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Computer technology in library and information science notes in hindi
1.
bdkbZ – 2
dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh (Computer Technology) 2.0 fo"k; izos'k (Introduction) 2.1 mn~ n s ' ; (Objectives) 2.2 dEI;wVj rFkk iqLrdky; (Computer and libraries) 2.3 dEI;wVj % ifjHkk"kk (Computer % Definition) 2.4 dEI;wVj % bfrgkl (Computer % History) 2.5 dEI;wVj % ih<+h ¼tujs'ku½ (Computer % Generations) 2.6 dEI;wVj % fo'ks"krk,W (Computer % Qualities) 2.7 dEI;wVj % bdkbZ;k (Computer % Elements) 2.8 dEI;wVj % oxhZdj.k¼dEI;wVj ds izdkj½ (Computer % Types) 2.9 dEI;wVj % eq[; Hkkx (Computer % Main Parts) 2.10 dEI;wVj % fofHkUu vUrjxkeh rFkk fuxZr bdkbZZ;kW (Computer % Different Input And Out put Devices) 2.11 dEI;wVj os;j (Computer Ware) 2.12 iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsok, (Computer services in the libraries) 2.13 lkjak'k (Let Us Sum Up) 2.14 Lo tkWap vH;kl (Self Check Exercise)
2.
2.0
fo"k; izos'k (Introduction) bl bdkbZ esa dEI;wVj rduhdh vFkkZr dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk;s] bfrgkl] tujs'ku] oxhZdj.k] izHkkxksa ls voxr djk;k x;k gSA blds vykok blesa dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu vUrZxkeh ,oa fuxZr bdkbz;ksa] dEI;wVj os;j] iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsokvksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS A ekuo lH;rk ds bfrgkl esa gq, egRoiw.kZ oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa esa dEI;wVj dk fo'ks"k egRo gS A ;g mu vkfo"dkjksa esa ls ,d gS ftUgksaus ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku dh A ftl fnu ls euq"; us c<+rh gqbZ leL;kvkas vkSj dk;Z vkfn ds ncko esa vkdj gkFk dh vaxqfy;ksa ls T;knk dq'ky x.kuk fof/k dh vko';drk egllwl dh 'kk;n mlh fnu ls vk/kqfud ;qx ds dEI;wVj dh [kkst izkjaHk gks xbZ A okLro esa dEI;wVj ds vkfo"dkj dk bfrgkl gtkjksa lky iqjkuk vkSj foLe;dkjh gS A fo'o dk izFke x.kd cschyksu vkSj xzhl lqdkjkfrl ufn;ksa ds fdukjs clh ekuo lH;rkvksa ds ikl bZlkiwoZ lu~ 3200 esa cuk;k x;k ;g ljy ;a= feV~Vh ds xksy VqdM+ksa esa Nsn djds ydM+h dh frfy;ksa esa Mkydj cuk;k x;k Fkk A bl ;a= ls la[;kvksa dks tksM+uk ?kVkuk cgqr vklku Fkk A rn~ijkUr tkiku rFkk phu esa lu~ 2600 blkiwoZ bl izdkj ds ;a= dk mi;ksx feyrk gS ftls phu esa ,csdl dgk tkrk Fkk A lu~ 1524 ds vkl ikl lsdjkseu rRoosRrk oks;sfFk;l us ,d x.kuk pdz dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlds }kjk dfBu x.kuk,W djuk vklku Fkk A orZeku esa dEI;wVj gekjs thou dk ,d vfHkUu vax cu x;k gS A vr% ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku ;qx dEI;wVj dk ;qx gS A vkVkses'ku dk egRo iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa ds izfr fnu ds dk;ksZ esa bldh egRrk dks ns[krs gq, vf/kdrj lHkh dk;ksa esa bldk gLr{ksi c<+ x;k gS A vkVkses'ku dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj }kjk izfr fnu dk;ksZ esa xfr] 'kq)rk] Lopkyu rFkk laxzg.k vkfn xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh bldk egRo vkSj c<+ tkrk gS A iqLrdky; ds dk;ksZ dks n{krkiw.kZ djus ds fy, dEI;wVj dk fof'k"V egRo gSs A bldk v/;;u bl bZdkbZ esa djsaxsA 2.1 mn~ n s ’ ; (Objectives) bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u dk mn~ns'; dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh ds rgr dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mlds bfrgkl] ih<+h;ks ¼tujs'ku½] fo'ks"krk,]W izdkj] eq[; Hkkx] iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsok, ifjfpr djkuk gSA bl bZdkbZ dk v/;;u djus ds ckn vki dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh ds lHkh rF;ksa ls Hkyh& HkkWafr ifjfpr gks ldsaxsA
3.
2.2
dEI;wVj rFkk iqLrdky; Computer and libraries iqLrdky; ds Lo:i esa vk/kkj Hkwr ifjorZu gksus ds i'pkr~ orZeku ;qx esa iqLrdky; ewy iqLrdky;k/;{k mn~ns'; NksM+dj mlds Lo:i esa cM+k ifjorZu gqvk A ;fn iqLrdky;k/;{kbl vk/kkjHkwr ifjorZu ds vuq:i ugha <ys rks iqLrdky; rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{kviuk egRo [kks nssaxs A D;ksafd lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj ds inkZi.k ds i'pr~ lwpuk rduhdh us lwpuk ds {ks= esa dzkfUr yk nh gS ftlds ifj.keLo:i Kku txr ds izR;sd fo"k; esa ubZ rduhdh rFkk vkt lgh ek;us esa izR;sd fo"k; oSKkfud rjhds ls [kkst esa yxs gS A ftlds QyLo:i ifj.kkeksa ,oa mn~ns';ksa ifjyf{kr iwfrZ gks ik jgh gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i iqLrdky;k/;{k dh Hkwfedk vc iqLrd laxzgdrkZ ds :i esa u gksdj mlls lwpuk ;Fkk LFkku ;Fkk le; ;Fkk lwpuk ikBd dks dEI;wVj dh enn ls iznku djus ds fy, mls lwpuk oSKkfud ds :i esa T;knk vge gks xbZ gS A bl dkj.k izR;sd iqLrdky; esa laxzfgr j[ks i= if=dkvksa ls lwpuk NkWaVdj ikBd dks igqWpkuk gS A lgh ek;uksa esa igys iqLrdky;k/;{k ikBdksa dks iqLrdksa@izys[ksak ds ewy Lo:i dh vksj bafxr djrk Fkk fdUrq vkt iqLrdky;k/;{k lwpuk oSKkfud ds :i esa iqLrdky; esa