a[mif;
bdZeufvkyief;jzpfonf/ tGevki;avvHwif Site
f
f d f
rsm; xGuay:vmrIESihftwl Linda Dawson onf
f
,if;vkyief;&Sionf vGwajrmuf&eftvdim ,if;
f
f
f
Yk S
bdZeufr[mAsL[mwGif tifwmeufukd xnfhoGi;
f
pOf;pm;&ef vktyfrIukd êudjrif½HkrQru tm;omcsuf
d
&,l&efvnf; êudjrifcJhonf/
xdktawmtwGi; Sotheby's trnf&dS wk;wuf
f
d
aeaom tGevkdi;avvHae&monf tifwmeufay:
f f
wGif ydkrkBd uD;rm;aom y&dowfukd qGaqmif&ef ,if;
J
avvHypön; xm;okxe;odr;rI pepfukd jr§iwifjcif;
f
d df f
hf
tusK;aus;Zl;tm; od&SoabmaygufMuonf/
d
d
Sotheby's onf tBuD;rm;qHk; tGevkdi; avvHyGJ
f f
usif ; yae&mrsm;jzpf o nf / ,if ; onf ,if ;
Website uk d zG i f h j cif ; jzif h ,if ; tif w meuf
r[mAsL[mudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfcJhonf/ ,if;
0ufbqkufr S m Sothebys.com jzpfonf/ ,if;
f d
22. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
33
0ufbqkuukd tGevkdi;avvHwifae&mrsm; twGuf
f d f
f f
ydkrkdao;i,faom udk,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf avvHwif
f
f
ae&mrsm;twGuf zGivpay;onf/ ,if;csO;uyfrEihf
hf S f
f
I S
twl Sotheby onf ,if; ukeypön;odkavSmif
f
f
xkway;rIpepfwif tawGUG têuH&&Sconf/ ,if;onf
f
G
d hJ
ykrkBd uD;rm;aom aps;uGuukd qGJaqmifcJhonf/ ydkrkd
d
f
vG,ulap&ef Sotheby's onf ,if; tzGUJ 0ifrsm;
f
twGuf 0ufbqufudk yHhydk;½HkrQru Dawson's
f kd
tzGUJ om;rsm;udk ulnconf/ bDvtm;vHk;ESihf pkpnf;
D hJ
f
aumuf,rtm;vH;udvnf; udiw,ajz&Si;f &ef pDpOfchJ
lI
k k
kf G f
onf/ ,if; r[mAsL[m atmufwif tzGJU0if 4660
G
OD; pm&if;ay;oGi;cJhonf/ Dawson twGurl ef
f
business ta&mif;onf 2000 jynfEpv,fyi;wGif
h S f
kd f
pkpkaygif; ta&mif; 25 &mcdkiEIe; &&ScJhonf/
f f
d
2001 ckEp?f Zefe0g&Dv wGif 50 &mcdiEe; &&Sconf/
S
k f I f d hJ
atmifjrifaom e-Commerce vkyief;uGi;qufrsm;
f
f
e-Commerce onf orm;½dk;us pD;yGm;a&;tay;t,l
vkyief;wGif ,SOûf ydiEiaom tjcm;a&G;cs,p&m enf;vrf;jzpf&efvkd
f
f dk f
f
onf/ tzGJUtpnf;wpfckonf e-Commerce tusK;aus;Zl;
d
rsm; trsm;qHk;&&S&eftwGuf enf;ynmudpö&yfrsm; pOf;pm;&efvkd
d
onf/ xdkjY yif pGr;aqmifay;Ekiaom udp&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;&efvkd
f
d f
ö
onf/ yHkpHusaom e-Commerce tay;t,lvkyief; uGi;quf
f
f
34
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
wGif atmufygt"duaqmif&Gufolrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom
vktyfcsursm; yg0ifonfd
f
f
d
a&mif;csol (Seller) wGif atmufygtcsursm; &Soifh
onfe- Commerce pGr;*
f aqmif&nfyg&Saom aumfykd&wf
d
d
0ufbfqkduf (Oyrm-vHkûcHrI&Sdaom tay;t,l
vkyief; Server)
f
aumfyk&wtifx&meuf (odkYrSom atmf'grsm;udk
d d f
*
pGrf;&nf&Sdaom toGifjzifh vkyfief;pOfaqmif&Guf
Ekirnf/)
d f
owif;tcsutvuf pD;qif;rIrsm;udk pDrcefc&efEihf
f *
H Y JG S
e- Commerce pepfukd xde;odr;&ef tkiwD em;vnf
f f
df
wwfuRrf;aom 0efxrf;rsm;/
tay;t,lvkyfief; pD;yGm;zuf (ygwem) rsm;wGif
atmufygwkYdyg0ifonftay;t,lvkyfief;* &Sif;vif;a&;udk aqmif&Guf
ay;pGr;aom bPftzGUJ tpnf;rsm; (ta<u;ay;uwf
f
aiGay;acsrIESihf tDvufx&Geepf &efyHkaiGvTJajymif;
f
*
rIrsm;qki&m vkyief;pOfaqmif&Gujf cif;)
d f
f
EkiiHtwGi;? EkiiH0ef;usiESihf EkiiHjyifywGif ukef
d f
f d f
f
d f
ypönf;a&GUvsm;rIudk pGrf;aqmifay;&ef trsKd;om;
tqifhESihf tjynfjynfqki&m ukeypön;wifykdYonfh
f
f
* d f
ukrÜPDrsm;? vkyief;rS pm;oHk;olokdY tay;t,l
f
vkyief;twGuf pepfonf tao;pm;xkyyk;rIrsm;
f
f d
24. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
37
&SifoefBuD;xGm;&eftwGuf txufyg
tcsutvufrsm; vdktyfonf/ þwGif tifwmeufonf ef
Commerce ESihf qufpyfaeonfukd &Si;jyvdkonf/ tifwmeuf
f
onf aps;rBuD;bJ ,HkMunfpwcstm;xm;pGm cswqufEki&ef
d f
d f
d f
urÇmtESHUtjym;rS vlrsm;udk aqmif&Guay;onf/ enf;ynm
f
qki&m tajccHtaqmufttHktaejzifh ,if;onf urÇmvHk;qki&m
d f
d f
uGe&uftzGUJ tpnf; jzpfonf/ y½kwaum tpkta0;toHk;ûyvsuf
f
d kd
owif;tcsurQa0&ef cswqufay;onf/ vlESihf owif;tcsuf
f
d f
tvuf uGe&ufrsm;taejzifh tifwmeufonf e-Commerce
f
udk pGr;aqmifay;onf/ tGevki;ay:wGif ukeypön;rsm;ESihf
f
f d f
f
f
0efaqmifrrsm;udk a&mif;cs&ef tifwmeufu vkyief;rsm; aqmif&uf
I
f
G
ay;onf/
tifwmeufukd pD;yGm;a&;&nf&G,csursm;twGuf toHk;
f f
rcsrD ukrÜPDrsm;onf EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
uJhokdYaom yk*¾vuuGe&ufrsm; toHk;ûyonf/ ,if;onf ed
f
Commerce apmapmydki; yHkpHjzpfonf/ odkYaomf yk*¾vu
f
d
uGe&ufrsm; wyfqifjcif;ESihf xde;odr;jcif;onf tvGeaps;BuD;
f
f f
f
onf/ tifwmeufESihftwl e-Commerce onf vsijf refpGm
ysHUESHYcJhonf/ tifwmeufonf Open Stardards rsm;tay:wGif
tajccHaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
e-Commerce
e-Commerce
tusK;jzpfxGe;rIrsm;
d
f
tusK;jzpfxGe;rIrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh
d
f
vQif ypön;ay;oGi;ol? xkwvkyol (Supplier/Producer) ?
f
f
f f
e-Commerce
38
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
pm;oHk;ol (oHk;pGJol) (Consumer) ESihf vlrItzGJUtpnf;
ety) tcsuoHk;csujf zifh ½IjrifEkionf/
f
d f
(Soci-
ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm* xkwvkyorsm; (Suppliers/
f
f
;?
