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World Applied Sciences Journal 7 (6): 777-780, 2009
ISSN 1818-4952
© IDOSI Publications, 2009

                              Hypocalcemia in Acute Gastroenteritis
                     (A Case-Control Study at Department of Internal Medicine)
                                    1
                                    Bikha Ram Devrajani, 1Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah,
                                1
                                 Samiullah Shaikh, 1Shamsuddin Shaikh and 2Salman Essa

                            1
                           Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and
                         Health Sciences Jamshoro / Hyderabad (LUMHS), Sindh, Pakistan
                               2
                                 Essa Laboratory, Saddar, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

    Abstract: Objective: To determine the serum calcium level in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis Patients
    and Methods: This descriptive type cross sectional study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital
    Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. All patients above 12 years of age, of either gender present with history of acute
    diarrhea were further evaluated for their serum calcium status. The control group was selected for statistical
    comparative purpose; the data was recorded in pre-design proforma and analyzed in SPSS version 11.00. Result:
    Sixty six (66) subjects in each group were studies, of which 72(55%) were males and 60 (45%) were females, the
    mean age was 36.76±13.40. The hypocalcemia was observed in 75 (57%) patients while the serum calcium was
    normal in 57(43%) patients. Majority of subjects 92 (70%) belonged to urban areas. The mean±SD of serum
    calcium level in patients with acute gastroenteritis was 6.8455 ± 1.8266 mg/dL while the mean±SD of serum
    calcium in control group was 9.2167 ± 0.4534 mg/dL respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: The low serum calcium
    level (hypocalciemia) was identified in patients with acute gastroenteritis.

    Key words: Hypocalciemia % Serum calcium % Acute gastroenteritis % Diarrhea

                   INTRODUCTION                                            Calcium regulation is critical for normal cell
                                                                      function, neural transmission, membrane stability, bone
     Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut and is a              structure, blood coagulation and intracellular signaling,
leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1].               Depending on the cause, unrecognized or poorly treated
The patients with acute gastroenteritis commonly present              hypocalcemic emergencies can lead to significant
to emergency departments (EDs) and primary care centers,              morbidity or death. The causes of hypocalcemia include
the etiological agents can be viral, bacterial, or protozoan;         hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia,
and bacterial agents can be either enteropathogenic,                  multifactorial enhanced protein binding and anion
toxigenic, or both. The peak incidence of infectious                  chelation, medication effects, surgical effects, Parathyroid
gastroenteritis is found in younger age groups (< 5 years),           hormone (PTH) deficiency or resistance and vitamin D
while severe disease leading to hospitalization and                   deficiency or resistance [7]. The decrease level of serum
resulting in death is most frequently observed in elderly             calcium in acute gastroenteritis is reported in different
patients (> 60 years) [2]. The study was conducted                    studies [8,9]. The epidemiology of hospitalizations
at Houston shown 12.4 prevalence of diarrhea [3].                     associated with gastroenteritis in adults, however, has not
Most cases of acute diarrhea caused by bacterial                      been well investigated so far, even though it imposes a
enteric pathogens are self limiting. The main goals in                major burden on the patient and the health care system
management are symptomatic treatment, rehydration or                  [10]. The present study was conducted at the Liaqaut
prevention of dehydration, prevention of spread of                    university hospital Hyderabad Pakistan, the 1500 bedded
infection and empiric antibiotic treatment in selected cases          tertiary care teaching hospital which provide all
[4,5]. The acute gastroenteritis was 7% in the study by               emergency and elective facilities and covers both urban
Usman et al. [6].                                                     and rural population. This hospital is located centrally in


Corresponding Author: Dr. Bikha Ram Devrajani, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences
                      Jamshoro / Hyderabad, Pakistan   Cell: 0346-3912123
                                                                777
World Appl. Sci. J., 7 (6): 777-780, 2009

the Hyderabad city of Pakistan, the second biggest                  patients with malignancy e.g. Osteoblastic metastases
city of province Sindh and fifth biggest city of country;           (e.g. breast cancer, prostate cancer) and tumor lysis
the unhygienic drinking water causes various water-                 syndrome may cause hypocalcemia. (v) The patients had
related health disorders in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan              hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathroidism and
and It has been reported that majority of citizens have             (vi) The patients with Vitamin D deficiency or resistance.