miyC/k lkfgR; dh lHkh iqLrdksa ds izR;sd ist rFkk okD;ksa rFkk ykbuksa dks ikBdksa rd bafxr djus ls ikBdksa rFkk iqLrdky; gks xbZ gS A vkt ikBd flQZ dkxt ij izdkf'kr lwpuk ij fuHkZj ugha gS A og dEI;wVj enn ls vku ykbu rFkk lkWV ifCyds'ku lwpuk izkfIr dh vksj T;knk tkx:d rFkk vkdf"kZr gks jgk gS A ikBd lwpuk izkfIr ds fy, flQZ ykWih] lhMh rd gh lhfer ugha gS og vkt bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls mldks lwpuk [kskt dj {ks= esa fo'oO;kih gks x;k gS A mlh ds ifj.kke Lo:i foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa oSKkfudksa us ubZ mpkbZ;ksa dks Nqvk gS rFkk blh ds in fpUgksa ij lekt foKku rFkk ekuo foKku Hkh c<+ jgk gS A blds QyLo:i fo'o Lrj ij lwpuk laizs"k.k rFkk Lo:i lwpuk ds fo'o O;kih vknku iznku ls lwpuk foKku rFkk iqLrdky; foKku ds {ks= esa iqLrdky; rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k dh Hkwfedk gh cny Mkyh A rFkk vusd LFkkuksa ij iqLrdky;k/;{k dk in lkFk gh ifjofrZr dj lwpuk oSKkfud dj fn;k x;k gSA vkt iqLrdky;k/;{k T;knk vkRefuHkZj rFkk ikBdksa dks O;fDrxr :i ls lsok iznku djk ik jgk gS bldk eq[;Js; dEI;wVj dk iqLrdky;k/;{k rFkk lwpuk foKkku ds {ks= esa inkiZ.k djuk gS A vr% ikBdksa dks lw{e ls lw{e RofjRk ,oa uohure lwpuk dks ikBdksa rd igqWpkuk vkt flQZ dEI;wVj dh enn ls gh laHko gks ldrk gs A D;ksafd fo'o O;kih lkfgR; ds xzaFkijd fu;a=.k djus ds fy, dEI;wVj vge Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSs A tc rd dh ,d lqO;ofLFkr efLr"d ;kuh dEI;wVj lkVos;j iSdst u Mkyk tk; tSls dh cxSj efLr"d ds 'kjhj dh Hkwfedk ux.; gS A mlh rjg dEI;wVj lkWVos;j ds fcuk dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk Hkh ux.; gS A vkt iqLrdky; ds fo'kkyre MkVk dks iqLrdky; lkWVos;j iSdst ds }kjk gh fu;af=r rFkk lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gS A
4.
orZeku esa vusd
iqLrdky; iSdst+ dk mi;ksx iqLrdky; esa izfrfnu dk;ksZ rFkk MkVk dk izc/ku rFkk a lapkyu lQyrk rFkk cM+h fuiq.krk ds lkFk fd;k tk jgk gS vr% iqLrdky; ds MkVk csl eSustesUV gsrq gh lkWVos;j dhs ewyHkwr vko';drk gS A Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa rduhdh ls lacf/kr vusd izeq[k iqLrdky;¼ izk;% izk;% lHkh dEI;wVªhd`r½ fofHkUu a iqLrdky; lkWVos;j dk mi;ksx dj jgs gS A fofHkUu egRoiw.kZ lkWVos;j ds leh{kkRed fooj.k blesa vkxs foLr`r rFkk foospukRed :i ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS A blds }kjk ikBdksa dks muds iqLrdky; lkWVos;j ] gkMZos;j ,oa usVodZ viukus esa cgqr lgk;rk gksxh A rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k dks iqLrdky; ds MsVkcsl dh lgk;rk ls dSls MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tkuk gS vkfn ds ckjs esa Li"V tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsxh A iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku vc iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk oSKkfud ds fy, vifjfpr fo"k; ugha gS A vc vusd fo'ofo|ky; esa iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku dk v/;;u i`Fkd fo"k; ds :i esa iqLrdky; foLrkj ds {ks=ksa dks mldks lS)kfUrd rFkk O;ogkfjd nksuksa igyqvksa ij v/;;u djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k x;k gS A iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku ds QyLo:i iqLrdky; dks vf/kd O;ogkfjd rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k dk;ksZ ,oa lsok dks vf/kd mn~ns'; iw.kZ rFkk iwfrZnk;d cuk fn;k gS Algh ek;uksa es ;fn vkt iqLrdky;] iqLrdky; dk vkVkses'ku ds izk:i dks ugha viuk ik;saxs rks os vO;ogkfjd rFkk iqLrdky;k/;{k vius O;olkf;d egRrk [kks nsxk A bl dkj.k vkt iqLrdky;k/;{k rFkk lwpuk oSKkfud iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku dh egRrk dks ns[krs gq, bl vksj vkdf"kZr gks jgs gS A vkVkses'ku 'kCn dh mRifRr vaxzsth ds vkVks rFkk es'ku 'kCn ls fey dj gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gs **Lo;a** gh vius vki gksuk** vr% ;g rks Li"V gSS fd vVkses'ku dk lh/kk laca/k og ;a= ;k midj.k ftlds ek/;e ls dk;ksZ dk lapkyu vius vki e'khu }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk;s ysfdu e'khu ds }kjk vkVkses'ku dh vko';drk eglwl D;ksa dh xbZ D;ksafd blds }kjk dk;ksZ eas xq.koRrk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSs A rFkk ekuoh; mtkZ dk de ls de mi;ksx djds vf/kd n{krkiw.kZ rjhds ls dfBu dk;ksZ dksa vpwd rFkk 'kh?kz gks ldus okyh x.kuk rFkk de ls de le; esa vf/kd dk;ksZ ds lEiknu ds fy, euq"; us e'khu dk fuekZ.k fd;s ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i dEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k dh dYiuk lkdkj gks ldh A vkt vkVkses'ku dk i;kZ;okph dEI;wVªhdj.k gks x;k gS A dEI;wVªhdj.k rFkk vkVkses'ku ,d ,slk i;kZ;okph 'kCn gS ftlesa vUrj djuk dfBu gS A vkVkses'ku dk vFkZ dEI;wVlZ rFkk vU; e'khu esa lkeUtL; LFkkfir djuk ftlls de ls de ekuoh; mtkZ dk mi;ksx djds vf/kd n{krkiw.kZ dfBu dk;ksZ dks vpwd rFkk 'kh?kzkfr'kh?kz rkfdZd iw.kZ <ax ls de ls de le; es adk;ksZ dk lEiknu dj lds A
5.