f f l
Producers)
ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;bufrS ½IjrifvQif e-Commerce
f
f
tusK;jzpfxGe;rIrsm;wGif tcsuajcmufcsuwkYd yg0ifonf/
d
f
f
f
yxrtcsurm urÇmtESa&muf&jdS cif;jzpfonf/ 'kw,tcsurm
f S
YH
d
f S
wpf&ufvQif 24 em&D? wpfywfvQif ckepf&uf&aejcif;jzpfonf/
Sd
wwd,tcsurSm Mum;vlrsm;z,f&Sm;&ef tvm;tvm&Sjd cif;jzpf
f
onf/ pwkwtcsurm ppfreaomtcsewif uwfwavmufrsm;
¬
f S
Sf
df G
udk aemufqHk;tajctaetxd &&S&efpGr;&nfjzpfNyD; wpfOD;csi;
d
f
f
ay;pGr;EkirIrsm;twGuf tvm;tvm&Sjd cif;yifjzpfonf/ yOör
f d f
tcsufrSm tay;t,lukefusp&dwfrsm; omíenf;yg;jcif;jzpf
onf/ q|rtcsurSm atmf'g (trSmvTm) vrf;aMumif;yHkpHwGif
f
wk;wufr&aom azmufonftultnDay;rI? udk,wi0efaqmifrI
d
I dS
f kd f
ay;aom owif;tcsutvuf jyefvnfxkw,ljcif;ESihf oD;jcm;
f
f
ajymqkd aqG;aEG;rIrsm;jzpfonf/
tifwmeufonf aemufqHk;oHk;pGJolrsm;ESifh wkduf½dkuf
qufo,&ef trnfay;oGi;rIwif yg0ifotm;vHk;udk pGr;aqmif
G f
f G
l
f
ay;onf/ ,if;onf Mum;cHqufoG,rIuif;a0;&ef OD;wnf
f
ay;Ekionf/ aemufqk;azmufonfEihf wku½kuqufo,ronf
d f
H
S d f d f
G f I
tifwmeufu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tay;t,lvkyfjcif;rsm;udk
,laqmifaom t"duawmfvSea&;yifjzpfonf/
f
25. odaumif;p&m e-commerce
39
tpD&ifcHcsut& tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwif
f
G
e-Commerce jzefYcsda&;ukefusp&dwftay: tusKd;ouf
a&mufrI &Sconf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh avaMumif;vufrwrsm;twGuf
d hJ
S f
orm;½dk;usESihf tifwmeuftajccHa&mif;csrItMum; pkaqmif;rI
rsm;onf bPfvkyief;twGuf 87 rS 89 &mckiEe; txd&onf/
f
d f If
dS
bDvay;acsrtwGuf 67 rS 71 &mckiEe;&Sonf/ touftmrcH
f
I
d f If d
twGuf 60 &mckiEIe;&Sonf/ aqmhz0JjzefYcsrItwGuf 97 rS
d f f d
f
d
99 &mckiEIe; txd&Sonf/
d f f
d
oHk;pGorsm;ESihf wku½kuxawGUrtydki;rSMunfvQif azmuf
J l
d f d f d
I f
h
onfqufqa&;? pDrcefcrukd tifwmeufu awmfveypfcNhJ yDjzpf
H
H Y GJ I
Sf
onf/ atmf'grsm;udk wu,fvkcsiaomtcsewGif &Ekionf/
d f
df
d f
xkaMumifh pHprf;ar;jref;rIrsm;udk êud;yrf;rItenf;i,frQEihf wduspm
Yd
k
S
G
ajzqkEionf/ aumif;pGmyHazmfxm;aom online help pepfrsm;ESihf
d dk f
k
vlom;Mum;0ifrIryg&SbJ oHk;pGJrIrsm;ar;cGe;rsm;udk wpfOD;csi;
d
f
f
ajzMum;Ekionf/ aemufqHk;wGif azmufonfrsm;ESihf oD;jcm;
d f
aqG;aEG;ajymqkrItwGuf tvm;tvmudk BuD;rm;pGm jr§ihfwifEkif
d
d
cJhonf/
tifwmeufrwpfqifh tD;aumrmhponf 0ifa&mufrueus
S
f
I kf
p&dwEihf tay;t,lukeusp&dwEpckpvHk;udk enf;yg;ap&ef ulnD
f S
f
f S f
f
kd f
yHyk;ay;onf/ xkjYd yif ydkrkBd uD;rm;aom aps;uGuokYd yx0D0ifqi&m
h d
a&muf&rukw;csUJ &ef pGr;&nfukjd znfqnf;ay;onf/ þtcsuu
dS I d kd
f
h
f
tao;pm;ESihf tvwfpm;vkyief;rsm; (SMES) ukd vG,vifwul
f
f h
&&Sdaponf/
OECD
40
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
oHk;pGJolrsm; (Consumers)
*
oHk;pGJolrsm;twGuf tusK;aus;Zl;rsm;wGif atmufygwkYd
d
yg0ifonf1/ aetdrrS oufaomifhoufom aps;0,fEkdionf/
f
f
2/ urÇmtESHY a&G;cs,rIrsm;udk vufcHEkionf/
f
d f
3/ ukeusp&dwf ,SOûf ydirIrsm;udk vufcH&&SEkionf/
f
f
d d f
4/ rm;uufwif; owif;tcsutvufrsm;udk vufc&&Sd
f
H
onf/
5/ 'pf*spw,fukeypön; (Oyrm-aw;*Dw) ukd prf;oyf
f
f
f
&ef tcGihftvrf;&Sonf/
d
6/ tcsera&G; aps;0,f&ef pGr;&nf&Sonf/
df
f
d
7/ 'pf*spw,fukeypön;rsm;udk csucsi; download
f
f
f
f f
ûyvkyEkionf/
f d f
8/ wpfukd,a& 0efaqmifrI ûyvkyEkionf/
f
f d f
9/ zke;vdki; apmifhqki;aep&mrvkacs/
f f
d f
d
10/ ta&mif;orm; rvkacs/
d
11/ a&mif;csrukd vG,uacsmarmap&ef todÓPf&aom
I
f l
dS
at;*sihfrsm;&Sonf/
d
xkwukeypön;o,f,lykdYaqmifrI qef;opfzefwD;aom
f f
f
enf;vrf;rsm;onf BuD;xGm;vmcJNh yD jzpfonf/ ,if;onf r0,f,l
&ef xkwukeypön;udkprf;oyf&ef pm;oHk;olrsm; t&nftaoG;
f f
f
udk jr§ihfwifay;aeonf/
27. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
43
vkyief;rsm;udk tDvufx&Geenf;tm;jzifh o,f,lykdYaqmifEkirI
f
f
d f
e,fy,fjzpfonf/ aemufxyfwpfckrm tDvufx&Geepf 0,f,rI
S
f
l
pepfrSwpfqifh &&Saome,fy,fjzpfonf/ pifumylEkiiHonf
d
d f
urÇmtpdwtydki;taejzifhvnf;aumif;? urÇmtESHYtjym;wGif
f f
vnf;aumif; ajrprf;c&rf;ysK;aeaom EdkiiHjzpfonf/
d
f
tmqD,HtwGuf ,if;tusKd;oufa&mufrItm;vHk;udk
toHk;csoifhonf/ rsufarSmufacwf tmqD,HtwGuf odod
omomta&;ygrIrSm e-Commerce taejzifh tifwmeufrS
wpfqifh tao;pm;ESihf tvwfpm;vkyief;rsm; (SMEs) ulnyyk;
f
D hH d
aom tcGihftvrf;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;armf',f
f
wpfckukd zdvpfyiEkiiwif pwifconf/ Ekiiwum b@ma&;
kd f d f H G
hJ
d f H
aumfya&;&Si;ESitwl Planters Development Bank (jynfwi;
kd
f hf
G f
zGUH ûzd;rIbPf)? e Vicor (Silicon valley tif*sie,mESihf twkiyifcH
fD
d f
tzGJUtpnf;)? zdvpfykdipufrIvufrIESihf ukeonfBuD;rsm;toif;?
