ფილიპ ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება

ratomaa fsiqologia unika-
luri
• gansazRvrebebi
• fsiqologiis miznebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-
Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-
giis Seswavla
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi • Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
1

2
eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-
meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-
kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-
regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-
medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva
socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-
nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-
gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda
imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-
T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-
melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-
man, 1993, gv. 49-51):
testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-
suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-
tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-
riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-
di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-
ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-
turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-
lebzec es Tojinebi exata...
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-
degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
„maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-
ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-
laze metad?“, maCveneT „cudi“ Tojina“...
sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-
gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze
metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-
xasiaTes, rogorc „sasiamovno“. ar daga-
viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-
rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma
bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-
dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-
re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-
ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani
bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva
sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-
tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-
donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-
rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-
zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva
arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom
yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-
da miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-
na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-
saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-
bi?
Tavi1/fsiqologiismecnierebaCvenscxovrebaSi
S
kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-
giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc
calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-
rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-
Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-
baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-
leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-
zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-
cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-
ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-

3
Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-
varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-
nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-
ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-
TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-
ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-
logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-
galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
Zalebi.
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-
giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-
logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-
li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-
ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-
Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-
Tar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-
nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-
mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-
dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-
anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-
tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-
kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-
bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-
obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-
ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-
da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-
is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT
fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi
da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
ras unda niSnavdes es.
gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-
mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-
qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-
nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-
bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-
va, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-
ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-
li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-
vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-
bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-
ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-
qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-
velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom-
lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-
vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-
mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-
di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-
panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-
ratomaafsiqologiaunikaluri?

4
boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule
TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-
re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-
moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-
rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-
moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-
igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-
li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-
bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-
di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-
kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-
logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-
mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-
lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-
turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-
Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-
gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-
logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-
ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-
ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-
kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-
qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-
mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-
nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-
rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba
_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-
ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-
qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli
individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-
qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-
basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-
turgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-
ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-
dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-
logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-
li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-
ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-
giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-
qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-
mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-
wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-
leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-
lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-
anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-
qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-
virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-
Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-
nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-
ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-
melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-
rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-
mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-
rantias gvaZleven.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis
sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-
fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-
durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-
is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-
dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es
qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.

5
laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-
talur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-
neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-
giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-
rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas
rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon
Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-
wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-
gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-
ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa
SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-
bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-
vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-
lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-
ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-
bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-
nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-
li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-
lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-
lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT
informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-
mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-
si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-
vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom
qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-
roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara
iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an
surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.
vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-
cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-
aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-
dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma
ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-
valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-
sanarCuneblad.
movlenis axsna
maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-
macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis

6
miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur
procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-
qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-
obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-
ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-
nos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-
dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-
tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-
as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-
poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-
ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-
Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-
rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-
buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-
lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-
deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,
isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-
snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-
las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-
lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-
snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-
bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-
uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-
velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-
li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-
rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-
bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-
xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-
gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-
viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-
ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-
xsnaT.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-
veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-
nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
suraTi
1.1
organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _
organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-
terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.

7
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-
lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-
lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-
nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-
velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-
soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-
cemul qcevas.
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-
Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-
bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-
galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-
metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-
desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-
lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-
xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-
Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-
ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-
lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-
saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu
rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-
lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-
Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-
liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-
li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-
nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-
liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-
vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-
bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-
turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-
traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-
troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-
erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-
levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-
baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-
biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-
anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-
bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi- ratomaafsiqologiaunikaluri?

8
qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-
nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-
mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-
iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-
li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-
lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-
bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-
son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-
timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,
rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-
vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-
gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-
giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-
lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-
luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-
qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-
nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-
nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-
giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-
bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-
am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-
sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra
saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-
suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-
dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-
giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-
qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-
erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-
logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-
nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-
vneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT
studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiis disciplinis Sesaval
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-
dilebiTaa gamowveuli („ro-
ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-
rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-
avadebuli myavs?“ „es sagani
maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-
Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?“); xanda-
xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-
lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-
logiuri informaciiTaa ga-
mowveuli („marTalia, rom rac
ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi?“ „qalebi
yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi
arian, vidre kacebi?“). CvenTvis
am kursis swavlebis sirTu-
le swored isaa, rom mecnie-
ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-
moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-
lovania studentebisaTvis.
`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da
qveTavi cdilobs swored am-
gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-
mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-
bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-
vas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-
sna, romlebic yvelaze metad
aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-
didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-
ul gamocdilebas.