2.3
dEI;wVj % ifjHkk"kk Computer % Definition dEI;wVj ,d e'khu gS tks vO;ofLFkr lwpukvksa dks mn~ns';iw.kZ lwpukvksa es ifjofrZr rhoz xfr ls 'kq)rk ds lkFk ifjofrZr dj izLrqr djrk gS A dEI;wVj ,d e'khu gS tks buiqV ;wfuV dh lgk;rk ls MkVk xzg.k djrk gS mUgasa izkslsl djrk gS rFkk vkmViqV bdkbZ dh lgk;rk ls mn~ns'; iw.kZ lwpukvksa dks iznku djrk gS A dEI;wVj ,d lax.kuk ;a= gS tks x.kuk,W rFkk rkfdZd lwpukvksa dks rhoz xfr ls 'kaq)rk ds lkFk laxzfgr rFkk fo'ysf"kr djrk gsS A dEI;wVj vkVksesfVd e'khu gS A ftlds }kjk fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks Lopkfyr dj ldus dh {kerk gksrh gsS A x.kfr; x.kuk,W dsydqysVj }kjk 'kh?kzrk ls dj ldrk gS A fdUrq mudks laxzfgr ugha dj ldrk gS tcfd dEI;wVj ,d ,slh bysDVªkfud e'khu gS tks vkdM+ksa dks lafpr dj ldrk gS rFkk vusd tfVy dk;ksZ tSls fp= esa izn'kZu /ofu mRiknu] vkfn ds }kjk lwpuk dk izn'kZu fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr miyC/k djkrk gS A dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªfud e'khu gS A tks vkdM+ksa ,oa MkVk dks izkslsl dj dk;ksZ esa xfr 'kq)rk rFkk Lopkyu ds lkFk lkFk vlhfer laxzg {kerk Hkh iznku djrk gS A dEI;wVj rFkk dsydqysVj esa ;g vUrj gS fd dEI;wVj lwpuk dks laxzfgr rFkk vadksa rFkk 'kCnksa esa vfHkO;Dr dj ldrk gS A 2.4 dEI;wVj % bfrgkl computer % History dEI;wVj 'kCn dh mRifRr vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds dEI;wV 'kCn ls gqbZ gS A ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djuk A vr% dEI;wVj dk fodkl ewyr% xf.kfr; x.kukvksa ds mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq fd;k x;k gS A loZizFke dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj 600 bZlk iwoZ fxurkjs ¼bcsdl½ dk fodkl eslksiqVkfe;k esa gqvk Fkk A blh izdkj dsydqysVj dk vkfo"dkj 17 oh 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa Mkuu usfi;j us fd;k Fkk A ftldk mi;ksx ewyr% xf.kfr; x.kukvksa gsrq fd;k x;k A rRi'pkr~ lu~ 1671 esa czkuZ xksV QzkbM esa x.kuk djus okys dsydqysVj dk vkfo"dkj fd;k A lu~ 1942 esa csCt+ ikLdy us ;kaf=d dsydqysVj cuk;k ftls ikLdfyax dgk x;k A ;g ;kaf=d dsydqysVj T;knk ls T;knk flQZ 6 O;fDr;ksa ds cjkcj x.kuk dj ldrk Fkk A lu~ 1822 esa pkYlZ csScst+ us loZizFke fMthVy dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k ikLdyhu ls izsj.kk ysdj fMQzsfUl;y rFkk ,ukfyVhdy ,fUtu dk vkfo"dkj fd;k A mUgksuas lu~ 1837 esa Lopkfyr dEI;wVj dh ifjdYiuk dh A ftlesa dzf=e Le`fr rFkk izksxzke ds vuq:i x.kuk djus dh {kerk gsk AfdUrq gFkuZ gksysfjFk us Hkh iw.kZ fd;kA
6.
iapdkMZ dh lgk;rk
ls lkjk dk;Z Lor% dh gh djus okyh bysDVªkfud Vscwys'ku e'khu dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k A vr% izFke ih<+hds dEI;wVj esa osD;we V~;wc ;k osD;we okYc dk iz;ksx gqvk A lu~ 1948 esa ckYo dh txg VkªftLVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxk A blls osD;we V~;wc esa gksus okys ';ksj esa iSnk gksus okyh xehZ ls futkr ik;k tk ldk A blesa de [kphZys rFkk de LFkku ?ksjus okys dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k laHko gks ldk A lu~ 1958 esa VªkftLVj ds LFkku ij flydkWu fpi ij bfUVxzsMªsV lfdZV dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa fd;k tkus yxk A blus dEI;wVj ds {ks= esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu rFkk dzkfUr yk nh A ftlls dEI;wVj dh rhljh ih<+h dgk x;kA flydksu fpi fufeZr dEI;wVj dk vkdkj vR;Ur NksVk gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa feuh dEI;wVj dgk tkus yxk A 2.5 dEI;wVj % ih<+h¼tujs’ku½ computer % Generations dEI;wVj rduhdh fodkl ds }kjk tks dEI;wVj ds dk;Z'kSyh rFkk {kerkvksa esa fodkl gqvk blds QyLo:i dEI;wVj fofHkUu ih<+h+;ksa rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh dEI;wVj dh {kerkvksa ds fuekZ.k dk vkfo"dkj gqvk A dk;Z {kerk ds bl fodkl dsk lu~ 1964 esa dEI;wVj tujs'ku dgk tkus yxk A 2.5.1 izFke ih<+h ¼QLVZ tujs'ku½%&¼ lu~ 1946 ls 1960½ bysVªkfud flxuy dks fu;af=r rFkk izlkfjr djus gsrq osD;we V~;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k A blesa Hkkjh Hkjde dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k gqvk fdUrq lcls igys mUgha ds }kjk dEI;wVj dh ifjdYiuk lkdkj gqbZ A ;s V~;wc ds vkdkj esa cM+s rFkk T;knk xehZ mRiUu djrs Fks rFkk muesa VwVQwV rFkk T;knk [kjkch gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh Fkh A vr% bldh x.kuk djus dh {kerk Hkh dkQh de Fkh A vr% izFke tujs'ku ds dEI;wVj T;knk LFkku ?ksjrs Fks rFkk T;knk xehZ mRiUu djrs Fks A 2.5.2 nwljh ih<+h¼lsds.M tujs'ku½%&¼ lu~ 1960 ls 1965½ & esa VªkftLVj dk vkfo"dkj gqvk A ftUgsa dEI;wVj fuekZ.k gsrq osD;we V~;wc ds LFkku ij mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxk A VªkftLVj dk vkdkj osD;we V~;wc dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk gksrk gS A ftlls dEI;wVj NksVs rFkk mudh x.kuk djus dh {kerk vf/kd rFkk rhoz xfr dh gksrh gS A lkFk gh lkFk ;s de xehZ mRlftZr djrs Fks A ftlls de fctyh dh [kir gksrh Fkh A vr% izFke ih<+h dh rqyuk esa budk vkdkj vf/kd NksVk rFkk de xehZ mRlftZr djus okys rFkk vf/kd dk;Z{kerk o rhoz xfr ls x.kuk djus esa l{ke Fks A 2.5.3 rhljh ih<+h ¼FkMZ tujs'ku½ ¼lu~ 1966 ls 1970½ & dEI;wVj ds vkdkj dks vkSj NksVk djus gsrq rduhdh iz;kl fd;s tkrs jgs ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i flydksu fpi ij bUVhxzsMªsV lfdZV fuekZ.k gksus ls dEI;wVj esa budk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxk A ftlds QyLo:i dEI;wVj vc rd ds lcls NksVs vkdkj dk rFkk de mtkZ mRlftZr djrk Fkk ,oa rhoz xfr ls x.kuk,W djus okys dEI;wVj dk de dher ij O;olkf;d mRiknu djuk laHko gks ldk A bldh xfr ekbdzks lsds.M ls uSuk lsds.M rd dh Fkh tks Leky Ldsy bUVhxzsMªsV lfdZV ds }kjk laHko gks ldk A
7.