f
f
tm&SpDrHcefYcGJrI odyÜHwkYdonf e-Planters [kac:aom SMEs
twGuf Portal wpfckukd xlaxmif&ef yl;aygif;aqmif&GucJh
f
Muonf/ 0efaqmifrI vkyief;rsm;wGif Web hosting ESihf aiGay;
f
acspepfrsm; yg0ifonf/ 0efaqmifrIukd aumfr&SitajccHjzifh
f
ay;onf/
tmqD,a'otaejzifMh unfvQif tmqD,Eiirsm;tMum;
H
h
H kd f H
,SOûf ydiEiaom tm;omcsuwif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIukd pl;prf;avhvm
f dk f
f G
&SmazG&ef xkwvkyrue&ufrsm;udk ulnyyk;a&;twGuf tifwm
f f I Gf
D hH d
eufukd toHk;ûy&OD;rnfjzpfonf/
tcef; (5)
e-Commerce, e-Business ES i f h tifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;
tD;aumrmhpf (Electronic commerce) onf xkwukef
f
ypön;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrvkyief;rsm;twGuf tGevi;tifwmeuf
f
I f
f kd f
vIy&Sm;aqmif&GurIrsm; us,jf yefYaomtrsK;tpm;udk &nfñTe;
f
f
d
f
ay;onf/ ,if;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tay;t,lvkyaom ESpO;
f
f
f D
ESpzufonf ½kyykdi;qdki&mzvS,rI odkYr[kwf wku½kduzvS,rI
f
f f f
f
d f f
f
f
f
f
xuf tDvufx&Geepfenf;t& tjyeftvSequfoG,onf/
e-Commerce onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh tifwmeufay:
wGif 0,fjcif;? a&mif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonf/ ,if;onf
uGeysLwmu yHkazmfay;aom uGe&ufrSwpfqifh ukeypön;rsm;
f
f
f
f
odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIvkyief;rsm;toHk;ûy&ef ykiqkirI odkYr[kwf
f
d f d f
tcGihfta&;rsm; vTJajymif;jcif;ESihfywfoufaom ta&mif;t0,f
vkyrI wpfpHkwpf&mudk aqmif&Gujf cif;ESihfywfoufonf/ ef
Commerce ESihf ywfoufí ykrkjd ynfhpHkaom t"dyÜm,frSm þodkY
d
jzpfonf/ e-Commerce onf tDvufx&Geepfqufo,a&;ESihf
f
G f
'pf*spw,f owif;tcsutvuf vkyief;pOfenf;ynm toHk;ûyrI
f
f
f
yif jzpfonf/
28. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
45
þae&mwGif e-Commerce ESifh e-Business wdkYü
uGJjym;aom t,ltqrsm;&Sonf/ e-Commerce wGif owif;
d
tcsutvufEihf qufo,a&;enf;ynm (tkipw) udk vkyief;
f
S
G f
d f D D
f
rsm; tMum;wGivnf;aumif;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tMum;wGivnf;
f
f
aumif; toHk;ûyonf/ xdkYjyif vkyief;rSpm;oHk;ol (businessf
to-consumer) tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;wGif toHk;ûyonf/ tjcm;
f
wpfzufwif e-Business wGif tkipwonf wpfO;wpfa,muf
G
d f D D
D
bdZeufukd jr§ihwif&eftoHk;ûyonf/ ,if;wGif uGeysLwmu
f
f
azmfaqmifaom uGef&uftay:wGif vkyfief; tzGJUtpnf;u
aqmif&uaom vkyief;pOfwpfckckyg0ifonf/ e-Business
G f
f
jynfhpHkus,jf yefYaom t"dyÜm,frSm þodkYjzpfonfpifppf e-Business [lonfrSm enf;ynmrsm;toHk;csrI?
pD;yGm;a&;opf tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf wGucsuaeaom yg&mEkiiH
f f
df
wkrwpfqifh tydkjznfpuaom azmufonfwefzk;udk ydkaqmif&ef
Yd S
h G f
d
Y
tzGUJ tpnf;wpfck vkyief;pOfrsm;toGiajymif;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
f
f
e-Business wGif tajccHvkyief;pOfoHk;&yfukd tqifhjr§ihf
f
xm;onf/ ,if;wkYdrSm1/ xkwvkyrIvkyief;pOfrsm; (Production Processes)
f f
f
2/ azmuf o nf u d k tm½H k p k d u f o nf h v k y f i ef ; pOf r sm;
(customer-focused processes)
3/ XmewGi;pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyief;pOfrsm; (Internal Manf
f
agement Processes) wkYdjzpfonf/
46
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
xkwvyrvyief;pOfrsm;wGif 0,f,a&;? atmf'g&&Sa&;ESihf
f kfI kf
l
d
ukepnfrsm; xkwvkyxe;odr;a&;wkyg0ifonf/ xkjYd yif aiGay;
f
f f df f
Yd
acsa&;vkyief;pOfrsm;? ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;ESihf tDvufx&Geepf
f
f
f
f
cswqufrrsm; xkwvkyrI xde;csKyfrvkyief;pOfrsm; yg0ifonf/
d f
I
f f
f
I f
azmufonftm½Hpuonfh vkyief;pOfrsm;wGif y½dr;dk &Si;f ESihf
k kd f
f
k
rm;uufwif;êud;yrf;rIrsm;? tifwmeufay:wGif a&mif;csjcif;?
azmufonf0,f,lrIatmf'grsm;ESihf aiGay;acsrIvkyief;pOfrsm;?
f
azmufonfyHhykd;a&;vkyief;pOfrsm; yg0ifonf/
f
XmewGi; pDrcefcrvkyief;pOfrsm;wGif 0efxrf;0efaqmifrI
f H Y JG I f
f
D
rsm;? oifwef;? XmewGi; owif;tcsutvufrQa0jcif;? AD',kd
f
uGez&ifhûyvkyjf cif;ESihf 0efxrf;opfcefYxm;jcif;wkYd yg0ifonf/
f
tDvufx&GeepftoHk;csrIrsm;onf ta&mif;tiftm; xkwvkyrI
f
f f
pGr;f tm;jr§iwif&ef xkwvyrEihf ta&mif;tiftm;tMum; owif;
hf
f kfIS
tcsutvufpD;qif;rIukd jr§ihfwifay;onf/
f
pifppf tifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;onf e-Commerce ESihf eBusiness xuf ydkrkdus,jf yefYaom t,ltqwpfckjzpfonf/
,if;wGif e-Commerce ESihf e-Business yg0ifonf/ pD;yGm;a&;
ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;twGuf Mum;cHrD'D,rfwpfcktaejzifh
tDvufx&GeepfuGe&ufrsm; toHk;ûyvsuf pD;yGm;a&;vIy&Sm;
f
f
f
aqmif&urrsm;tm;vHk;udk qufpyfr&onf/ xdkjY yif tifwmeuf
G f I
I dS
odkY cswqufxm;aom uGe&ufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;ESihf toHk;cs
d f
f
0efaqmifrvkyief;rsm; 0,f,jl cif; ESpckpvHk;wGif yg0ifywfouf
I f
f
aom vIy&Sm;aqmif&GurIrsm;ESihf qufET,onf/ ,if;onf
f
f
f
29. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
47
t"duusaom t"dutuefok;ckukd zefw;ûyvkyay;onf/ ,if;
Y H
D
f
wdkYrSm ½kyykdi;qki&m tdkipDwDtajccHtaqmufttHk? pD;yGm;a&;
f f d f
f
vkyfief; tajccHtaqmufttHkESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;wdkY
jzpfonf/
þwGif wuúquf(cf) wuúodkvf&Sd okawoeESifh
tDvufx&GeepfA[kXme (CREC) onf tifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;
f
d
rnfokdYtvkyvkyonfukdazmfjyaom t,ltqqdki&m abmif
f f
f
twki;twmwpfckukd azmfaqmifw;wufapcJonf/ ,if;abmif
d f
kd
h
twki;twm tifwmeufp;yGm;a&; tvTm (4) vTmudk azmfjycJh
d f
D
onf/ ,if;wdkYrSmtvTm 1/ tifwmeuftajccHtaqmufttHk (Internet
Infrastructure)
tvTm 2/ tifwmeuftoHk;csrItaqmufttHk (Internet Applications Infrastructure)
tvTm 3/ tif w meuf M um;cH q uf o G , f a y;ol r sm;
(Internet Intermediaries)
tvTm 4/ tifwmeufaumrmhpf (Internte Commerce)
wkYd jzpfonf/
tvTm (1) wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf tifwmeufESihf World
f
d
fJ
f
Wide Web twGuf uGe&ufûyvkyjf cif;ud&,mESihf [mh'0? aqmhz0J
pGr;aqmifrIrsm;twGuf yHhykd;Muonf/
f
tvTm (2) wGif aqmhz0xkwukersm;ûyvkyaom ukrPD
f J f f
f
Ü
rsm;yg0ifonf/ ,if;wdkYonf 0ufbtay;t,lvkyief;rsm;udk
f
f
48
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
vG,ulacsmarGUatmif ûyvkyay;onf/ xkYdjyif Web developf
f
ment 'DZkdi;ESihf twkiyifcHvkyief;rsm;udk yHhykd;ay;aomukrÜPD
f
d f
f
rsm; yg0ifonf/
tvTm (3) wGif e-Commerce 0,folrsm;ESihf a&mif;ol
h d
rsm;udk cswqufay;aomukrPrsm;? Web Content udk yHyk;ay;
d f
Ü D
aom ukrPrsm;yg0ifonf/ e-Commerce tay;t,lvkyjf cif;
Ü D
jzpfysuEiaom aps;uGursm;udk yHy;onfurPrsm;vnf; yg0if
f dk f
f
h kd
h kÜ D
onf/
tvTm (4) wGif oHk;pGJolrsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;odkY
f
xkwukeypön;rsm; odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIvkyief;rsm; wku½kduf
f f
f
f
d f
a&mif;csaomukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifonf/
txufazmfjycsursm;onf tifwmeufpD;yGm;a&;tvTm
f
(Internet Economy Layer) yif jzpfonf/ þwGif tifwmeuf
f
pD;yGm;a&;tvTm (1) wGif Netwotking ukrÜPDrsm;? [mh'0J?