9
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan
sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-
macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-
vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-
melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-
noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-
vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-
tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
S e j a m e b a
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-
ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-
qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-
si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-
dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-
vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-
is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-
giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-
Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-
bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-
leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-
oriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi
„fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
mokle istoria aqvs“, werda eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-
man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-
rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-
rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-
gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-
ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-
mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-
vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-
fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-
les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-
li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-
Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-
alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-
loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-
ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-
nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-
zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-
qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-
damentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga-
damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm
Wundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-
cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-
naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-
dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-

10
uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-
mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,
1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-
ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT
samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-
nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval
universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi
gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-
versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-
riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,
eduard titCeneri (EdwardTitchener), vundtis mo-
wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,
romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis
laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave
dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-
resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-
liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,
henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca „fsiqo-
logiis safuZvlebi“ (1890-1950), romelic, mra-
vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-
Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-
qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi
misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am
debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava
struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-
niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-
tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-
ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-
naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-
tiv reaqciebs („ki“-s, an „ara“-s Tqma, Rilakze
TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-
tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-
lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am
eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-
giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-
centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da
monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-
Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis
sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-
bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-
rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-
soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-
bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis
Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-
resebda kiTxvebi „ratom“ da „rogor“. mis mid-
gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis
da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-
mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-
gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-
gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-
bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-
madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.
mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-
tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,
radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule
martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-
taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs
erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel
qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,
radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod
verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-
winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo
Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-
velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs.

11
struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-
lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-
riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-
gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara
martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-
liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre
saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-
gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-
ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
funqcionalizmi:
mizanmimarTuli fsiqika
uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-
da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-
neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-
rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-
seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-
feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-
remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-
vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi
da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-
remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-
rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-
da gasces kiTxvas: „ra aris nebismieri qcevi-
Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani?“ funqcionaliz-
mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-
losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-
naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-
resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul
skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: „meqanikuri
daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-
vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-
bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-
Tesi wvdoma miiReboda“ (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).
miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-
da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-
ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili
emociebis, „me“-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-
ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-
si „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-
neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-
Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda
da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-
turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa
aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-
mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-
Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,
ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,
rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-
vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad
unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros
winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-
ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: „ginda `varskvlavuri
omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla?“ mety-
velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-
loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs
moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis
gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-
velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).
am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-
raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-
sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-
disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa
da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-
nareobebi
ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-
Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-
logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,
TanamedrovefsiqologiisganviTareba
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-
qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-
mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-
bis an movlenebis kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-
melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-
TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-
qciebze.

12
humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-
qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da
daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-
mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-
reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),
an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-
nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri
da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-
li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-
ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-
snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-
nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-
pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-
li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-
li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da
Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-
ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad
udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-
TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-
bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-
tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-
vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-
rove fsiqologias asaxaven.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-
dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-
ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-
vobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,
rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi
SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT
aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-
ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-
kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini
Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-
dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-
Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-
weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-
riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-
vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-
turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-
bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba gkiTxon: „ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT?“ fsiqobio-
logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-
zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa
da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi
ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-
bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-
lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-
zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-
veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-
moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-
vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-
ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-
yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-
vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-
daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-
ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-
vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-
si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-
laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-
ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-
biologiuri perspeqtiva
aa
fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva
a

13
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-
ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-
Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-
moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-
saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-
qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-
iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-
idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-
mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-
ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-
li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-
rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-
ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-
luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,
romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-
qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-
biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,
aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-
virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-
degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-
li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-
medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-
nobis surviliT.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-
ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-
pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-
veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-
remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-
debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-
ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-
da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-
troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-
bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-
degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-
lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-
terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-
tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad
isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-
tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-
di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-
lebTan.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-
zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.

14
Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-
tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-
ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-
tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-
riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva
saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-
giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti
eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi
dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-
iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-
moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-
mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-
ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde
migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-
cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis
axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-
bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.
humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-
nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-
tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-
qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-
napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,
rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc
garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-
ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-
naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-
mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-
tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-
baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-
giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-
ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-
xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-
nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-
medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-
loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-
loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-
listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-
dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-
ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-
giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,
xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs
rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-
ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-
momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris
is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-
mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-
fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-
Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi
gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-
bis gaCenaze.
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,
rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi
gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela
procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da
gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-
mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-
lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-
rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-
lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-
gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-
ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-
bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-
gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-
ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-
xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-
vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-
cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-
cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,