2.5.4 pkSFkh ih<+h
¼QksFkZ tujs'ku½ ¼lu~ 1971 ls 1985½& rhljh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus rFkk dEI;wVj dk vkdkj vkSj NksVk djus ds fy, yktZ Ldsy bUVhxzsMªsV lfdZV dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k A blesa 30 gtkj ls T;knk bUVhxzsMªV lfdZV ,d cgqr gh NksVs flydkWu fpi esa lekfgr fd;k x;k A blls dEI;wVj dk vkdkj cgqr gh NksVk gks x;k blh rjg osjhyktZ Ldsy bUVhxzsMªsV lfdZV ftlesa ,d fpi esa feyh;u lfdZV rS;kj djuk laHko gqvk A ;s dEI;wVj cgqr de mtkZ mRlftZr djrs gS rFkk vc rd ds lcls NksVs vkdkj esa rFkk rhoz xfr okys dEI;wVj gS A 2.5.5 ikWpoh ih<+h¼fQQ~Fk tujs'ku½ ¼lu~ 1985 ls ½& ikWpoh ih<+h ds dEI;wVj ds fuekZ.k O;oLFkk vHkh ifjdYiuk Lrj ij gh gS A blesa mldk LOk;a dh bUVsyhtsUlh gksxh rFkk mlesa lkspus le>us dh 'kfDr Lo;a esa gksxh rFkk og vkokt+ dks igpku dj izfrfdz;k djsxk A ;s dEI;wVj ekuo ls Hkh T;knk l{ke gksxk A 2.6 dEI;wVj % fo'ks"krk,WW computer % Qualities 2.6.1 xfr& dEI;wVj dk cgqi;ksxh gksuk mldh xfr ij fuHkZj gS A bldh lgk;rk ls iyd >idrs gh vfr foLr`r x.kfr; x.kuk,W rFkk vU; dk;Z blds }kjk lEikfnr fd;s tk ldrs gS A vc dEI;wVj ds }kjk lsds.M ds ,d yk[kos fgLls ;kuh ekbdzks lsds.M ¼102 lsds.M½ls Hkh vf/kd xfr ls dk;Z djrs gS A dEI;wVj esuk lsds.M ;kuh 1010 ihdks lsds.M ;kuh 1012 lsds.M rd dk;Z djus okys dEI;wVj bl le; miyC/k gS A vr% lqij dEI;wVj ds }kjk ,d lkFk 30 yk[k vkijs'ku vFkok x.kfr; x.kuk,W ,d lkFk dh tk ldrh gS A 2.6.2 laxzg {kerk %&dEI;wVj ds }kjk MkVk ds 'kh?kz fo'ys"k.k ds dkj.k og dk;Z rst xfr ls dj ldrk gsS A vr% dEI;wVj dks 'kh?kz xfr ls MkVk iznku djkuk Hkh t:jh gS A bl gsrq dEI;wVj dks eseksjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlesa MkVk laxzfgr fd;s tk lds A bl gsrq dEI;wVj esa nks rjg dh eseksjh dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A bUVjuy eseskjh ;k eSu eseksjh vFkok izkbejh eseksjh ;s lsUVªy iszkslsflax ;wfuV dk fgLlk gksrh gS A blesa MkVk laxzg djus dh {kerk vfrU;wu gksrh gS tcfd lgk;d vFkok f}fr;d vFkok cká; eseksjh tSls& ykih] eSXusfVd Vsi] vkIVhdy fMLd] lhMh jkse vkfn ds }kjk dEI;wVj dks vfrfjDr laxzg {kerk iznku djkbZ tk ldrk gS A 2.6.3 'kq)rk%& dEI;wVªhd`r MkVk fo'ysf"kr ds ifj.kkeksa esa cgqr de =qfV;k gksus dh laHkouk gksrh gS pWwfd dEI;wVj ges'kk 'kq) ifj.kke iznku djkrk gsS A ekuoh; xyfr;ksa ds pyrs gh ifj.kke xyr gksrs gSs A vr% xyr MkVk izfof"V] xyr MkVk ifj.kke iznku djkrh gS A
8.
2.6.4
O;kidrk%&vkt dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx lexz fo'o esa O;kidrk ds lkFk fd;k tk jgk gS A O;kidrk%& dEI;wVj ds }kjk dk;ksZ dk lEiknu ,d fuf'pr dze esa fd;k tkrk gsS A ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i izR;sd dk;Z dks fuf'pr dze esa dEI;wVj }kjk lapkfyr djrs gS A 1- MkVk buiqV rFkk vkmViqV 2- MkVk LFkkukUrj.k 3- MkVk dh x.kfr; x.kuk 4- MkVk dh rqyukRed foospuk 5- MkVk ifj.kkeksa dh vkmViqV bdkbZ;ksa }kjk izkfIr 2.6.5 l{kerk%& ;fn ekuo }kjk dksbZ dk;Z lEikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rks vf/kd le; rd dk;Z djus ij mls FkdkoV dh otg ls xyfr;kW gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gS A blh rjg ls ;kaf=d e'khuksa esa xMcfM+;kW gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS A fdUrq dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gksus ls mlesa xyfr;kW rFkk xMcM+h gksus dh cgqr de laHkkouk jgrh gS ftlds QyLo:i fo'kq) ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gS A 2.6.6 Lopkyu %& dEI;wVj esa Lo;a dk fnekx ugha gksrk gsS vr% dk;ksZ ds lQyrkiwoZd lapkyu gsrq dEI;wVj izksxzke rFkk lkWVos;j}kjk dk;ksZ ds funsZ'k dEI;wVj dks fn;s tkrs gS A vr% bldh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj fcuk ekuoh; lgk;rk ds dfBu ls dfBu dk;ksZ dk lEiknu lapkyu Lo;a gh dj ysrk gS A 2.6.7 Hkko'kwU;%& dEI;wVj ,d e'khu gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mlds }kjk i{kikr dh laHkkouk ugha jgrh gS A 2.6.8 cqf) jfgr%& dEI;wVj ,d cqf) jfgr e'khu gS ;g dsoy mi;ksxdrkZ ;k euq"; }kjk rS;kj izksxzke ;k lkWVos;jds vk/kkj ij dk;ksZ dk lEiknu djrk gS Avr% blds }kjk lEikfnr dk;ksaZ esa fo'kq)rk gksrh gS A 2.7 dEI;wVj % bdkbZ;k computer % Elements buiqV bdkbZ ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa MkVk izzfo"V fd;k tk ldrk gS A buiqV bdkbZ dh lgk;rk ls MkVk dks izkd`frd Hkk"kk ls e'khuh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ esa igqWpk;k tkrk gS A dEI;wVj dh eq[; fuEu bdkbZ;kW gksrh gS A 2.7.1 laxzg %& buiqV bdkbZ }kjk izfo"B MkVk lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV eseskjh LVksj esa laxzfgr gks tkrh gS rkfd MkVk izkslsflax ds le; MkVk 'kh?kzrk ls iznku fd;s tk lds A 2.7.2 izkslsflax%& lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ds vFkZesfVd rFkk ykftdy ;wfuV ds }kjk laxzfgr MkVk dh x.kuk,W rFkk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS blds funsZ'kkuqlkj ifj.kke rS;kj fd;s tkrs gS A
9.
