SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 35
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Kathleen Stassen Berger


                      Part VIII              Chapter Twenty-Four

     Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development

The Usual: Information Processing
After Age 65

The impaired Dementia

The Optimal: New Cognitive
Development
                      Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A.   1
Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development

“By the end of adulthood, physical
  impairment, reduced perception,
  decreased energy, and slower reactions
  take an increasing toll.”

Late-adulthood cognition is too complex to
  be captured in a brief social conversation.



                                                2
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• information-processing approach
  – breaking down cognition into the steps of
    •   input (sensing)
    •   storage (memory)
    •   program (control process)
    •   output
    •   “a perspective that compares human thinking
        processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of
        data, including sensory input, connections, stored
        memories, and output” (Chapter 6)



                                                             3
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Sensing and Perceiving
  – stimuli becomes information, perceived
    by the mind, which must cross the
    sensory threshold
    • the person must be able to sense them,
      decline begins with age




                                               4
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Attention Deficits
  – sensory-input problems—people miss
    information without realizing it
  – cognition depends on perception, and
    perception depends on sensation
  – one way to predict an older person’s
    intellect may be to measure vision,
    hearing, or smell



                                            5
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Interference
  – is thought to be a major impediment to
    effective and efficient cognition in the
    elderly
  – reduced sensory input affects cognition
    by increasing the effects of interference




                                                6
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Memory
 – storage refers to memory in the
   information-processing model of
   cognition




                                            7
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
 – Working memory
    • is the capacity to keep information in mind for a
      few seconds while processing it, evaluating,
      calculating, inferring, and so on—working
      memory functions as both a repository and a
      processor
    • dual-task deficit
      – a situation in which a person’s performance of one
        task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous
        performance of another task




                                                            8
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Long-Term Memory
 – the knowledge base stored in memory
    • the component of the information
      processing system in which virtually
      limitless amounts of information can be
      stored indefinitely
    • knowledge base
      – a body of knowledge in a particular area that
        makes it easier to master new information in
        that area


                                                        9
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Selective Memory
  – in areas not related to expertise,
    selective deficits in long-term memory
    appear




                                             10
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Control Processes
  – that part of the information-processing
    system that regulates the analysis and
    flow of information—memory and
    retrieval strategies, selective attention,
    and rules or strategies for problem
    solving are all useful control processes



                                                 11
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Analysis
  – an aspect of impaired analysis is that
    the elderly are more likely to stick to
    preconceived ideas rather than consider
    and change their minds




                                            12
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Retrieval
  – another control process, the ability to
    recall the name of childhood
    acquaintance, worsens with age




                                              13
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Reminding People of What They Know
  – priming
    • preparation that makes it easier to perform some action—
      it is easier to retrieve an item from memory if we are
      given a clue about it beforehand
  – explicit memory
    • memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a
      specific test), usually with words
    • most explicit memory involves consciously learned
      words, data, and concepts
  – implicit memory
    • unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored
      via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and
      various sensations



                                                             14
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Brain Slowdown
  – the elderly react more slowly than young adults
    • reduced production of neurotransmitters—
      glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and dopamine
      —that allow a nerve impulse to jump across the
      synapse from one neuron to another
  – speed is crucial for many aspects of cognition,
    especially working memory, since information
    stays in working memory for only a short time



                                                   15
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65
• Staying Healthy and Alert
  – secondary aging—illness and
    conditions— that affect one
    person but not another
    • secondary aging is a major
      reason for the remarkable
      variation in intellectual ability
      between one older person and
      another



                                               16
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Ageism
  – cognitive decline is rooted not in the
    older person’s body and brain but in the
    surrounding social context—cultural
    attitudes can lead directly to age
    differences in cognition




                                            17
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Stereotype Threat
  – does most harm when individuals
    internalize other people’s prejudices and
    react with helplessness
    • if the elderly fear losing their minds
      because they have internalized the idea
      that old age always bring dementia, that
      fear may become a stereotype threat,
      undermining normal thinking



                                                 18
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Ageism Among Scientist
  – scientists measure age differences in
    memory in the same way they studied
    memory in general—in laboratories
  – these factors work against older adults,
    who tend to perform best in familiar
    settings



                                               19
The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65

• Beyond Ageism




                                            20
The Impaired: Dementia
• Loss of intellectual ability in elderly people
  has traditionally been called senility.
• the pathological loss of brain function is
  known as dementia—literally, “out of
  mind,” referring to severely impaired
  judgment
  – dementia
     • irreversible loss of intellectual functioning
       caused by organic brain damage or disease—
       dementia becomes more common with age, but
       it is abnormal and pathological even in the very
       old



                                                      21
The Impaired: Dementia
• Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
  – the most common cause of dementia,
    characterized by gradual deterioration of
    memory and personality and marked by
    the information of plaques of beta-
    amyloid protein and tangles in the brain




                                            22
The Impaired: Dementia
• Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
  – gender, ethnicity, and especially age affect a
    person’s odds of developing Alzheimer’s
    disease
  – women are at greater risk than men
  – fewer East Asians than Europeans develop
    the disorder
  – less common among those of African descent,
    but life expectancy is far lower in Africa than in
    any other continent and diagnosis of illness in
    late adulthood is less certain


                                                    23
The Impaired: Dementia
• Stages: From Confusion to Death
  – Alzheimer’s disease usually runs
    through a progressive course of five
    identifiable stages, beginning with
    forgetfulness and ending in death




                                           24
The Impaired: Dementia
• Stages: From Confusion to Death
  – stage 1 – confused with normal aging
  – stage 2 – generalized confusion—deficits in
    concentration and short-term memory
  – stage 3 – memory loss becomes dangerous
  – stage 4 – full-time care
  – stage 5 – unresponsive, no longer talking
stages take 10 to 15 years


                                                  25
The Impaired: Dementia
• Many Strokes
  – the second most common cause of dementia
    is a stroke
  – repeated brain damage leads to:
    • vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi-
      infarct dementia (MID)
      – a form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and
        progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by
        repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood
        vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching
        the brain




                                                              26
The Impaired: Dementia
• Subcotical Dementias
  – forms of dementia that begin with impairments in
    motor ability (which is governed by the
    subcortex) and produce cognitive impairment in
    later stages—Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s
    disease, and multiple sclerosis are subcortical
    dementias
  – Parkinson’s Disease
    • a chronic, progressive disease that is
      characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and
      sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of
      dopamine production in the brain



                                                    27
The Impaired: Dementia
• Reversible Dementia
  – dementia caused by medication,
    inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse,
    depression, or other mental illness can
    sometimes be reversed




                                              28
The Impaired: Dementia
• Overmedication and Undernourishment
  – without considering interaction, many
    drugs commonly taken by the elderly slow
    down mental processes
  – inadequate nutrition is connected to
    overmedication, many medications reduce
    absorption of vitamins



                                         29
The Impaired: Dementia
• Psychological Illness
  – elderly people have a lower incidence of
    psychological disorders—the rate of
    anxiety, antisocial personality disorder,
    bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and
    depression are lower after age 65




                                            30
The Impaired: Dementia
• Prevention and Treatment
  – there is no cure or prevention for dementia
  – many lifestyle factors that slow down
    senescence also delay the onset of
    dementia




                                           31
The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• older people are more interested than
  young in the arts, in children, and in
  human experiences
• the elderly are “social witnesses” to life
• aware of interdependent of the
  generations
• there are gains and losses at every stage
  of life



                                               32
The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• Aesthetic Sense and Creativity
  – elderly people seem to gain a greater
    appreciation of nature and aesthetic
    experience




                                            33
The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• The Life Review
  – an examination of one’s own part in life,
    engaged in by many elderly people




                                            34
The Optimal: New Cognitive Development
• Wisdom
  – a cognitive perspective characterized by
    a broad, practical, comprehensive
    approach to life’s problems, reflecting
    timeless truths rather than immediate
    expediency—seems to be more
    common in the elderly than in the young



                                           35

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Ähnlich wie Chapter 24

Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-sa
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saDementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-sa
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
 
Aging concept and Cognitive aging
Aging concept and Cognitive agingAging concept and Cognitive aging
Aging concept and Cognitive agingRavi Soni
 