f
aqmhz0JukrÜPDrsm;? Line Acceleration ukrÜPDrsm;? [mh'0J
f
f f
xkwvkyolrsm;? yDpDESihf Server xkwvkyolrsm;? tifwmeuf
f f
Backbone Providers, tifwmeuf0efaqmifryyk;olrsm; (ISPS),
I Hh d
Security Venders rsm;ESihf Fiber Optics xkwvkyorsm; yg0if
f f l
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jy&aomf Cisco, AOL, AT& T ESihf Qurest
wkdYyg0ifonf/
tvTm (2) wGif tifwmeufaumrmhptoHk;csrrsm; Web
f
I
development aqmhzf0J? tifwmeuftwkdifyifcHukrÜPDrsm;?
f
f
f
tGevi;oifwef;? Search Engine aqmhz0?J 0ufbu pGr;aqmif
f dk f
30. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
49
ay;aom tcsutvufrsm;? rmvfwDrD'D,mtoHk;csukrÜPDrsm;
f
yg0ifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Adobe rkuú½aqmhz?f IBM ESihf Oracle
d kd
wkYd yg0ifonf/
f
tvTm (3) wGif Ventical vkyief;rsm;wGif aps;uGuf
zefw;olrsm;? tGevi;c&D;oGm;vma&;at;*sirsm;? Brokerages,
D
f kd f
hf
Content Aggregators tGevi;aMumfjimolrsm; Internet Ad Brof dk f
kers, Portals/Content Providers ukrÜPDrsm; yg0if onf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh e-STEEL, Yahoo, Travelocity e-Trade ESihf ZDNet
ukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifonf/
tvTm (4) wGif E-Tailers, tGefvkdif;azsmfajza&;ESifh
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qki&m vkyief;rsm;? xkwvkyolrsm;?
d f
f
f f
tGevki;a&mif;csaom ukrÜPDrsm;? avaMumif;vdki;a&mif;cs
f d f
f
aeaom ukrÜPDrsm;? tGevki;vufrSwrsm;? Fee/Subscripf d f
f
tion Based ukrÜPDrsm; yg0ifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh Amazon.
com ESihf Dell wkYdyg0ifonf/
* * * * *
tcef; (6)
tif w meufESSi f h tD ; -pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ;
-pD ;a&;vk
E
tifwmeufonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;ukd ykrkpr;aqmif&nf
f
d d G f
jynfh0pGm aqmif&Gujf cif;twGuf jzpfEkiajctopfrsm;udk tBuD;
d f
tus,ay;pGr;Ekionf/ oifbmvkyEiovJ? oifbmvkyray;
f
f d f
f kd f
f
EkiovJqkwm Munfh&efvkonf/ oifhtaejzifh oifhukrÜPDESihf
d f
d
d
ukeypön;rsm;taMumif; owif;tcsutvufrsm;pGmudk jyoEkif
f
f
f
d
onf/ NyD;vQif ,if;ukeypön;rsm;udk a&mif;csEionf/ Website
f
f
kd f
ay:wGif wpfaeYvQif 24 em&D? wpfywfvQif (7) &uf a&mif;csEif
kd
onf/ oifhtaejzifh ydkrkdxa&muftusK;&SpGm 0,f,lEkionf/
d
d d
d f
tb,faMumifqaomf ypön;ay;oGi; a&mif;csorsm;pGmudk azmfjy
h kd
f
f
l
d I
&ef tifwmeufukd toHk;ûyEkionf/ Online ay:wGif vktyfrrsm;
d f
udk xkwjf yEkionf/ aps;uGuzvS,rIrsm;ûyvkyNf yD; 0,f,lEkif
d f
f
f
d
onf/ tGevkdi;avvHaps;uGursm;ESihf toHk;ûyNyD; ukeypön;
f f
f
f
f
aps;uGursm;wGif avQmhaps;ESihf0,f,lEkionf/
f
d f
oifonf atmf'grsm; rSm,lEionf/ tay;t,l vkyEif
kd f
f kd
onf/ oifhtaejzifh ukeypön;a&mif;olrsm;ESihf jzefYjzL;a&mif;cs
f
f
32. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
53
]]tifwmeuf[m aemufxyf a&mif;csjcif;vrf;aMumif;rQ
om r[kwbl;/ tem*wfukrÜPD[m Digital Nervous Sysf
tem eJY aqmif&Gu&vdrhfr,f}} [k qkum ukeusp&dwrsm;udk
f
d
f
f
tBuD;rm;qHk; avQmhcscJhNyD;jzpfonf/
ukefusp&dwfenf;yg;aom w,fvDqufoG,fa&;ESifh
Web vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSwpfqifh uGeysLwmrsm;udk azmufonfrsm;
f
Ü
okYd wku½kua&mif;cscaom Dell ukrPBD uD;onf HP/Compaq,
d f d f
hJ
IBM ES i f h Apple wk d Y x uf pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; ûyvk y f & mwG i f
ukefusp&dwfenf;yg;oufomcJhonf/ Dell onf ,cktcg
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif ygpife,fuGefysLwma&mif;cs&mü
OD;aqmifaeaom ukrÜPDBuD;jzpfvmcJhonf/
GE ukrÜPDBuD;onf ,if;ukeoG,rIvkyief;pOf Netf f
f
work udk pwifwnfaxmifjcif;ESifh tifwmeufrSwpfqifh
xkwfukefypönf;rsm;udk &SmrSD;&,ljcif;jzifh ,if;0,f,lrI
bwf*sua':vm oef;&maygif;rsm;pGmudk oufomapcJhonf[k
f
qkdonf/
tifwmeuf tusK;aus;Zl;rsm;pGm&Saomfvnf; e-Comd
d
merce onfvnf; vlxkpdw0ifpm;rIukd &&Saeonf/e-Comf
d
merce onf tifwmeufukd a&mif;csrIvrf;aMumif;odkY toGif
ajymif;&ef tcGihtvrf;udk qkvkonf/ e-Commerce dot.com
f
d d
onf pmtkyrsm;? aw;*Dwrsm;? pmtkyrsm;? tDvufx&Geepfypön;
f
f
f
f
rsm;? pawmh0,f,ljcif;? tmrcHESihf avaMumif;vufrSwrsm;?