2.7.3
vkmViqV bdkbZ%& vkmViqV bdkbZ ds }kjk izkslsl fd;k x;k MkVk ds ifj.kkeksa dks vkmViqV bdkbZ }kjk iznf'kZr vFkok Hkstk tkrk gS A 2.7.4 lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV%& ;g ;wfuV mi;ksx lHkh dk;ksZ dks fu;af=r rFkk funsZf'kr djrk gS A rFkk MkVk dks eseksjh esa lgh LFkku ij laxzfgr djrk gS] funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djkuk] izkslsflax ds i'pkr~ MkVk vFkok lwpuk vkmViqV bdkbZ ds }kjk ifj.kkeksa dk izn'kZu laca/kh dk;ksZ dk fu;a=.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gS A Elements Of Computers 2.8 dEI;wVj % oxhZdj.k ¼dEI;wVj ds izdkj½ computer % Classification dEI;wVj ,d lax.kuk ;a= gS tks x.kuk,W ,oa rkfdZd <ax ls lwpukvksa dks rhoz xfr ls 'kq)rk ds lkFk foLr`r MkVk vFkok lwpuk dk laxzg djus esa l{ke gS A dEI;wVj dks mlds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd iwoZ esa dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS vr% bysDVªkfud dEI;wVj dks fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gsS& 2.8.1 ,ukykx dEI;wVj& bl dEI;wVj ds }kjk nks ek=kvksa ;k oLrq dh rqyuk djus gsrq bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A 2.8.2 fMftVy dEI;wVj%& bl dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx x.kfr; x.kukvksa gsrq vadksa dks okbujh ladsrksa esa cnydj x.kuk esa fd;k tkrk gS A 2.8.3 gkbZfczM dEI;wVj%& bl dEI;wVj esa ,ukykx rFkk fMthVy dEI;wVj nksuksa ds xq.k dk gksrk gSA tSls fd uke ls gh Kkr gksrk gS fd blesa nksuks fMthVy rFkk ,ukykx dEI;wVj ds xq.kksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS A lcls igys dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esa 1692 esa fCystikLdy }kjk ;kaf=dh dsydqysVj@dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k vesfjdu lsUll foHkkx dh x.kuk gsrq fd;k x;k rRi'pkr~ 1822 esa pkYl cscsl }kjk loZizFke fMthVy dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k dh ifjdYiuk dh A vr% fodkl ;kaf=d dEI;wVj ls fMthVy dEI;wVj dh vksj rd vusd ifjorZu rFkk vfr fodflr dEI;wVj dk fodkl gqvk A bl rjg dEI;wVj muds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS%&
10.
,ukykWx dEI;wVj vc
iz;ksx'kkyk esa gh mi;ksx gksrs gS A rFkk gkbfczM dEI;wVj ,ukykx rFkk fMthVy dEI;wVj ds xq.kksa dk lfeJ.k gS A vkt lHkh txg fn[kkbZ nsus okys tSls vkfQl] dk;kZy;ksa] iqLrdky;ksa] f'k{kk laLFkkuk]sa lkbcj dSQs] jsYos] gokbZ tgkt vkj{k.k esa fn[kkbZ fn;s tkus okys dEI;wVj lk/ kkj.kr% fMthVy dEI;wVj ds gh fofHkUu izdkj gksrs gS A vr% fMthVy dEI;wVj dks muds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSs & 1- ekbdzks dEI;wVj (Micro Computer) 2- feuh dEI;wVj (Mini Computer) 3- eSuQzse dEI;wVj (Main Fram Computer) 4- lqij dEI;wVj (Super Computer) ekbdzks dEI;wVj ds NksVs vkdkj ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx lHkh {ks=ksa esa cgqrk;r ls gks jgk gSA ;g T;knk O;ogkfjd rFkk bldh dher Hkh de gksus ds dkj.k bls U;wure nj ij dz; fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekbdzks dEI;wVj dks Lo:iksa rFkk xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu pkj izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS & 1- ijluy dEI;wVj (Personal Computer) 2- gkse dEI;wVj (Home Computer) 3- ,twds'kuy dEI;wVj (Educational Computer) 4- ysiVki dEI;wVj (Leptop Computer)
11.
orZeku le; esa
isUVh;e dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r esa gks jgk gSA D;ksafd bldh laxzg.k {kerk] xfr rFkk ekbdzks izkslslj vfr fodflr gS A vr% dEI;wVj dk egRo mldh eseksjh {kerk ekbdzks izkslslj dh xfr x.kuk djus ls gksrh gS A vr% blds mPp xq.koRrk ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx cgqrk;r esa gks jgk gS A 2.9 dEI;wVj % eq[; Hkkx computer % Main Parts dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS tks vUrjxkeh bdkbZZ dh lgk;rk ls MkVk xzg.k djrk gS rFkk MkVk dks lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ds dUVªksy ;wfuV] vFkZesfVd ykWthdy ;wfuV rFkk eseksjh ;wfuV }kjk izkslsl rFkk laxzfgr djrk gsS A fuxZr ;wfuV dh lgk;rk ls mn~ns';iw.kZ vFkok okafPNr lwpuk iznku djkrk gS A bls oSKkfud tkuoku U;wesu esa fuEu ekMy ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gS%& 1- vUrjxkeh bdkbZ 2- eseksjh 3- fuxZr bdkbZ dEI;wVj dks muds fofHkUu dk;ksZ ,oa vkarfjd lajpuk ds dkj.k fl)kUr :i esa fuEu foHkkxsak vFkok bdkbZZ;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS %& 1- vUrjxkehbdkbZZ 2- fuxZr bdkbZZ 3- lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZZ vr% mijksDr lHkh i`Fkd&i`Fkd bdkbZ;kW vkil esa feydj dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k djrs gS A Computer Peripherals
12.