15
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-
Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-
nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-
rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-
riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-
vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-
nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-
mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-
momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-
nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-
bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-
luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-
gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-
nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-
anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-
nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-
basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-
Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-
gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul
gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-
roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-
narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-
taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-
ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-
kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-
is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis
gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-
bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-
luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-
igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-
sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-
luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-
lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis
process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-
bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi moipovon.
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-
Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis
procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-
maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-
tazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)
_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-
udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-
onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-
cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-
turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

16
kulturuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-
zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-
bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-
vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-
giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-
nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da
ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis
amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-
bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris
SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-
galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-
biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-
an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-
turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-
dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-
bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).
kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs
ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-
oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-
ebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-
uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-
ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-
yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-
Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-
ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-
dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-
vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-
gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-
elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-
kur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-
nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-
lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-
zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-
zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-
logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-
ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-
trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-
fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-
oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-
bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis
sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-
saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
mimdinareobebis Sedareba:
agresiis magaliTi
Svidive mimdinareoba sxvadasxva daSvebazea
agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-
Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.
magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor
axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;
imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.
yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa
da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-
Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-
bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da
SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli
sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-
gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-
ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-
reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom
ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar
aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-
lur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-
gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-
movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-
lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-
Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-
Si.
bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-
li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-
da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-
bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-
deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-
lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-
lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-

17
tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-
sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli
Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-
patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.
evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-
mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-
mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-
leqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen
da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-
momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-
li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis
gamovlenis albaTobaze.
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,
raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-
qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-
dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-
neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-
qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-
kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-
Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-
kiTxavT am wignSi.
mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi
adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi
biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikuri
meqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis
procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc
marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri
gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani
gamoxatva
bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi
SeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi
pirobebi da Sedegebi
humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebi
usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi,
potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi
mqone mimarTuli
kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi
aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis
reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT
stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili
procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi
evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis
problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis
gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT
adaptirebuli ganxiluli
fsiqikuri meqanizmebi
kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis
zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis
qcevebis kros- universaluri da
kulturuli kulturulad
sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
cxrili
1.1

18
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian
bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-
vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-
nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-
qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-
kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-
los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-
idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba
(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-
logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-
rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-
logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-
minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-
nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-
borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-
versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-
iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo „cxovelis goneba“. 1895 wels
meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-
Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-
ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas
rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi
(community psychologist)
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
brZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
romelic namdvilad vici? kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
erTmaneTisagan? qcevis genetikosi
rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~ socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
`amrev~moswavles? skolis fsiqologi
ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
danaSaulis Cadenis dros?
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?
cxrili
1.2

19
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-
itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-
Txel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-
kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-
kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,
doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-
Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-
melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
italielebi ityvian: „wavediT!“ (andiamo!)
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-
giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-
Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-
dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-
suraTi
1.2 suraTi
1.3
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT
qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis
doqtoris xarisxi
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi
upiratesobas floben

20
nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-
saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-
ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-
Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-
nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-
varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-
vifiqroT momavalze
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
`fsiqologiis da cxovre-
bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-
ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-
qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-
rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-
vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-
led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-
icvala es disciplina gasu-
li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-
dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-
vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-
karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-
naarsi da praqtika momaval-
Si Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sa-
kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-
bi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-
riTadi procesebi, magram ar-
sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-
lebic konkretul dros mo-
aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18
TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-
ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis
umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-
moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-
go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-
ore msoflio omis saSinele-
bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-
velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-
rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs
msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-
ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-
uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-
denen am sakiTxebze da maT
Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-
logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,
did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-
nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-
lebic adamianebsa da kultu-
rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.
internetis gamo XXI sauku-
neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-
Weba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-
kiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-
debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-
da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-
saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-
bi, romlebzec vundts da mis
kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-
wili teqnologiuri miRweve-
bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-
Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-
niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-
marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-
sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-
ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-
vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-
fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-
lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-
keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-
vidis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-
vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-
arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-
marTavT swored specialur
qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis gver-
di
www.psychologicalscience.org
_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-
zogadoebis gverdi
lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas
garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-
ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-
pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-
suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-
denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
da met qals moiTvlis.