f
y&dabm*rsm;? toHk;taqmifypön;rsm; tdrta&muf tpm;tpm
f
f
54
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
ay;ydr?I tBuHay;vkyief; ponfwukd a&mif;csaqmif&uay;jcif;
kY
f
Ykd
G f
jzifh pwifcJhonf/
Wal-Mart ESifh Levi uJhokdYaom vufvDorm;rsm;udk
tajccHonfh Smart pwdk;qkiBf uD;rsm;onf Online ta&mif;
d
vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk xlaxmifMuonf/ Dot.Com rsm;pGmonf
1991 ck aemufyi;umvrsm;wGif ûydvcaomfvnf; ,if;wkonf
dk f
J hJ
Yd
dot.bomb rsm;odkY ajymif;vJconf/ ,cktcg dot.om yl;aygif;
hJ
aygufuGJcJhaomf ukrÜPDwki;onf ukrÜPDt&nftaoG;udk
d f
d
a&mifjyef[yf&ef website wpfck vktyfonf/ azmufonfrsm;
onf jyocsdefudk tvkdr&Sdacs/ owif;tcsuftvufudkom
tvk&SMd uonf/ azmufonfrsm;onf &Si;vif;aom owif;
d
f
tcsutvufukom tvk&MdS uonf/ vG,uaom atmf'grSm,l
f
d
d
f l
jcif; vkyxkH;vkyenf;udkom tvdk&onf/ þodkjY zifh Marketing
f
f
dS
azmfaqmif&mwGif tifwmeufESihf tD;-pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;onf
f
ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@odkY a&muf&SaeNyDjzpfonf/
d
33. 56
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
-
tcef; (7)
B2B e-Commerce [l o nf r S m
e-Commerce
e-Share, Netsales,ixl Enterprises and Universal
Access uJhokYdaom outsourcing providers)
yHkpHrsm;rSm B2B (Business-to-Business), B2C (Business-tosumer-to-Consumer) ESifh
rdkbki;pD;yGm;a&;
d f
(m-Commerce)
wkdYjzpfonf/
B2B e-Commerce [lonf
ukrPrsm;tMum; e-ComÜ D
merce taejzifh owfrwxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf bdZeuf
S f
rsm;tMum;qufqHrIrsm;ESihf tay;t,lvkyaom e-Commerce
f
yHkpHjzpfonf/ þ B2B e-Commerce onf e-Commerce
80 &mckiEIe;cefY&onf/ uRrf;usiynm&Sif trsm;pku B2B ed f f Sd
f
Commerce onf B2C tuefYxuf ydkrkd jrefqefpGm qufvuf
wk;wufvmvdrhfrnf jzpfonf/
d
B2B aps;uGufwGif tajccHtpdwftydkif;ESpfck&Sdonf/
,if;wkYdrSm e-Frastructure ESihf e-Markets wkYdjzpfonf/ pifppf
e-Frastructure onf B2B Adokumjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYwGif
wpfzufazmfjyygwkYdyg0ifonf-
o,f,ykaqmifa&;? odkavSmifa&;ESijhf zefcsd
l Yd
Y
a&; (e-g procter and gamble)
- toHk;cs0efaqmifrIyHhydk;olrsm; - central facility rS
packaged software pDrHcefYcGJrI/
f
G
f
f kf
- e-Commerce vkyief;pOfwif vkyief;tpdwtydi;rsm;
jyifyt&if;tjrpf&mazGvkyukir/ ,if;wGif WebS
f d f I
housing security ESihf customer care solutions (e.g
t"duusaom? uGJjym;jcm;em;aom
Consumer), B2G (Business-to-Government), C2C (Con-
logistics -
tifwmeuf&dS real-time auctions atmfya&;&Si;ESihf
f
ûyjyifxe;odr;rItwGuf auction solutions aqmhz0/
df f
f J
(e.g Moai enf;ynmrsm;ESihf opensite enf;ynmrsm;)
- 0ufbquf content pDrcefcrEihf ykaqmifr vG,ul
f dk
H Y JG I S Y d
I
f
acsmarGYrItwGuf content pDrHcefYcGJrIaqmhz0J/ (e.g Inf
-
terwoven and Procure Net)
-
0ufbtajccHaumrmhpf
f
enablers (e.g commerce
one browser-based, XML-enabled
0,f,la&;
atmfwkar;&Si; aqmhz0J/)
d
f
f
e-Markets rsm;udk 0ufbqkursm;taejzifh ½dk;pif;pGm
f d f
t"dym,fowfrwxm;onf/ ,if;0ufbqursm;wGif a&mif;ol
Ü
S f
f kd f
ESihf0,folrsm;onf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; tjyeftvSequfoG,Nf yD;
f
tay;t,lvkyief;rsm; aqmif&GuMf uonf/ ykrkdawGUjrifaeus
f
d
B2B Oyrmrsm;udk azmfjy&aomf IBM, Hewlett-Packard (HP),
34. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
Cisco onf
57
tifwmeuftay:wGif ,if;xkwukeypön;atmf'g
f f
f
rsm; 90 &mckiEIe;ausmf vufcH&&Sonf/
d f f
d
f f
pifppf B2B toHk;csrIrsm;onf ypön;oGi;,lpDrHcefYcJGrI
(txl;ojzifh 0,f,lrIatmf'gvkyief;pOf)? inventory pDrHcefYcGJrI
f
(Oyrm-order-ship-bill cycles pDrHcefYcJjG cif;)? jzefYcsa&;pDrHcefYcJrI
d
G
(txl;ojzifh oabFmwifpm&Gupmwrf;rsm; wpfqifay;ydkjY cif;)?
f
h
csee,fpDrHcefYcGJrI (Oyrm-atmfya&;&Si; tajctaersm;qki&m
f
f
d f
ajymif;vJrrsm;wGif owif;tcsutvufjzefcsjd cif;) ESihf aiGay;acs
I
f
Y
rI pDrcefcrI (Oyrm-tDvufx&Geepf aiGay;acsrpepfrsm;-EPS)
H Y JG
f
I
ponfh e,fy,frsm;wGif &SMd uonf/
tvHk;pHk *vdkb,f e-Commerce &S,,mwGif ef
Marketer y½dk*sursm;onf 2000 jynfhESpwGif 79 'or 2
f
f
&mckiEIe;rS 2004 ckESpwGif 87 &mckiEIe;odkY jrifhwufcJhonf/
d f f
f
d f f
B2C e-Commerce &S,,mwGif tusK;qufjzpfaomusqif;
f
d
rIonf 2000 jynfhESpwGif 20 'or 8 &mckiEIe;rS 2004
f
d f f
ckESpf wGif 13 &mckiEIe;odkY a&muf&ScJhonf/ tvm;wlyif
d f f
d
B2B onf tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif B2C wkd;wufrIa&SUodkY
a&muf&cJh onf/ zGHUûzd;qJaps;uGursm;wGif B2B e-Commerce
Sd
f
tusK; jzpfxGe;rIrsm;udk avhvmMunfhygu pdw0ifpm;zG,f
d
f
f
awGU&S&onf/ zGHUûzd;qJEkiiHrsm; pD;yGm;a&;wGif B2B aps;uGuf
d
d f
rsm; t&mxifrIudk wpfzufyg taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif
awGU&Sd&onf-
58
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
tay;t,l ta&mif;t0,fp&dwrsm;
f
B2B e-Commerce aqmif&GurIrSm wpfqifh odom
f
xif&Sm;pGm avQmhcsEkiaom ukeusp&dwf e,fy,foHk;ck&Sonf/
d f
f
d
f
f
f
yxrtcsurSm search ukeusp&dwrsm; avQmhcscsuyifjzpf
f
onf/ êud;yrf;rI? tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIt&MunfhvQif
tifwmeufonf ydrpr;&nf&aom owif;tcsutvuf csee,f
k kd G f
dS
f
f
vrf;aMumif; jzpfonf/ B2B aps;uGursm;wGif 0,f,orsm;ESihf
f
l l
a&mif;olrsm;onf wpfckwnf;aom tGevki;ukeoG,rI vlrI
f d f f f
todkutûrHwif twlwuG pkpnf;aeMuonf/ xdjkY yif qufvuf
f
G
í search ukeusp&dwrsm; avQmhcsaeonf/ 'kw,tcsurSm
f
f
d
f
vkyief;pOf aqmif&ur?I tay;t,lvkyief;rsm; ukeusp&dwf
f
G f
f
f