2.9.1 vUrjxkeh bdkbZZ
%& vUrjxkeh bdkbZ ds vUrxZr os midj.k vkrs gS ftldh lgk;rk ls MkVk vFkok lwpuk] dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djkbZ tk ldrh gS A rFkk dEI;wVj vUrjxkeh bdkbZ ds ek/;e ls lwpuk vFkok MkVk dks izkd`frd Hkk"kk ls ckbujh vFkok e'khuh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj dEI;wVj Lohdk;Z ;ksX; vFkok le>us ;ksX; cuk nsrk gsS A dEI;wVj dh&cksMZ VkbZijkbZVj dh&cksMZ ds leku gksrk gS rFkk lokZf/kd izpfyr vUrjxkeh bdkbZ ds :i esa iz;qDr gksrk gS A blds vfrfjDr vU; vUrjxkeh bdkbZ tSls& iapdkMZ] iapdkMZ jhMj] eSxusfVd VsaSi] eSxusfVd Vsi Mkbo] Q~ykih fMLd] lhMh jkse] gVkus ;ksX; gkMZfMLd ¼fjewcsfcy gkMZfMLd½ iSu Mªkbo] ekWfuVj] Ldsuj] ekml] Tkk;fLVd] ykbZVisSu] ekbdzksQksu] xzkQhdy Vsfcy] VpLdzhu] Vªsdcky] ckjdksM] vkjvkbZ,QMh VSx bR;kfn dk fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij vko';drkuqlkj mi;ksx gksrk gS blds vfrfjDr lSalj] Vªktwlj vkfn dk mi;ksx vUrjxkeh bdkbZ ds :i esa gksrk gS A **vUrjxkeh midj.k izkd`frd Hkk"kk ds MkVk@lwpuk dks xzg.k dj okbujh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj dEI;wVj le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk esa cnydj MkVk@lwpuk dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djkrs gSA** 2.9.2 fuxZr bdkbZZ %& fuxZr bdkbZZ dh lgk;rk ls lwpuk@MkVk dEI;wVj ls izkIr e'khuh Hkk"kk@okbujh Hkk"kk dks izkd`fr@euq"; ds le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr dj mls mi;ksxdrkZ rd igqWpkus dk dk;Z fuxZr bdkbZZ }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A vr% fuxZr bdkbZZ dk dk;Z vUrjxkehbdkbZZ ds fcydqy foijhr gksrk gS A lk/kkj.kr% fuxZr bdkbZZ ds :i esa ekuhVj] ykbu fizUVj] Mªe fizUVj] pSu fizUVj] MkVesfVªDl fizUVj] Msth Oghy fizUVj] yst+j fizUVj] ckjdksM fizUVj] vkjvkbZ,QMh] ekbdzks Qksu] lkm.M ckDl] xzkQhdy fMLIys ;wfuV] IykVj] eSxusfVd fMLd] lhMhjkse vkfn fofHkUu izdkj ds fuxZr fMokbl dks dEI;wVj isjhfQju Hkh dgk tkrk gS A ;gkW bldk foLr`r foospu fuEukuqlkj fd;k tk jgk gSA fdUrq lHkh fuxZr bdkbZZ;ksa dk lkekU;r% ,d lkFk ugha gksrk gsS vr% vko';drkuqlkj fofHkUu LFkkuksa fofHkUu fofHkUu vUrjxkeh rFkk fuxZr bdkbZ;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsS A 2.9.3 dsUnzh; lalk/ku iz.kkyh ¼lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV½%& blds vUrxZr fuEu rhu bdkbZ;kW vkrh gS%& 1- dUVªksy bdkbZ 2- vFkZesfVd rFkk ykWthdy bdkbZ 3- eseksjh bdkbZ dEI;wVj vusd bdkb;ksa vFkok izHkkxksa ls cuk lEiw.kZ midj.k gS ftlesa lwpuk rFkk MkVk Hkstus okys midj.k buiqV fMokbl rFkk lwpuk dks izkIr dj mldh x.kuk rFkk rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k dh izfdz;k tgkW dh tkrh gS mls lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV dgrs gS A bl ;wfuV ds eq[; mijksDr rhu izHkkx gS A eseskjh og izHkkx gS ftlesa buiqV bdkbZ }kjk izkIr lwpuk@MkVk laxzfgr gksrs gS bl rjg ls dUVªksy ;wfuV dEI;wVj ds leLr izfdz;kvksa ij fu;a=.k djrk gS rFkk vFkZesfVd ,oa ykWthdy bdkbZ ds }kjk MkVk dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk rkfdZd x.kuk izkslsl dh tkrh gS rc blls izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks dEI;wVj vkmViqV bdkbZ ds }kjk mi;ksxdrkZ gsrq iznf'kZr@iznku djrk gSA
13.
vr% ;g lsUVªy
izkslsflax bdkbZ dh lS)kfUrd rFkk O;ogkfjd izfdz;k gS ftlds vk/kkj ij dEI;wVj esa dk;ksZ dk lapkyu gksrk gS A ;fn dEI;wVj ,d 'kjhj gS rks dEI;wVj dh lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV mldk efLr"d dgk tk ldrk gS A ftl rjg ls efLr"d 'kjhj ij fu;a=.k j[krk gS mlh rjg ls lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ dEI;wVj dh lHkh bdkbZ;ksa rFkk dk;kssZ ij fu;a=.k j[krk gS A rFkk fofHkUu bdkb;ksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gS A dUVªksy bdkbZ vkmViqV bdkbZ ls izkIr funsZ'kkuqlkj fofHkUu bdkb;ksa@midj.kksa dks dk;Z lEiknu gsrq funsZ'k nsrk gS A vr% lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ }kjk fuEu dk;ksZ dk lEiknu fd;k tkrk gS % 2.9.3.1 dUVªksy bdkbZ& fofHkUu izHkkxksa dks fu;af=r djrk gS 1- ;g fofHkUu izHkkxksa ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrk gS A 2- ;g MkVk@lwpuk LFkkukUrj.k dk dk;Z djrk gS A tSls buiqV bdkbZ ls izkIr MkVk@lwpuk dks izkIr dj mls eseksjh bdkbZ esa laxzfgr djrk gsS rFkk eseksjh ls vFkZesfVd rFkk ykWthdy bdkbZ esa MkVk@lwpuk LFkkukUrfjr djrk gS A rFkk izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks eseksjh o vkmViqV bdkbZ esa LFkkukUrfjr djrk gS A 3- ;g funsZ'kksa dks eseksjh esa laxzfgr dj mUgsa le>dj nwljs bdkbZ;ksa dks funsZf'kr djrk gS A vr% dUVªksy bdkbZ MkVk vFkok lwpuk ij dksbZ izfrdz;k ugha djrk gS A ;g dsoy MkVk rFkk funsZ'kksa ij fu;a=.k rFkk LFkkukUrj.k djrk gS A ,oa vU; bdkbZ;ksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djrk gS A lkekU;r% ;g buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ esa leUo; rFkk MkVk fu;a=.k LFkkukUrj.k dk dk;Z djrk gS A Computer System
14.