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional Development
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional DevelopmentCross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional Development
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional DevelopmentBrookdale
 
Berger ls 7e_ch_5
Berger ls 7e_ch_5Berger ls 7e_ch_5
Berger ls 7e_ch_5Elaine1975
 
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdf
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdfPsychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdf
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdfJerahAceronSatorre
 
Adolescence
AdolescenceAdolescence
Adolescenceparulata
 
Dementia awareness for surgeries - Wiltshire
Dementia awareness for surgeries - WiltshireDementia awareness for surgeries - Wiltshire
Dementia awareness for surgeries - WiltshireHealth Innovation Wessex
 
Age related changes in cognition
Age related changes in cognitionAge related changes in cognition
Age related changes in cognitionMaryam Alasfour
 
Cognition and MS
Cognition and MSCognition and MS
Cognition and MSMS Trust
 
7 HUS 133 Intelligence
7 HUS 133   Intelligence7 HUS 133   Intelligence
7 HUS 133 IntelligenceDon Thompson
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter 24 (20)

Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-sa
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saDementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-sa
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-sa
 
OT 537 dementia
OT 537 dementia OT 537 dementia
OT 537 dementia
 
OT 537 dementia
OT 537 dementiaOT 537 dementia
OT 537 dementia
 
Aging concept and Cognitive aging
Aging concept and Cognitive agingAging concept and Cognitive aging
Aging concept and Cognitive aging
 
Audience Awareness
Audience AwarenessAudience Awareness
Audience Awareness
 
Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy
Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapyAlzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy
Alzheimer's disease pharmacotherapy
 
Chapter 5 (Psych 41)Pdf
Chapter 5 (Psych 41)PdfChapter 5 (Psych 41)Pdf
Chapter 5 (Psych 41)Pdf
 
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional Development
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional DevelopmentCross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional Development
Cross Train Your Brain - Brookdale Senior Living CEU Professional Development
 
Chapter 7 (revised)
Chapter 7 (revised)Chapter 7 (revised)
Chapter 7 (revised)
 
Berger ls 7e_ch_5
Berger ls 7e_ch_5Berger ls 7e_ch_5
Berger ls 7e_ch_5
 
Kail 7e ch14
Kail 7e ch14Kail 7e ch14
Kail 7e ch14
 
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdf
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdfPsychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdf
Psychosocial-care-of-older-adults-cognition-1 (1).pdf
 
Adolescence
AdolescenceAdolescence
Adolescence
 
SWK-597-43W Chapter 8
SWK-597-43W Chapter 8SWK-597-43W Chapter 8
SWK-597-43W Chapter 8
 
Disorders of thought
Disorders of thoughtDisorders of thought
Disorders of thought
 
Dementia awareness for surgeries - Wiltshire
Dementia awareness for surgeries - WiltshireDementia awareness for surgeries - Wiltshire
Dementia awareness for surgeries - Wiltshire
 
Age related changes in cognition
Age related changes in cognitionAge related changes in cognition
Age related changes in cognition
 
Cognition and MS
Cognition and MSCognition and MS
Cognition and MS
 
7 HUS 133 Intelligence
7 HUS 133   Intelligence7 HUS 133   Intelligence
7 HUS 133 Intelligence
 
Singularity summit
Singularity summitSingularity summit
Singularity summit
 

Mehr von Traveon Brassfield (20)

Chapt 13
Chapt 13Chapt 13
Chapt 13
 
Chapt 12
Chapt 12Chapt 12
Chapt 12
 
Chapt 12
Chapt 12Chapt 12
Chapt 12
 
Chapt 12
Chapt 12Chapt 12
Chapt 12
 
Chapt 11
Chapt 11Chapt 11
Chapt 11
 
Psych 41 Syllabus Spring 2010
Psych 41 Syllabus Spring 2010Psych 41 Syllabus Spring 2010
Psych 41 Syllabus Spring 2010
 
Psych 41 Exported Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009
Psych 41     Exported    Pretest  Chap 20, 22  Fall 2009Psych 41     Exported    Pretest  Chap 20, 22  Fall 2009
Psych 41 Exported Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009
 