rsm;avQmhcsrI jzpfonf/
Mum;cHaqmif&GurI avQmhcsjcif;
f
B2B e-Markets rSwpfqifh ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;onf
f
f
0,forsm;ESihf wku½kutjyeftvSef qufo,Mf uonf/ Mum;cH
l
d f d f
G
aqmif&Guolrsm;ESihf jzefYcsolrsm; avQmhcsMuonf/ okYd&mwGif
f
d
Mum;cHaqmif&uorsm;yHkptopfrsm;onf ay:aygufaeNyD jzpf
G f l
H
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh e-Markets rsm;udk Mum;cHaqmif&uorsm;
G f l
taejzifh pOf;pm;Ekionf/ tb,faMumifhqkaomf ,if;wdkYonf
d f
d
supply chains &Sd ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;ESihf azmufonf rsm;jym;
f
f
vmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
e-Markets rsm; ydkrkdtaxmuftxm;&&Saom tusK;
d
d
jzpfxGe;rIrsm;teuf aps;EIe;yGihvif;rIwGif jrifhwufvmrIvnf;
f
f f
37. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
63
rwdusaom? vlorrsm;aom yg0ifolrsm;tMum; aps;uGuzGihf
d
f
tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;jzpfonf/
f
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;onf ½k;&Si;aomvkyief;twGuf
f
d f
f
yxrOD;pGm tifwmeufukd &,l&ef &nf&,Mf uonf/ BuD;rm;aom
G
pD;yGm;a&;tusK;jzpfxGe;rIrsm;udk aqmif&Guonfh tay;t,l
d
f
f
vkyief;rsm;twGuvnf; tifwmeufukd toHk;ûy&ef &nf&,xm;
f
f
G f
d I f
Muonf/ onfaemuf ,if;wkonf ydkrk½yaxG;aom tay;t,l
h
Yd
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;okYd a&TUajymif;Muonf/
f
,aeYacwfwif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;onf tifwmeufrS
G
f
wpfqifh wdusNyD; oduRr;aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyazmfukizufrsm;ESihf
f
f
d f
aphpyfaqG;aEG;ndEi;jcif;? tay;t,lûyvkyjf cif;ESihf supply chain
§ dI f
pDrcefcjJG cif; (SCM) vkyief;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaom ,if;wk
H Y
f
Yd
tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;udk aqmif&uMf uonf/ tjcm;wpfzufwif
f
G
G
tD;-aps;uGuae&m&Sd open B2B e-Commerce tay;t,l
f
vkyief;rsm;udk ydkrkd½kd;pif;aom vkyief;rsm;tjzpf t"dutm;jzifh
f
f
owfrSwxm;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;onf xkwukeypön;
f
f
f f
f
'DZi;ESihf zGUH ûzd;rIukd ydkrkus,jf yefpm yl;aygif;aqmif&u&ef tifwm
kd f
d
Y G
G f
eufukd pwiftoHk;ûyaomtcg t"duusaom pGr;aqmif&nf
f
tusK;tjrwfrsm; &&Srnfjzpfonf/
d
d
avmavmq,fwif Closed B2B e-Commerce pepfrsm;
G
udk ykrkdus,jf yefYpGm toHk;ûyNyD; ydkrkdzGHUûzd;wk;wufvm Muonf/
d
d
e-Marketplace rsm;rSmrl zGUJ pnf;jzpfay:rI tpueOD;tqifwif
h G
om &Sonf/ rsm;pGmtvm;tvm&Saom B2B e-Commerce
d
d
64
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
pepfrsm;udk oD;jcm;0,forsm;u atmf'grsm;ESihf ypön;ay;ydrrsm;
l
f
kY I
pDrcefcjJG cif;twGuf ,if;wk EDI pepfrsm; wk;csUJ rwpf&yftae
H Y
Yd
d I
jzifh tpueOD; aqmif&GucJhonf/
f
xkwukeypön;rsm; aocsmaomyHkprsm;ESihf tay;t,l
f f
f
H
vkyfief;rsm; aocsmaomyHkpHrsm;onf tifwmeufay:wGif
a&mif;jcif;? 0,fjcif;ESihf ydkrkvkuzufvmonf/ B2B e-Comd d f
merce onf customerized products rsm;xuf pHowfrSwf
xm;aom trsK;tpm;yHkpHukeypön;rsm;ESihf ykrkdatmifjrifvmMu
d
f
f
d
onf/ wpfBudrrQom tay;t,lvyjf cif;? odr[kwf tBudrta&
f
k
Yk
f
twGuf enf;yg;aom tay;t,lvkyjf cif;xuf xyfcgxyfcg
tay;t,lvkyjf cif;ESihf ydkraumif;rGepm vkuzufvmonf/ þ
kd
f G d f
tqifwif B2B e-Commerce tay;t,lvyjf cif;vkyief;rsm;pGm
h G
k
f
onf r[mAsL[mrqefaom ukeypön;rsm;ESihf yg0ifywfouf
f
f
onf/ xkjYd yif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;u r[mAsL[majrmuf trsK;
f
d
tpm;rsm;twGuf orm;½dk;usvrf;aMumif;rsm;udk xde;odr;xm;
f f
Muonf/ xdkYjyif e- Commerce onf xkwvkyoltawmf
f f
rsm;rsm;a&mif;vkaom ukeypön;rsm; (odkY) 0,f,loltawmf
d
f
f
rsm;rsm; 0,fvkaom ukeypön;rsm;ESihf yg0ifywfoufaeaom
d
f
f
Mum;cHaqmif&Guay;aeonfh tay;t,lvkyief;rsm;wGif ydkrkd
f
f
xda&muftusK;&SrI&Sonf/
d d d
tm&Swif B2B pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; wk;wufrEihf yrmP
G
f
d
I S
cefYrSe;ajconf tvGeus,jf yefYvmonf[k avhvmtuJjzwfol
f
f
rsm;u qkMd uonf/ aps;uGuonf odoomomBuD;xGm;vmcJh
f
d
39. 68
tcef; (9)
ta&SUtm&S B2B e-Commerce jrifuGif;
ta&SUtm&Swif B2B pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; tay;t,lysUH EUHS rukd
G
f
I
OD;aqmifaeonfrm tm&SEiirsm;r[kwbJ trsm;pkrm tar&duef
S
dk f H
f
S
aumfykda&;&Si;rsm; jzpfaeonf/ ,if;aumfykda&;&Si;rsm;onf
f
f
pufrxe;opfp pD;yGm;a&;rsm; (NIES) tay:wGif t"dutajccH
I Gf
aom jynfwi;pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&uonf/
G f
f
G f
tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf ,if;wkYdü EkiiHwGif
d f
B2B e-Commerce udk taumiftxnfazmfcNhJ yD;jzpfaomaMumifh
OD;aqmifrIûyaejcif;jzpfonf/
tar&duefaumfykda&;&Si;rsm;onf tifwmeufenf;ynm
f
udk &,ljcif;ü OD;aqmifO;&Guûf ycJNh yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;armf',fopf
D
f
rsm; &,ljcif;udvnf; ûyvkyconf/ 1990 jynfveEpumvrsm;
k
f hJ
h GfSf
tawmtwGi; tar&duefaumfyka&;&Si;rsm;onf vkyief;rsm;pGm
f
d
f
f
f f d f f
jyifyt&if;tjrpf&SmazGjcif;ESihf t"duvkyukdiEkipGr;tay:wGif
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tm½Hkpujf cif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;aqmif&uf
kd
f
G
aom enf;vrf;opfwpfckukd zefwD;cJhonf/ txl;ojzifh tkiwD
d f
tcef;u@wGif tar&duefaumfykda&;&Si;rsm;onf ,if;wkYd
f
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
a&mif;vktm;uGi;qufrsm; jynfwi;ESihf jynfytpdwtydi;rsm;
d
f
Gf
f kf
udk qufoG,&efESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gu&ef tdkiwDtoHk;csrIukd