2.9.3.2
vFkZesfVd rFkk ykWthdy bdkbZ%& ;g buiqV bdkbZ }kjk izkIr MkVk vFkok lwpuk dks dUVªksy bdkbZ }kjk izkslsl djus gsrq vFkZesfVd rFkk ykWthdy bdkbZ esa LFkkukUrfjr djrk gsS A ;g dUVªksy bdkbZ dh ,d lgk;d bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gS A lkekU;r% blds }kjk fuEu izdkj ds dk;Z lEikfnr gksrs gS%& 1- vFkZesfVd xf.kfr; x.kuk,W &tSls vadksa dk tksaM+ ?kVkuk xquk Hkkx vkfn x.kuk,W djuk gS A 2- ykWthdy dk;Z@rkfdZd dk;Z%&blds }kjk ,.M vkSj ukV laca/kh rkfdZd dk;ksZ dk lEiknu fd;k tkrk gS A 3- MkVk izkslsl gksus ds i'pkr~ ifj.kke eq[; eseksjh esa Hkstus dk dk;Z djrk gsS rFkk og izfdz;k dks nksgjkus tSls vkfn dk;Z Hkh blh ds }kjk lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gsSs A Block Representation Of An ALU 2.9.3.3 eseksjh bdkbZ %& buiqV bdkbZ rFkk vFkZesfVd ykWthdy bdkbZ }kjk izkIr MkVk vFkok lwpuk dks lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ ds eq+[; eseksjh esa laxzfgr djus dk dk;Z djrk gsS A ;g lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ dh egRoiw.kZ bdkbZ gS A vr% ;g dEI;wVj dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gS A bls izkbejh eseksjh ;k bUVjuy eseksjh ;k eSu eseksjh Hkh dgk tkrk gsS A lk/kkj.kr% gkMZos;j dh Hkk"kk esa bls jse dgk tkrk gS A dEI;wVj dh laxzg djus dh {kerk blh ij fuHkZj djrh gsS A dEI;wVj eseksjh dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu lsyksa ls feydj gksrk gsS A lsy esa ,d fpUg ;k ,d okbujh fMftV dks laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gsS A bl rjg ls dbZ fpUg@v{kj feydj 'kCn ;k dbZ lsy feydj 'kCn dk fuekZ.k djrs gS ftls jftLVj dgrs gS A vr% eseksjh] jftLVj dk lewg vFkok laxBu gS A izR;sd lsy esa jhM] jkbV rFkk buiqV vkmViqV dh {kerk gksrh gS A dEI;wVj dh eseksjh dks muds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj ls nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS %& 2.9.3.3.1 esu eseksjh@bUVjuy eseksjh vFkok izkbejh eseksjh& ;g lhih;w dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gS ftlesa buiqV MkVk] funsZ'kksa] lwpuk rFkk ifj.kkeksa dk laxzg gksrk gS rFkk ;g jhM ,oa jkbV nksuksa izdkj dh eseksjh gksrh gS A bls eSu eseksjh blhfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g dEI;wVj ds vUnj lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ esa mifLFkr gksrh gS bls fuEu nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
15.
jkse (ROM)& jhM
vkWuyh eseksjh& tSlk uke ls gh Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g eseksjh dsoy i<+s tkus ;ksX; gS rFkk bl ij fy[kk ugha tk ldrk gS A dEI;wVj can djus ij Hkh ;g eseksjh u"V ugha gksrh gSA rFkk viuh iqjkuh voLFkk esa jgrh gS A blesa MkVk vFkok lwpuk,W dEI;wVj fuekZ.k ds le; gh fy[k nh tkrh gS A tks dEI;wVj ds ifjpkyu esa vfr mi;ksxh gksrh gS A jkse dks fuEu izdkjksa es oxhd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS& v- ekLdM izksxzke eseksjh& lwpuk@MkVk eseksjh dEI;wVj fuekZ.k ds le; gh laxzfgr dj nh tkrh gS rFkk buesa ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS A c- ;wtj izksxzke eseksjh%& bl eseksjh esa mi;ksxdrkZ viuh vko';drk vuqlkj MkVk vFkok lwpuk laxzfgr dj ldrk gS ftlesa dqN eseksjh esa viuh vko';drkuqlkj ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrk gS vr% bls feVus ;ksX; rFkk iqu% fy[ku ;ksX; eseskjh Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS A bl eseksjh ds fuEu izdkj gS%& ihjkse (PROM) %& ksxzkesfcy jhM vkWuyh eseksjh ;g ,d LFkkbZ eseksjh gS rFkk izksxzke %&iz }kjk fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z ds fy, fy[kh xbZ gksrh gS A bl eseksjh esa flQZ ,d gh ckj izksxzke@lwpuk fy[kh vFkok laxzfgr dh tk ldrh gS A bihjkse (EPROM) %& tscy izksxzkescy jhM vkWuyh eseksjh& bl eseksjh esa izksxzke dks feVkdj iqu% %&bjs fy[kk tk ldrk gsS A ;g ,d jhM vkWuyh eseksjh gS fdUrq iwoZ izksxzke dks feVkuk dfBu gS D;ksafd fpi dks enj cksMZ ls fudky dj mls vYVªokbysV fdj.kksa ds izHkko ls 15 ls 20 fefuV rd j[kdj gh gVk;k tk ldrk gS A blesa iwjh fpi dh eseksjh dks gh gVk fn;k tkrk gsS rFkk iqu% nksckjk vko';drkuqlkj izksxzke fy[kk tk ldrk gS A vr% ;g ,d lLrh eseksjh gS A bbjkse ;k b,ihjkse (EEROM) %& fDVªdyh bjstscy izksxzkescy jhMvkWu yh eseksjh vFkok bysDVªhdyh %&bys vYVªscy ;k izksxzkescy jhMvkWu yh eseksjh] eseksjh dks bjst djuk vFkok gVkuk ljy gS blesa fdlh vkbZlh dks enj cksMZ ls gVk;s fcuk gh ,d gkbZ oksYVst+ iYl dh lgk;rk ls izksxzke dks gVk;k tk ldrk gS A blls izksxzke ds fdlh fo'ks"k fgLls dks Hkh gVk;k vFkok ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jse (RAM) js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh %& js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh vFkok jhM jkbV eseksjh bl eseksjh dks dEI;wVj ds lapkyu ds le; lokZf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk bl eseksjh esa fy[kus rFkk i<+us nksuksa dk dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gS dEI;wVj esa tks buiqV bdkbZ ls MkVk@lwpuk izfo"V dh tkrh gS og lcls igys blh eseksjh esa laxzfgr gksrh gS A ;g ,d oksysVkby eseksjh gS vr% dEI;wVj vpkud can gksus ls blesa laxzfgr MkVk@lwpuk u"V gks tkrh gS A vr% bl eseksjh dks ckj&ckj fy[kus vFkok feVkus rFkk iqu% mi;ksx yk;k tk ldrk gS A bls fuEu nks Hkkxksa es oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS%&
16.