Psych 41 Exported Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009
Psych 41    Exported   Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009Psych 41    Exported   Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009
Psych 41 Exported Pretest Chap 20, 22 Fall 2009
 
Pretest Chap 5 & 7
 Pretest Chap 5 & 7  Pretest Chap 5 & 7
Pretest Chap 5 & 7
 
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
 
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
Pretest Chapter 1 & 2
 
Pretest Chap 5 & 7
Pretest Chap 5 & 7Pretest Chap 5 & 7
Pretest Chap 5 & 7
 
Pretest 3 & 4
Pretest 3 & 4 Pretest 3 & 4
Pretest 3 & 4
 
chapter 9
chapter 9chapter 9
chapter 9
 
chapter 8
chapter 8chapter 8
chapter 8
 
chapter 7
chapter 7chapter 7
chapter 7
 
Chapter 6
Chapter 6Chapter 6
Chapter 6
 
Chapter 5
Chapter 5Chapter 5
Chapter 5
 
chapter 4
chapter 4chapter 4
chapter 4
 
chapter 3
chapter 3chapter 3
chapter 3
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfAijun Zhang
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdfPedro Manuel
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLRuncy Oommen
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Adtran
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Brian Pichman
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationIES VE
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdfMachine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
Machine Learning Model Validation (Aijun Zhang 2024).pdf
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdfNanopower  In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
Nanopower In Semiconductor Industry.pdf
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URLDesigning A Time bound resource download URL
Designing A Time bound resource download URL
 
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
Secure your environment with UiPath and CyberArk technologies - Session 1
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
Meet the new FSP 3000 M-Flex800™
 
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
Building Your Own AI Instance (TBLC AI )
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve DecarbonizationUsing IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
Using IESVE for Loads, Sizing and Heat Pump Modeling to Achieve Decarbonization
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 