f
f
f
wk;csJUcJhMuonf/ 'JvuGeysLwm (Dell computer) ukrÜPDonf
d
f f
yDpvkyief;twGuf tifwmeuf tajccHtzGUJ tpnf;yHkpukd zefw;cJh
D f
H
D
onf/ ppöudkqpfpwefpf (Cisco Systems) ukrÜPDonf
qufo,a&;ypön;vkyief;rsm;twGuf 'Jvuoyif aqmif&uchJ
G f
f f
f hJ Ykd
G f
onf/,if;pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; tzGJUtpnf;ESpckpvHk;onf ypön;
f
f
f
ud&,m xkwvkyorsm;taejzifh pwifcpOfrmyif olwuk,wif
d
f f l
hJ S
kYd d f kd
xkwvky&ef &yfpJcJhMuNyD; jyifyt&if;tjrpf&SmazG&ef ûyvkyMf u
f f
onf/ trSepifppf 'Jvonf ukeypön;&,lxe;odr;ay;ydkaom
f
f
f
f
df f
Y
ukrPD jzpfvmcJonf/ ukexkwvkyrukrPD r[kwacs/ ,if;
Ü
h
f f f I Ü
f
wkYd 1990 aemufykdi;uwnf;u tcseukdujf yefvnfzGJUpnf;
f
df
jcif;onf txl;ojzifh tkiwDe,fy,fwGif pGr;aqmif&nfESihf
d f
f
tjrefEIe;jrifhwuf&ef jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh tar&duefaumfykd
f
a&;&Si;rsm;onf B2B e-Commerce udk OD;aqmif&ef ae&m&,lchJ
f
Muonf/
pifppf tar&duefaumfyka&;&Si;rsm;onf ,cktcg B2B
d
f
zvS,rIatmfya&;&Si;wGif *vdkb,facgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfaeMu
f
f
onf/ xkjYd yif Supply chain pDrcefcrwif B2B toHk;csrüvnf;
H Y JG I G
I
urÇmvHk;qki&m OD;aqmifolrsm; jzpfaeMuonf/ 2000 jynfhESpf
d f
atmufwkbmvwGif urÇmay:ü B2B zvS,rI 1000 ausm
d
f
f
60 &mckiEe;ausmonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwif tajcpdkuchJ
d f If
f
G
f
onf/ tar&duefaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;onf ,if;wkdY B2B
40. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
69
tavhtusihukd ta&SUtm&SpD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;
f
rsm;ESihf tay;t,lûyvkyjf cif;? ,if;wk½Hk;cGrsm; ta&SUtm&Swif
Yd
J
G
zGivpaqmif&ujf cif;rSwpfqifh ta&SUtm&SoYkd a&TUajymif;cJMh uonf/
hf S f
G
tar&dueftiwp;yGm;a&;tzGUJ tpnf; wkiay½Hk;cGonf yDprsm;
kd f D D
d f
J
D
ESihf tjcm;ukeypön;rsm; xkwvkyjf cif;udk pDrHcefYcGJonf/ Sysf
f
f
tem solution rsm;udkvnf; cswqufay;onf/ xkwvkyrIukd
d f
f f
udk,wkirvkybJ a'owGi; wkiay xkwvkyol 30 cefYukd
f d f
f
f d f
f f
jyifyt&if;tjrpf&SmazGNyD; xkwvkyaponf/ w½kwf (wkiay)
f f
d f
tpdk;&onf B2B e-Commerce udk axmufconftwGuf rdcif
H h
tar&duef tkiwDukrÜPDrsm; ½Hk;cGJrsm;tMum;wGif wkiay½Hk;cGJ
d f
d f
d
onf B2B e-Commerce taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif wk;wuf
rI t&SqkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;½Hk;cGonf 1995 ckEpf apmapmydki;wGif
d
J
S
f
ERP [kac:aom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; t&if;tjrpfpDrHcsucsjcif;
f
f
(Enterprise Resource Planning) pepfukd pwifrwqufchJ onf/
d f
,if; ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;ESihf owif;tcsutvuf rQa0&ef
f
f
f
1998 ckESpwGif SCM pepfukd jznfhpGucJhonf/ ,cktcg
f
f
,if;½Hk;cGJonf tqifhjrifhenf;ynmudk OD;pm;ay;aom e-Mardf
f
ketplace jzpfonfh converge B2B e-Commerce pHcsepHñTe;
jzpfaom Rosetta Net wkYukd toHk;cs&ef êud;pm;aeonf/ ,if;
d
ESpckpvHk;udk wkiay tpdk;&u jr§ihfwifaqmif&Guay;aeonf/
f
d f
f
,if;pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; tzGUJ tpnf; ypön;ay;oGi;olrsm;tMum;
f
f
f
*syefpD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; r&ScJhacs/
d
B2B e-Commerce wGif a&SUwef;a&mufaeaom tjcm;
ta&SUtm&S pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tzGtpnf;rsm;wGif ukeypön;rsm;ESihf
f
YJ
f
f
e-Commerce
70
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
pHñTe; owfrSwxm;aom ukeypön;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;pm;pm;
f
f
f
f
xkwvyorsm; yg0ifonf/ þwGif w½kwtrsK;om; a&eHaumfykd
f kf l
f d
a&;&Si; (CNPC) ESihf Hut Chinson Wampou wdkYonf zufpyf
f
vkyief;zGUJ pnf;cJMh uonf/ ,if;zufpyfvkyief;onf tifwmeuf
f
f
tay:rS a&eHEihf obm0"mwfaiGUukeypön;rsm;udk 0,fMuonf/
S
f
f
a&mif;Muonf/ wkiayqDrD;uGe'ufwm xkwvkya&;ukrÜPD
d f
f
f f
vDrwuf (TSMC) onf urÇmay:wGif qDrD;uGe'ufwmypön;
d
f
f
rsm; tBuD;rm;qHk; pmcsKyft& xkwvkyoljzpfonf/ TSMC
f f
onf tifwmeufrSwpfqifh ,if; qDrD;uGe'ufwm 'DZkdi;
f
f
azmufonfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tay;t,ltrsm;qHk;
aqmif&Gufonf/
B2B e-Commerce obm0aMumifh B2B e-Commerce wGif tar&duefO;aqmifaom pdeac:rIonf tzGUJ tpnf;
D
f
qki&m jyefvnfûyjyifrIwGif pdeac:rIwpf&yftaejzifh ,SOwGJ
d f
f
f
vkuygvmonf/ tDvufx&GeepfxkwvkyrIvkyief; BuD;xGm;
d f
f
f f
f
vmrIonf *syefaumfyka&;&Si;rsm;udk xl;jcm;aom Ncdr;ajcmufrI
d
f
f
tjzpf pdk;&drz,&m jzpfaponf/ ,if;onf *syefaumfykda&;&Si;
f G f
f
rsm;u ta&SUtm&Sü ,if;wkYd vkyief;aqmif&GurIrsm;wGif
f
f
B2B e-Commerce tm; rnfokdYrwqufrnfukd tusK;ouf
d f
d
a&mufaponf/ tDvufx&GefepfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf
tDvufx&Geepf xkwvkyrIvkyief; (EMS) armf',fukd &,lMu
f
f f
f
onf/ ,if;armf',fwif ,if;vkyief;rsm;onf pG,pkHrvypön;
G
f
f l
f
xkwvkyolrsm; (OEM) twGuf ukeypön;rsm; txl;xkwvkyf
f f
f
f
f
Muonf/ pD;yGm;a&; wGuajcudkurI rsm;rsm;pm;pm; xkwvkyrI
f
f
f f
41. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
71
taejzifh xl;jcm;aom tm;omcsursm;&&SMd uonf/ rsm;rsm;
f
pm;pm;xkwvkyrtwGuf tjrefEe;&&SMd uonf/ xkwvkyrwif
f f I
If
f f I G
txl;ûyvkyaqmifMuonf/ *vdkb,ftDvufx&Geepf vkyief;
f
f
f
wGif EMS vkyfief;rsm;onf OEM azmufonfrsm;twGuf
xkwvkyrtydki;udk wk;wufatmif vkyaqmifaeMuonf/ EMS
f f I f
d
f
vkyief;rsm;onf pGr;aqmif&nf wk;wuf&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;
f
f
d
taejzifh B2B e-Commerce &,l&ef pdwtm;xufoefMuonf/