suffered from acute gastroenteritis due to use of the               While the non cooperative patients who refused to give
hazardous drinking water.                                           written consent or didn’t have interest to participate in
     The objective of the present study was to                      study were in the exclusion criteria in both groups
investigate the disturbance in serum calcium level in               (i.e. cases as well as control). The subjects of both groups
patients presented with acute gastroenteritis; our                  consist of 66 individuals i.e. 66 patients with acute
intention     was     also    to     provide      data for          gastroenteritis (cases group) and 66 healthy individuals
recommendations        concerning       routine     testing         (control group). The data was collected through a pre-
panels in these patients to guide clinicians and health             formed proforma by taking consent from the subjects and
care worker in the complete assessment and                          all such maneuvers were under medical ethics. The detail
evaluation protocol for the patients with acute                     history of all such patients was taken; complete clinical
gastroenteritis. The findings of this study will lead to            relevant examination and routine investigation were
better interpretation of current information and will be            performed. After that all the subjects of both groups
used to inform policy on public health, leading to creation         (cases and control) were then evaluated for serum calcium
of appropriate planning in the management of patients               level by taking 3cc venous blood sample and send to
with acute gastroenteritis.                                         laboratory for analysis. The normal range of serum
                                                                    calcium is: 9-10.5 mg/ dL [11] and the value <9mg/dL
           MATERIALS AND METHODS                                    was considered as hypocalcemia / low while the
                                                                    reading >10.5mg/dL was taken as raised / high. The
     This case control study was conducted in the                   collected data of both groups were analyzed in SPSS
department of Medicine at Liaquat University Hospital               version 11.0. The frequency and percentage of
(a tertiary care 1500 bedded teaching hospital) Hyderabad           hypcalcemia in patients with acute gastroenteritis (cases)
from February 2009 to July 2009. The study population               and healthy individual (control) was calculated. Mean ±
was divided in two groups (1) The patients of acute                 SD of age was computed between the numerical
gastroenteritis (cases) (2) Normal / healthy individuals            parameters. The ANOVA and independent samples T-test
(control). The acute gastroenteritis group contains the             was applied at 95% confidence interval among the
patients presented with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea               categorical variables. The p-value =0.05 was considered
(loose motion) while control group consists of healthy              as statistically significant.
population. The inclusion criteria for cases were (a) the
subjects above 12 years of age, (b) of either gender, were                                  RESULTS
came through outpatient department (OPD), inpatients
and casualty outdoor department (COD) with history of                   Sixty six (66) subjects in each group were studies, of
acute gastroenteritis i.e. nausea, vomiting and diarrhea            which 72(55%) were males and 60 (45%) were females, the
(loose motions) were admitted, evaluated and enrolled in            mean age was 36.76±13.40 and their age distribution is
the study while the inclusion criteria for control group            mentioned in Table 1. The mean serum calcium in both
was (i) the subjects above 12 years of age, (ii) of either          groups is shown in Table 2. The hypocalcemia was
gender. The exclusion criteria for the cases group were,            observed in 75(57%) patients while the serum calcium was
(i) The patients had Hypoalbuminemia due to any cause               normal in 57(43%) patients. In gastroenteritis (cases)
e.g. cirrhosis, nephrosis, malnutrition, burns, chronic             group the hypocalcemia was observed in 62(94%) patients
illness and sepsis. (ii) The patients with hypomagnesemia           while 04(6%) patients had normal serum calcium level. In
due to any cause e.g. pancreatitis, aminoglycoside                  control group, the serum calcium was normal in 53(80%)
treatment, amphotericin B, loop diuretics, alcoholism and           subjects while 13(%) subjects had hypocalcemia / low
malnutrition. (iii) The patients with Hyperphosphatemia,            serum calcium level. Majority of subjects 92(70%)
high calcitonin level and had Rhabdomyolysis. (iv) The              belonged to urban areas.