Chapter 24

  • 1. Kathleen Stassen Berger Part VIII Chapter Twenty-Four Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 The impaired Dementia The Optimal: New Cognitive Development Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. 1
  • 2. Late Adulthood: Cognitive Development “By the end of adulthood, physical impairment, reduced perception, decreased energy, and slower reactions take an increasing toll.” Late-adulthood cognition is too complex to be captured in a brief social conversation. 2
  • 3. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • information-processing approach – breaking down cognition into the steps of • input (sensing) • storage (memory) • program (control process) • output • “a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output” (Chapter 6) 3
  • 4. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Sensing and Perceiving – stimuli becomes information, perceived by the mind, which must cross the sensory threshold • the person must be able to sense them, decline begins with age 4
  • 5. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Attention Deficits – sensory-input problems—people miss information without realizing it – cognition depends on perception, and perception depends on sensation – one way to predict an older person’s intellect may be to measure vision, hearing, or smell 5
  • 6. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Interference – is thought to be a major impediment to effective and efficient cognition in the elderly – reduced sensory input affects cognition by increasing the effects of interference 6
  • 7. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Memory – storage refers to memory in the information-processing model of cognition 7
  • 8. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 – Working memory • is the capacity to keep information in mind for a few seconds while processing it, evaluating, calculating, inferring, and so on—working memory functions as both a repository and a processor • dual-task deficit – a situation in which a person’s performance of one task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous performance of another task 8
  • 9. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Long-Term Memory – the knowledge base stored in memory • the component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely • knowledge base – a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area 9
  • 10. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Selective Memory – in areas not related to expertise, selective deficits in long-term memory appear 10
  • 11. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Control Processes – that part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information—memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes 11
  • 12. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Analysis – an aspect of impaired analysis is that the elderly are more likely to stick to preconceived ideas rather than consider and change their minds 12
  • 13. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Retrieval – another control process, the ability to recall the name of childhood acquaintance, worsens with age 13
  • 14. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Reminding People of What They Know – priming • preparation that makes it easier to perform some action— it is easier to retrieve an item from memory if we are given a clue about it beforehand – explicit memory • memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test), usually with words • most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts – implicit memory • unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations 14
  • 15. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Brain Slowdown – the elderly react more slowly than young adults • reduced production of neurotransmitters— glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and dopamine —that allow a nerve impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another – speed is crucial for many aspects of cognition, especially working memory, since information stays in working memory for only a short time 15
  • 16. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Staying Healthy and Alert – secondary aging—illness and conditions— that affect one person but not another • secondary aging is a major reason for the remarkable variation in intellectual ability between one older person and another 16
  • 17. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Ageism – cognitive decline is rooted not in the older person’s body and brain but in the surrounding social context—cultural attitudes can lead directly to age differences in cognition 17
  • 18. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Stereotype Threat – does most harm when individuals internalize other people’s prejudices and react with helplessness • if the elderly fear losing their minds because they have internalized the idea that old age always bring dementia, that fear may become a stereotype threat, undermining normal thinking 18
  • 19. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Ageism Among Scientist – scientists measure age differences in memory in the same way they studied memory in general—in laboratories – these factors work against older adults, who tend to perform best in familiar settings 19
  • 20. The Usual: Information Processing After Age 65 • Beyond Ageism 20
  • 21. The Impaired: Dementia • Loss of intellectual ability in elderly people has traditionally been called senility. • the pathological loss of brain function is known as dementia—literally, “out of mind,” referring to severely impaired judgment – dementia • irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease— dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old 21
  • 22. The Impaired: Dementia • Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) – the most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the information of plaques of beta- amyloid protein and tangles in the brain 22
  • 23. The Impaired: Dementia • Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease – gender, ethnicity, and especially age affect a person’s odds of developing Alzheimer’s disease – women are at greater risk than men – fewer East Asians than Europeans develop the disorder – less common among those of African descent, but life expectancy is far lower in Africa than in any other continent and diagnosis of illness in late adulthood is less certain 23
  • 24. The Impaired: Dementia • Stages: From Confusion to Death – Alzheimer’s disease usually runs through a progressive course of five identifiable stages, beginning with forgetfulness and ending in death 24
  • 25. The Impaired: Dementia • Stages: From Confusion to Death – stage 1 – confused with normal aging – stage 2 – generalized confusion—deficits in concentration and short-term memory – stage 3 – memory loss becomes dangerous – stage 4 – full-time care – stage 5 – unresponsive, no longer talking stages take 10 to 15 years 25
  • 26. The Impaired: Dementia • Many Strokes – the second most common cause of dementia is a stroke – repeated brain damage leads to: • vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi- infarct dementia (MID) – a form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain 26
  • 27. The Impaired: Dementia • Subcotical Dementias – forms of dementia that begin with impairments in motor ability (which is governed by the subcortex) and produce cognitive impairment in later stages—Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis are subcortical dementias – Parkinson’s Disease • a chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity, and sometimes dementia, caused by a reduction of dopamine production in the brain 27
  • 28. The Impaired: Dementia • Reversible Dementia – dementia caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed 28
  • 29. The Impaired: Dementia • Overmedication and Undernourishment – without considering interaction, many drugs commonly taken by the elderly slow down mental processes – inadequate nutrition is connected to overmedication, many medications reduce absorption of vitamins 29
  • 30. The Impaired: Dementia • Psychological Illness – elderly people have a lower incidence of psychological disorders—the rate of anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression are lower after age 65 30
  • 31. The Impaired: Dementia • Prevention and Treatment – there is no cure or prevention for dementia – many lifestyle factors that slow down senescence also delay the onset of dementia 31
  • 32. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development • older people are more interested than young in the arts, in children, and in human experiences • the elderly are “social witnesses” to life • aware of interdependent of the generations • there are gains and losses at every stage of life 32
  • 33. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development • Aesthetic Sense and Creativity – elderly people seem to gain a greater appreciation of nature and aesthetic experience 33
  • 34. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development • The Life Review – an examination of one’s own part in life, engaged in by many elderly people 34
  • 35. The Optimal: New Cognitive Development • Wisdom – a cognitive perspective characterized by a broad, practical, comprehensive approach to life’s problems, reflecting timeless truths rather than immediate expediency—seems to be more common in the elderly than in the young 35