f
pifppf EMS armf',fw;wufjzpfay:vmrIonf xkwuef
dk
f k
ypön;wk;wufrIqki&m *syefarmf',fESihf vHk;0rwlacs/ *syef
f d
d f
armf',fwif qufE,aeaom ydwxm;onfh aumfyka&;&Si;tkypk
G
T f
f
d
f f
twGi; a'gifvuaygif;pnf;aqmif&uaom xkwvkyr&onf/
f
kd f
G f
f f I dS
,if;armf',fonf xkwvkyrIpepf t&mxif&ef pwifaeonf/
f f
,if;pepfwGif ta&SUtm&S&Sd xkwvkyrIuGe&ufrsm; yg0ifonf/
f f
f
EMS vkyief;tzGUJ rsm; urÇmtESUH xkwukeonf 2004 ckEpwif
f
f f
S f G
tar&duefa':vm 260 bDvsH &Sdonf/ ,if;vsifjrefaom
wk;wufronf jyifyt&if;tjrpf&mazGjcif;ESihf cswqufaeonf/
d
I
S
d f
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk *vkdb,f aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;wGif
Solectron, SCL Systems, Celestica ESihf Jabil Cracait ukrPD
Ü
rsm; yg0ifonf/ ta&SUtm&Swif aqmif&uolrsm;rSm wkiayESihf
G
G f
d f
pifumylrS tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonf/
vkyfief;onf ydkrdktm½HkpdkufvmMuonf/ omí
BuD;rm;aom EMS vkyief;rsm;onf OEM rS puf½Hkrsm;&&SMd u
f
EMS
72
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
onf/ xkYdjyif omíao;i,faom EMS vkyief;rsm;udkvnf;
f
&&SdMuonf/ OEM azmufonfrsm;onf BuD;rm;aomta&
twGursm;rsm;udk vsijf refpmay;oGi;Ekiaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;
f
G
f d f
f
BuD;rsm;ESihf qufqH&ef ydkrkdESpoufMuonf/ þodkYjzifh ,if;wdkY
f
onf urÇmtESUH tjym;wGif trSwwqyueypön;rsm;ukd pOfquf
f H df kf
f
rjywf xkwvkyEkiMf urnfjzpfonf/
f f d
EMS vkyief;rsm;onf B2B e-Commerce wGif
f
ydkrkyg0if
d
ywfoufvmMuonf/ *syefpD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;onf EMS
f
vkyief;okYd r0ifa&muf rvIy&Sm;rcsi; ta&SUtm&S&Sd 0,f,la&;
f
f
f
aps;uGufrsm;wGif *syefpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&Sdaejcif;onf
,kwavsmvmNyD; ,if;wkonf ta&SUtm&S&dS B2B e-Commerce
f h
Yd
&Sd xl;jcm;aom tcef;u@wGif yg0ifaqmif&u&rnf jzpfonf/
G f
ta&SUtm&Stpd;&rsm;pGmonf B2B e-Commerce BuD;xGm;
k
wk;d wuf&ef wuf<upGmyg0ifaqmif&uMf uonf/ Oyrm-ud&;,m;
G
kD
ESihf w½kwf (wkiay) tpdk;&wkYdonf jynfwGi; tao;pm;ESihf
d f
f
tvwfpm;vkyfief; ukefypönf;rsm;jyo&ef ukefoG,frIjyyGJ
Website rsm;zGUH ûzd;rIukd ulnyyk;Muonf/ trSetm;jzifh wkiay
D hH d
f
d f
tpdk;&onf B2B e-Commerce wk;jr§ihfa&;aqmif&GucJhonf/
d
f
w½kwf (wkiay) tpdk;& ueOD;aqmif&Guaom owif;tcsuf
d f
f
tvuf vkyief;odyÜH vkyief;wm0efwpfckrSm e-Commerce
f
f
toHk;csrEihf enf;vrf;rsm;udk wk;jr§ijhf zefMY uuf&efjzpfonf/ ,if;
I S
d
odyÜHonf 'D*spw,fvkyief;aqmif&Gujf cif;twGuf jyefvnf
f
f
42. odaumif;p&m e-Commerce
73
ûyjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;;udk uln&ef ,if;wdkY
f
D
ESihf wkiyifaqmif&Guonf/ pifumyltpdk;&onf Kent Ridge
d f
f
Digital labs (KRDL) udk yHhykd;cJhonf/ KRDL onf e-Commerce vkyief;rsm;twGuf incubator wpfckjzpfvm&ef trsK;om;
f
d
aqmhz0Jokawoe A[kXmejzpfonf/ ,if; e-Commerce
f
d
rmpwmpDrcsurwpfqifh pifumyltpdk;&onf pifumylEiiwif
H f S
kd f H G
e-Commerce tm; ysUH EUHS pm toHk;ûyrIukd tm;ay;cJonf/ xkjYd yif
G
h
e-Commerce okYd a&GUvsm;aeMuaom ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf vl
tiftm;oifwef;ESihf tjcm;taxmuf tyHhrsm; yHhykd;ulnDcJhonf/
w½kwEkdiiH tD;aumrmhpjf rifuGi;
f f
f
1990 aemufykdi; ESpv,fumvwkiatmif tpk;&ydkif
f f
d f
d
(China Telecom) onf w,fvzke;uGejf rLeDau;&Si; 0efaqmifrI
D f
f
vkyief;rsm; vkipif&&Sxm;aom Provider jzpfconf/ w½kwf
f
d f
d
hJ
tpdk;&onf 'kw,vkipifukd China Unicon odkY 1994 ckESpf
d d f
wGif xkway;cJhonf/ Unicon onf w,fvDuGe;ukrÜPDBuD;
f
f
jzpfvmvdrhfrnf[k tpdk;&u arQmfvifhcJhonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDBuD;
onf w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif;0efaqmifrI tcef;u@wGif
,SOûf ydiEkiaomywf0ef;usiukd zefwD;ay;cJhonf/ China onf
f d f
f
ao;i,faomukrÜPDtjzpf wnf&Saevdrhfrnfjzpfonf/
d
1994 ckESpuwnf;u w½kwEkiiHonf owif;tcsuf
f
f d f
tvuf0efaqmifrItcef;u@wGif ,SOûf ydiEkiaomywf0ef;usif
f d f
74
armifarmifjrifhoe; (pufrIwuúokdv)
df
f
udk jrifhrm;wk;wuf&ef tqifhtrsK;rsK;ukd aqmif&GucJhonf/
d
d d
f
w½kwEiionf 1999 ckEpukeyi;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmif
f kd f H
S f f kd f
pkESihf WTO qufET,aom oabmwlnDcsuf NyD;qHk;onfhtcg
f
wGif 4if;EkiijH cm;ukrPrsm;ESihf w,fvue;aps;uGuzivp&ef
d f
Ü D
D Gf
f G hf S f
uwdûycJhonf/
w,f v D u G e f ; aps;uG u f pnf ; rsOf ; owf r S w f r I E S i f h
vGwvyfpmaqmif&urwif tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom ajymif;vJrrsm;
f
G
G f I G
I
onf 2000 jynfhESptawmtwGi; jzpfysucJhonf/ China
f
f
f
Telecom vkyief;cGJjzpfaom Shainghai Telecom onf
f
tajccHw,fvDuGe;tcef;u@wGif yxrqHk;EkiiHjcm;t&if;ESD;
f
d f
jr§KyfESHrIjzpfonfh AT+T ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&GurI oabmwlnD
f
csuukd vufrSwa&;xk;cJhonf/ Chain Telecom udk ukrÜPD
f
f
d
av;ck ydki;jcm;xm;onf/ ]]w½kwtpdk;&onf w½kwtpdk;&
f
f
f
w,fvuejf rLeDau;&Si; pnf;rsO;pnf;urf;rsm;}}udk xkwjf yefchJ
D G
f
f
onf/ ,if;onf w,fvuejf rLeDau;&Si; 0efaqmifrvyief;rsm;
D G
f
I kf
twGuf tajccHtkycsKyfpra&;qki&m vrf;ñTecsursm;udk csrwf
f D H
d f
f f
S
ay;onf/ 2000 jynfhESpwGif w½kwtpdk;&onf tifwmeuf
f
f
pDrHcefYcGJrIESihpyfvsO;aom pnf;rsO;trsm;pkukd xkwjf yefcJhonf/
f
f
f
,if;pnf;rsO;trsm;pkrsm;wGif ]]tifwmeufowif;tcsutvuf
f
f
pepfrsm; pDrcefcjJG cif;twGuf twki;twmrsm;yg0ifonf/ xkjYd yif
H Y
d f
Up-Load News Business qkdif&m 0ufbfqdkufpDrHcefYcGJrI
enf;vrf;rsm;}} vnf;yg0ifonf/