                                                              778
World Appl. Sci. J., 7 (6): 777-780, 2009

Table 1: Age Distribution of Participants                                                         Although it has not been determined whether calcium
                  Cases                                 Control                                   from other food sources or from supplements would
                  -----------------------------------   ---------------------------------         provide the same benefit, individuals with milk allergy or
AGE (years)       Male                   Female         Male                    Female            lactose intolerance might consider alternative sources
12 - 20            00                       08           00                       08              for calcium. Foods high in calcium include calcium-
21- 30             12                       06           12                       06              fortified soy products; nuts; green, leafy vegetables (kale,
31 - 40            08                       08           08                       08              collard greens, mustard greens); and seaweed. The
41 - 50            10                       06           10                       06              Calcium is best-known as a supplement to support bone
> 50               06                       02           06                       02              health, but it also has a long history of use to control
P = 1.000 (non significant)                                                                       diarrhea and also has identified role in protease inhibitor-
                                                                                                  related diarrhea, in people with HIV [15]. There are
Table2: Mean Serum Calcium Level of Both Groups                                                   different former studies conducted on children that
Serum Calcium (n = 132)                 Mean ± SD (mg/dL)                     P-value             identified hypocalemia during diarrheal illness [16-17]
Cases (66)                               6.8455 ± 1.8266                      <0.001*             but there are limited studies that focused on hypcalcemia
Control (66)                             9.2167 ± 0.5534                                          in adult subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The
                                                                                                  present study will fill such vacant space of limited data
*P value is statistically significant
                                                                                                  and open a new forum of discussion because beside the
                                                                                                  various advance books, printed and electronic media there
                               DISCUSSION
                                                                                                  is yet shortage of exact, related and specific data on
                                                                                                  present theme. The study should need an advance
     Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity
                                                                                                  continuous and extended phase during different time
and mortality worldwide. Conservative estimates put
                                                                                                  periods and episodes at various health care centers,
diarrhea in the top 5 causes of deaths worldwide and
                                                                                                  clinics and hospitals. Such strategy will lead to
diarrheal diseases are a significant cause for morbidity
                                                                                                  providence of updated data which will be helpful in the
across all age groups in industrialized countries. Beside
                                                                                                  management protocol of adult subjects with acute
dehydration, there are also various biochemical markers
                                                                                                  gastroenteritis.
that disturbed during acute gastroenteritis and by
concentrating on such theme, the current study focused
                                                                                                                 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
on disturbance in serum calcium level during acute
gastroenteritis. At the end of study we identified
                                                                                                      The valuable and unforgettable help from
hypocalcemia in 62(94%) gastroenteritis patients and                                              SEARLE pharmaceutical during study period is gratefully
it is similar to the study published in the Journal of                                            acknowledged.
Gastroenterology during 2003. [12] However our
hypothesis is also consistent by the Westblom et al.                                                                   REFERENCES
[13] The People suffering from infectious diarrhea
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5.  Bitterman, RA., 1998. Acute gastroenteritis and                  12. Bovee-Oudenhoven, I.M., M.L. Lettink-Wissink, Van
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    Mosby-Year Books, pp: 1917-58.                                       coli infection of humans is inhibited by dietary
6. Usman, M., S. Tabassum and I. Khan, 2006. Pattern                     calcium. Gastroenterol., 125: 469-76.
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8. Murtaza, Khan, S.R., K.S. Butt, B.S. Lindblad                         11(6): 356-60.
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    Hyperphosphatemia in Severely Dehydrated Children                    2004. The efficacy of calcium carbonate in the
    with and without Convulsions. Acta Pædiatrica,                       treatment of protease inhibitor-induced persistent
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9. Dickerson, D. and R.N. Pharm, 2006. Hospital                          5(1): 19-24.
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10. Svenungsson, B., A. Lagergren, E. Ekwall,                            Hypocalcemia and steatorrhea - Clues to etiology.