21
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri
fsiqologia aris individe-
bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-
la.
fsiqologiis mizania qcevis
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-
veleba da gakontrolebis
xelSewyoba.
Tanamedrove fsiqologi-
is ganviTareba
vundtis da titCeneris Sro-
mebidan ganviTarda struq-
turalizmi, romelic aq-
cents elementaruli Seg-
rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-
qikisa da qcevis struqtu-
raze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-
Tarebuli funqcionalizmi
aqcents qcevis miRma arse-
bul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-
medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-
vlebi.
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-
dive Tanamedrove midgoma
gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-
mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-
minantebs, kvlevis sferosa
da meTodebs.
qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-
mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-
lobs.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-
bisaTvis qceva instinqturi
ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-
fliqtebiT, cnobieri da
aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-
pirobebuli.
biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-
pirobebulia garegani sti-
mulebiT.
humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis mniSvnelovania raciona-
luri arCevanis gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individ-
Si.
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs
usvams im fsiqikur proce-
sebs, romlebic qceviT re-
aqciebze
zemoqmedebs.
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-
nis procesSi Seguebis Se-
degad ganviTarda.
qcevas da mis interpretaci-
as kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
ras akeTeben fsiqo-
logebi
fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-
xva specialobis gamocdile-
bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-
is profesiis warmomadge-
neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis
yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-
alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas exeba.
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-
vis fsiqologis profesia
moculobiT ufro interna-
cionaluri da praqtikose-
bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-
genlobiT ufro mravalfe-
rovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-
Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-
fili, rom advilad SeamCni-
oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-
los igive terminebi ganmeo-
rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-
sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-
nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-
cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
ganmartebulia.
biheviorizmi
bihevioristuli
mimdinareoba
garemos cvladebi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
kognituri mimdinareoba
mecnieruli meTodi
organizmuli cvladebi
situaciis cvladebi
struqturalizmi
funqcionalizmi
fsiqodinamikuri
mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
qceva
qcevis monacemebi
humanisturi mimdinareoba

22
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
2
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
• damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
• eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
• korelaciis meTodi
• qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
• sandooba da
validoba
• TviTangariSi
• qcevis dakvirveba da
gazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
• informirebuli
Tanxmoba
• riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
• ganzrax motyueba
• kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
• cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi

23
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-
logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-
teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-
nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-
bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-
kvnebis gakeTeba.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-
zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: „kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
„faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
aRmoCenisetapi
avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-
ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-
lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-
deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs
geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-
ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-
saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-
debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-
mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-
meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-
mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-
filebina.
T

24
aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or
Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-
robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-
bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-
naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-
nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-
xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-
giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-
baTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad „Tu-maSin~ winas-
warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-
cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam „Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-
bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-
sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-
lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-
teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,
man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-
lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-
tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
degi mohyveba.
Tavi2/fsiqologiiskvlevismeTodebi

25
seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem,Honorton,
1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-
geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-
vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-
ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-
qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-
yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-
cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-
vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-
turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-
luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-
turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar „xe-
daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-
bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-
lavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-
dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-
veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-
berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-
tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-
buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-
dasabuTebisetapi:obieqturobisdacvissaSualebebi

26
vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis-
mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi
wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-
Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-
indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi
iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-
lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
„dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram
es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-
belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-
tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-
Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-
ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-
robis minimumamde dasayvanad?
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde
dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-
tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis
is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
momdinareobs.
suraTi
2.1
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?

27
saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-
tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli
unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-
zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-
ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-
ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-
martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-
ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT
dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-
rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-
erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-
reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-
lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-
qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-
nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-
pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-
sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-
reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-
mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-
genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-
rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-
edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-
vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-
viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-
bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-
li procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)
_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-
nebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-
melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.

28
obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,
ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-
warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-
tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-
natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur
mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-
toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-
ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, „Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-
tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-
snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-
melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-
diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,
romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
iRebs.

29
qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-
beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-
dinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-
nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,
1966).
saidan
viciT
virTxebiTqvensmolodinsgaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-
kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-
suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-
naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-
tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-
dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-
lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-
wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-
dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-
ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-
tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT
xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-
jebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-
mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-
ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-
lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-
ti (Roberts et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-
Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-
liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-
li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-
tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladisa.

30
cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-
beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-
tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-
tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-
bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-
mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-
tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-
rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-
troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-
mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-
melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: „rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, „mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,
rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden
Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis
salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-
trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-
lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-
sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-
TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-
ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-
debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-
xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-
TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-
vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _
eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-
tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.

31
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas
miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi
jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
Sedegia.
suraTi
2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia
anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-
Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _
SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-
gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-
kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-
mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-
vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-
vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.

32
saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A
sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,
sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-
mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-
lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-
tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-
valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-
nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-
kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-
survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-
bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-
buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-
tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-
rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-
logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-
tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-
lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-
sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-
Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.

33
kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-
Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-
zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-
ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-
tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-
laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-
rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-
Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-
buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-
uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-
rioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-
basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-
ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-
tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro
met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-
muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
suraTi
2.4

ფილიპ ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება

ფილიპ ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (20)

Mehr von სამკითხველო სამკითხველო

Mehr von სამკითხველო სამკითხველო (20)

ფილიპ ზიმბარდო - ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება