1. CONCORDANCER Prepared by: SitiHajarbt Ibrahim 0725600 NurulFarhanabtMohdSalim 0729742 FatinHananibt Mat Radzi 0724040

2. INTRODUCTION Concordancer is a basic tool for corpus linguist. Turns the electronic texts into databases which can be searched. Offers the possibility of searching for word combinations within a specified range of words and looking up parts of words (substrings, in particular affixes, for example). A more sophisticated program might also provide its users with lists of collocates or frequency lists.

3. INTRODUCTION Corpora that can be searched are text files, websites, emails, etc (anything that can be converted into electronic texts). Examples of concordance program: TextSTAT WordCruncher AntConc WordSmith

5. To find out which other words belong with a word they want to use.

6. Example: In academic writing, a paper can describe, claim, or show, though it doesn't believe or want (*this paper wants to prove that ...).

7. Language teachers: can use the concordancer to find similar patterns so as to help their students. can also use it to help produce vocabulary exercises. Researcher: can use a concordancer, for example when searching through a database of hospital accident records, to see whether fracture is associated with fall, grease, ladder.

8. Article 1 : A concordance-based study of metaphoric expressions used by general practitioners and patients in consultation Purpose: To study metaphoric expressions used by doctors and patients in general practice. Design of study: Concordance-based language analysis of spoken data. Method: 373 consultations with 40 doctors in a UK general practice setting were transcribed and scrutinised for metaphoric expressions, using ‘concordancing’ software. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in analysis.

9. results Doctors use mechanical metaphors to explain disease and speak of themselves as ‘problem-solvers’ and ‘controllers of disease’. Patients employ a range of vivid metaphors, but fewer metaphors of machines and problem/solution. They use metaphors to describe symptoms and are more likely to use metaphoric language at the interface of physical and psychological symptoms (eg. ‘tension’, ‘stress’).

11. Design of study: Concordancing-related corpus analysis and non-concordancing related corpus analysis.

12. Method: 15 research articles from prestigious scientific journals in the field of medicine were analysed by Group A (students doing analysis using concordancer) and Group B (doing analysis through “traditional way”).