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    Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and              17. Hirschhorn, N., 1980. The treatment of acute diarrhea
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Hypocalcemia in gastroenteritis

  • 1. World Applied Sciences Journal 7 (6): 777-780, 2009 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2009 Hypocalcemia in Acute Gastroenteritis (A Case-Control Study at Department of Internal Medicine) 1 Bikha Ram Devrajani, 1Syed Zulfiquar Ali Shah, 1 Samiullah Shaikh, 1Shamsuddin Shaikh and 2Salman Essa 1 Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro / Hyderabad (LUMHS), Sindh, Pakistan 2 Essa Laboratory, Saddar, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan Abstract: Objective: To determine the serum calcium level in adult patients with acute gastroenteritis Patients and Methods: This descriptive type cross sectional study was conducted at Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. All patients above 12 years of age, of either gender present with history of acute diarrhea were further evaluated for their serum calcium status. The control group was selected for statistical comparative purpose; the data was recorded in pre-design proforma and analyzed in SPSS version 11.00. Result: Sixty six (66) subjects in each group were studies, of which 72(55%) were males and 60 (45%) were females, the mean age was 36.76±13.40. The hypocalcemia was observed in 75 (57%) patients while the serum calcium was normal in 57(43%) patients. Majority of subjects 92 (70%) belonged to urban areas. The mean±SD of serum calcium level in patients with acute gastroenteritis was 6.8455 ± 1.8266 mg/dL while the mean±SD of serum calcium in control group was 9.2167 ± 0.4534 mg/dL respectively (P<0.001). Conclusion: The low serum calcium level (hypocalciemia) was identified in patients with acute gastroenteritis. Key words: Hypocalciemia % Serum calcium % Acute gastroenteritis % Diarrhea INTRODUCTION Calcium regulation is critical for normal cell function, neural transmission, membrane stability, bone Gastroenteritis is an infection of the gut and is a structure, blood coagulation and intracellular signaling, leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1]. Depending on the cause, unrecognized or poorly treated The patients with acute gastroenteritis commonly present hypocalcemic emergencies can lead to significant to emergency departments (EDs) and primary care centers, morbidity or death. The causes of hypocalcemia include the etiological agents can be viral, bacterial, or protozoan; hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, and bacterial agents can be either enteropathogenic, multifactorial enhanced protein binding and anion toxigenic, or both. The peak incidence of infectious chelation, medication effects, surgical effects, Parathyroid gastroenteritis is found in younger age groups (< 5 years), hormone (PTH) deficiency or resistance and vitamin D while severe disease leading to hospitalization and deficiency or resistance [7]. The decrease level of serum resulting in death is most frequently observed in elderly calcium in acute gastroenteritis is reported in different patients (> 60 years) [2]. The study was conducted studies [8,9]. The epidemiology of hospitalizations at Houston shown 12.4 prevalence of diarrhea [3]. associated with gastroenteritis in adults, however, has not Most cases of acute diarrhea caused by bacterial been well investigated so far, even though it imposes a enteric pathogens are self limiting. The main goals in major burden on the patient and the health care system management are symptomatic treatment, rehydration or [10]. The present study was conducted at the Liaqaut prevention of dehydration, prevention of spread of university hospital Hyderabad Pakistan, the 1500 bedded infection and empiric antibiotic treatment in selected cases tertiary care teaching hospital which provide all [4,5]. The acute gastroenteritis was 7% in the study by emergency and elective facilities and covers both urban Usman et al. [6]. and rural population. This hospital is located centrally in Corresponding Author: Dr. Bikha Ram Devrajani, Department of Medicine, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro / Hyderabad, Pakistan Cell: 0346-3912123 777
  • 2. World Appl. Sci. J., 7 (6): 777-780, 2009 the Hyderabad city of Pakistan, the second biggest patients with malignancy e.g. Osteoblastic metastases city of province Sindh and fifth biggest city of country; (e.g. breast cancer, prostate cancer) and tumor lysis the unhygienic drinking water causes various water- syndrome may cause hypocalcemia. (v) The patients had related health disorders in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathroidism and and It has been reported that majority of citizens have (vi) The patients with Vitamin D deficiency or resistance. suffered from acute gastroenteritis due to use of the While the non cooperative patients who refused to give hazardous drinking water. written consent or didn’t have interest to participate in The objective of the present study was to study were in the exclusion criteria in both groups investigate the disturbance in serum calcium level in (i.e. cases as well as control). The subjects of both groups patients presented with acute gastroenteritis; our consist of 66 individuals i.e. 66 patients with acute intention was also to provide data for gastroenteritis (cases group) and 66 healthy individuals recommendations concerning routine testing (control group). The data was collected through a pre- panels in these patients to guide clinicians and health formed proforma by taking consent from the subjects and care worker in the complete assessment and all such maneuvers were under medical ethics. The detail evaluation protocol for the patients with acute history of all such patients was taken; complete clinical gastroenteritis. The findings of this study will lead to relevant examination and routine investigation were better interpretation of current information and will be performed. After that all the subjects of both groups used to inform policy on public health, leading to creation (cases and control) were then evaluated for serum calcium of appropriate planning in the management of patients level by taking 3cc venous blood sample and send to with acute gastroenteritis. laboratory for analysis. The normal range of serum calcium is: 9-10.5 mg/ dL [11] and the value <9mg/dL MATERIALS AND METHODS was considered as hypocalcemia / low while the reading >10.5mg/dL was taken as raised / high. The This case control study was conducted in the collected data of both groups were analyzed in SPSS department of Medicine at Liaquat University Hospital version 11.0. The frequency and percentage of (a tertiary care 1500 bedded teaching hospital) Hyderabad hypcalcemia in patients with acute gastroenteritis (cases) from February 2009 to July 2009. The study population and healthy individual (control) was calculated. Mean ± was divided in two groups (1) The patients of acute SD of age was computed between the numerical gastroenteritis (cases) (2) Normal / healthy individuals parameters. The ANOVA and independent samples T-test (control). The acute gastroenteritis group contains the was applied at 95% confidence interval among the patients presented with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea categorical variables. The p-value =0.05 was considered (loose motion) while control group consists of healthy as statistically significant. population. The inclusion criteria for cases were (a) the subjects above 12 years of age, (b) of either gender, were RESULTS came through outpatient department (OPD), inpatients and casualty outdoor department (COD) with history of Sixty six (66) subjects in each group were studies, of acute gastroenteritis i.e. nausea, vomiting and diarrhea which 72(55%) were males and 60 (45%) were females, the (loose motions) were admitted, evaluated and enrolled in mean age was 36.76±13.40 and their age distribution is the study while the inclusion criteria for control group mentioned in Table 1. The mean serum calcium in both was (i) the subjects above 12 years of age, (ii) of either groups is shown in Table 2. The hypocalcemia was gender. The exclusion criteria for the cases group were, observed in 75(57%) patients while the serum calcium was (i) The patients had Hypoalbuminemia due to any cause normal in 57(43%) patients. In gastroenteritis (cases) e.g. cirrhosis, nephrosis, malnutrition, burns, chronic group the hypocalcemia was observed in 62(94%) patients illness and sepsis. (ii) The patients with hypomagnesemia while 04(6%) patients had normal serum calcium level. In due to any cause e.g. pancreatitis, aminoglycoside control group, the serum calcium was normal in 53(80%) treatment, amphotericin B, loop diuretics, alcoholism and subjects while 13(%) subjects had hypocalcemia / low malnutrition. (iii) The patients with Hyperphosphatemia, serum calcium level. Majority of subjects 92(70%) high calcitonin level and had Rhabdomyolysis. (iv) The belonged to urban areas. 778
  • 3. World Appl. Sci. J., 7 (6): 777-780, 2009 Table 1: Age Distribution of Participants Although it has not been determined whether calcium Cases Control from other food sources or from supplements would ----------------------------------- --------------------------------- provide the same benefit, individuals with milk allergy or AGE (years) Male Female Male Female lactose intolerance might consider alternative sources 12 - 20 00 08 00 08 for calcium. Foods high in calcium include calcium- 21- 30 12 06 12 06 fortified soy products; nuts; green, leafy vegetables (kale, 31 - 40 08 08 08 08 collard greens, mustard greens); and seaweed. The 41 - 50 10 06 10 06 Calcium is best-known as a supplement to support bone > 50 06 02 06 02 health, but it also has a long history of use to control P = 1.000 (non significant) diarrhea and also has identified role in protease inhibitor- related diarrhea, in people with HIV [15]. There are Table2: Mean Serum Calcium Level of Both Groups different former studies conducted on children that Serum Calcium (n = 132) Mean ± SD (mg/dL) P-value identified hypocalemia during diarrheal illness [16-17] Cases (66) 6.8455 ± 1.8266 <0.001* but there are limited studies that focused on hypcalcemia Control (66) 9.2167 ± 0.5534 in adult subjects with acute gastroenteritis. The present study will fill such vacant space of limited data *P value is statistically significant and open a new forum of discussion because beside the various advance books, printed and electronic media there DISCUSSION is yet shortage of exact, related and specific data on present theme. The study should need an advance Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of morbidity continuous and extended phase during different time and mortality worldwide. Conservative estimates put periods and episodes at various health care centers, diarrhea in the top 5 causes of deaths worldwide and clinics and hospitals. Such strategy will lead to diarrheal diseases are a significant cause for morbidity providence of updated data which will be helpful in the across all age groups in industrialized countries. Beside management protocol of adult subjects with acute dehydration, there are also various biochemical markers gastroenteritis. that disturbed during acute gastroenteritis and by concentrating on such theme, the current study focused ACKNOWLEDGEMENT on disturbance in serum calcium level during acute gastroenteritis. At the end of study we identified The valuable and unforgettable help from hypocalcemia in 62(94%) gastroenteritis patients and SEARLE pharmaceutical during study period is gratefully it is similar to the study published in the Journal of acknowledged. Gastroenterology during 2003. [12] However our hypothesis is also consistent by the Westblom et al. REFERENCES [13] The People suffering from infectious diarrhea (Travelers' diarrhea) may get relief by consuming 1. Musher, D.M. and B.L. Musher, 2004. Contagious high-calcium milk products in a study by Bovee- acute gastrointestinal infections. N. Engl. J. Med., Oudenhoven [12] in all participants developed diarrhea 351: 2417-27. shortly after being infected with E. coli. The men drinking 2. Gangarosa, R.E., R.I. Glass, J.F. Lew and J.R. Boring, the regular milk had complete resolution of symptoms 1992. Hospitalizations involving gastroenteritis in the after the second day of treatment, while the men drinking United States, 1985: the special burden of the disease the low-calcium milk continued to have diarrhea. among the elderly. Am. J. Epidemiol., 135: 281-90. The results of this study show that calcium in milk 3. Garey, K.W. and D. Pharm, 2006. Prevalence of accelerates recovery from infectious diarrhea. Although Diarrhea at a University Hospital and Association there are limited studies in humans, however preliminary with Modifiable Risk Factors. The Annals of animal research also showed that calcium was effective in Pharmacotherapy, 40(6): 1030-34. preventing diarrhea. One animal study found that oral 4. Sadosty, A.T. and B.J. Browne, 2000. Vomiting, calcium phosphate helped prevent E. coli infection and diarrhea and constipation. In: J.E. Tintinalli, protects against salmonella infection. [14] More human G.D. Kelen, J.S. Stapcynski, eds. Emergency research is still necessary to determine if calcium might be medicine. A comprehensive guide. 5th edn. effective against other organisms that cause diarrhea. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp: 567-7. 779
  • 4. World Appl. Sci. J., 7 (6): 777-780, 2009 5. Bitterman, RA., 1998. Acute gastroenteritis and 12. Bovee-Oudenhoven, I.M., M.L. Lettink-Wissink, Van constipation. In: P. Rosen, ed. Emergency medicine: W. Doesburg, B.J. Witteman and R. Van Der Meer, concepts and clinical practice. 4th edn. St Louis, MO: 2003. Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia Mosby-Year Books, pp: 1917-58. coli infection of humans is inhibited by dietary 6. Usman, M., S. Tabassum and I. Khan, 2006. Pattern calcium. Gastroenterol., 125: 469-76. of medical disorders in adults in district Lakki 13. Westblom, T.U. and TW. Milligan, 1992. Acute Marwat, Pakistan. Gomal Journal of Medical Sci., 4(1): Bacterial Gastroenteritis Caused by Hafnia alvei. 19-23. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 14(6): 1271-72. 7. Guise, T.A., G.R. Mundy, 1995. Clinical review 69: 14. Beyer, M.J., J.F. Freestone, J.M. Reimer, Evaluation of hypocalcemia in children and adults. J. W.V. Bernard and E.R. Rueve, 1997. Idiopathic Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80(5): 1473-8. hypocalcemia in foals. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 8. Murtaza, Khan, S.R., K.S. Butt, B.S. Lindblad 11(6): 356-60. and A. Aperia, 2008. Hypocalcemia and 15. Turner, M.J., J.B. Angel, K. Woodend and P. Giguère, Hyperphosphatemia in Severely Dehydrated Children 2004. The efficacy of calcium carbonate in the with and without Convulsions. Acta Pædiatrica, treatment of protease inhibitor-induced persistent 77(2): 251-56. diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. HIV Clin Trials, 9. Dickerson, D. and R.N. Pharm, 2006. Hospital 5(1): 19-24. Pharmacy, 41(10): 993-94, 996-99. 16. Heubil, J.E., J.C. Partin and W.K. Schubert, 1983. 10. Svenungsson, B., A. Lagergren, E. Ekwall, Hypocalcemia and steatorrhea - Clues to etiology. B. Evengård, K.O. Hedlund, A Kärnell, et al., 2000. Digestive Diseases and Sci., 28(2): 124-128. Enteropathogens in adult patients with diarrhea and 17. Hirschhorn, N., 1980. The treatment of acute diarrhea healthy control subjects: a 1-year prospective study in children An historical and physiological in a Swedish clinic for infectious diseases. Clin Infect perspective. The American J. Clinical Nutrition, Dis., 30: 770-8. 33: 637-63. 11. Bhakti Desai, Anand Gokani, Alpana Shukla, PS Tampi, 2008. Hypercalcaemic Crisis - A Case Study of Three Unusual Cases of Iatrogenic Vitamin D. and Calcium Intoxication. Bombay Hospital Journal, 50(2): 322-24. 780