1 Mhjse (DRAM)
&Mk;usfed js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh& e esa laxzfgr MkVk@lwpuk cgqr FkksM+s le; h&Mhjs esa u"V gks tkrh gS rFkk blesa ,l jse dh rqyuk esa pkj xquk T;knk MsVk laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g eseksjh cgqr lLrh rFkk lqyHk gS A 2 ,l jse (SRAM) & LVsfVd js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh & &blesa MkVk rHkh rd laxzfgr jgrk gS tc rd dEI;wVj pkyw jgrk gS rFkk blesa lwpuk@MkVk laxzfgr djus dh {kerk de gksrh gS izk;% blesa Mhjse dh rqyuk esa pkSFkkbZ MkVk gh laxzfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS A ;g eseksjh Mhjse dh rqyuk esa vf/ kd eagxh gS A jse ds vU; izdkj%& bls blds mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS %& 1- ohfM;ksa jse& ;g eseskjh ohfM;ksa flLVe ds fy, rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrh gS D;ksafd blesa nks MsVk ikFk gksrs gS bl dkj.k ,d le; esa nks dk;ksZ dks fd;k tk ldrk gS A 2- dsl eseksjh& ekbZdzks izkslslj rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gS fdUrq eSu eseksjh tks xfr esa /kheh gksrh gS blesa nksuksa esa vlekurk gksrh gS bl vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, lhih;w rFkk eSu eseksjh ds chp dsl eseksjh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ;g eseksjh cgqr eagxh gksrh gS bl dk cgqr de mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A 2.9.3.3.2 lsds.Mjh eseksjh@,DlVuZy eseskjh vFkok vkWXtyjh eseksjh& izkbejh eseksjh ;k bUVjuy eseksjh dEI;wVj vFkok lhih;w esa lekfgr jgrh gS ftldh {kerk de rFkk eagxh gksus ds dkj.k vfrfjDr ckgj ls eseksjh mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gS ftles aMkVk@lwpuk dkQh le; rd laxzfgr rFkk lqjf{kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A lkekU;r% MkVk csdvi QkbYl blh esa laxzfgr dh tkrh gS A bls ,DlVuZy@cká; eseksjh@,Dtyjh eseksjh@vfrfjDr eseksjh vFkok f}fr;d eseksjh Hkh dgrs gS D;ksafd bls eSu eseksjh ds vfrfjDr czkg~; :i ls lwpuk@MkVk laxzfgr djus gsrq mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS A lsds.Mjh eseksjh fuEu Lo:iksa esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gS tSls& ykih fMLd] esXusfVd Vsi] eSXusfVd fMLd] esXusfVd Mªe] esXusfVd ccy] gkMZ fMLd] fjewoscy gkMZ fMLd] ds vfrfjDr vU; vkfIVdy eseksjh tSls& lhMh jkse@dkWEisDV fMLd] MCY;w vksj ,e @jkbVoUl jhM eSuh] ,sjstscy vkfIVdy fMLd] vkfn vU; lsds.Mjh eseksjh ftldk vc vf/kd mi;ksx ugha gks jgk gS os gS iap dkMZ Vsi iapdkMZ fMokbl vkfn A
17.
esXusfVd eseksjh%&
h%&MkVk@lwpuk dks LFkkbZ rkSj ij laxzfgr djus gsrq vktdy eSxusfVd eseksjh ds fofHkUu midj.kksa dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls gks jgk gS A ;s fdlh ,d ij vklkuh ls ?kqers gS rFkk blds MkVk@lwpuk LVksj djus dh {kerk lsds.Mjh eseksjh ls cgqr vf/kd gS rFkk bldh dher cgqr de gS bldk izpyu vf/ kd gS A blesa IykfLVd lrg ij eSXusfVd eVsfj;y tSls QSfjd vkDlkbM dk ysi dj eSXusfVd lrg cukbZ tkrh gS A ftl ij jhM jkbZV gsM dh lgk;rk ls ckbujh dksM esa MkVk@lwpuk vafdr dh tk ldrh gSA ¶ykih fMDl %& lwpuk@MkVk laxzfgr djus dk izpfyr rjhdk Q~ykih fMLd gS ;g ,d eSXusfVd inkFkZ rFkk IykfLVd ls cuh oxkZdkj bdkbZ gS A Q~ykih fMLd ,d iryh piVh oxkZdkj IykfLVd yphyh fMDl gksrh gS ftlds vUnj xksy pDrh IykfLVd fMLd gksrh gS ftlds ,d vFkok nksuksa rjQ eSXusfVd eVsfj;y dk ysi p<+k gksrk gS A ;g ,d flDosfUl;y ,Dlsl eseksjh rFkk js.Me ,Dlsl eseksjh nksuksa dh lqfo/kk blesa miyC/k jgrh gS D;ksafd lsDVj Vªsd dh lgk;rk ls jhMjkbZV gsM ,d Vªsd ls nwljs Vªsd esa js.Meyh 'kh?kzrk ls igqWp ldrk gS fdUrq tc ,d gh Vªsd ls lwpuk@MkVk izkIr djuk gksrk gS rks gsM flDosfUl;y pyrk gS bl dkj.k bls lseh js.Me eseksjh dh Hkh laKk nh xbZ gS A ykih fMLd dh lgk;rk ls ,d dEI;wVj ls MkVk nwljs dEI;wVj esa vFkok gkMZ fMLd ls Q~ykih esa ,oa ykih ls gkMZ fMLd esa vklkuh ls LFkkukUrfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS A vFkok dkih dj lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS A gkMZ fMLd%& ;g lsUVªy izkslsflax bdkbZ dEI;wVj esa lekfgr gksrh gS gkMZ fMLd tSls uke ls gh Kkr gksrk gS fd ;s gkMZ gksrh gS rFkk ,Y;wfefu;e ;k feJ /kkrq dh cuh gksrh gS A rFkk bldh nksuksa lrgksa ij eSXusfVd eVsfj;y tSls vk;ju vkDlkbM dh irZ p<+h gksrh gS ;g lhih;w vFkok dEI;wVj esa fQV gksrh gS A gkMZ fMLd dk vkdkj mldh laxzg {kerk }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS A lk/kkj.kr% ;g 20 ,e-ch- 40 ,e- ch-] 120 ,e-ch-]200,e-ch-] 500 ,ech- 40 thch] 80 thch] 120 thch] 240 th-ch-rFkk 480 th-ch- okyh cktkj esa miyC/k gS A ,d gkMZ fMLd iSd esa dkQh fMLd gksrs gS tks ,d lsUVªy 'kkWV ds lgkjs ,d ds mij ,d djhc vk/ks bap dh nwjh yxs gksrs gS rFkk blh lkWV ds }kjk fMLd ?kwerh gS rFkk izR;sd fMLd ds nksuksa lrgksa ds fy, vyx vyx jhM jkbV gsSM yxs gksrs gS A vkWfIVdy fMLd%& bls izpfyr Hkk"kk esa lhMh jkse ;kuh dEisDV fMLd jhM vkWuyh eseksjh Hkh dgk tkrk gS a ;g vkt vR;f/kd izpyu esa gS A rFkk iqLrdky;ksa@lwpuk dsUnzksa esa bldk mi;ksx cgqr vf/kd gks jgk gS A vkt ;s iqLrd rFkk i= if=dkvksa dh txg ys jgh gS A fMLd dh lrg ij vR;f/kd ifjorZu'khy inkFkZ dksVsV jgrs gS ftles alwpuk@MkVk dk laxzg djus gsrq ystj che dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A bldsa fy, ?kqerh gqbZ fMLd ystj che dh lgk;rk ls MkVk laxzfgr fd;k tkrk gsS A ;g LFkkbZ rFkk jhM vkWuyh eseksjh fMLd rFkk jh jkbVscy fMLd ds :i esas Hkh miyC/k gS A blds lafpr djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gS A rFkk blds laxzg esa de [kpZ rFkk rhoz xfr ls MkVk [kkstk tk ldrk gS A
18.
Computer Hard Disk 2.10
dEI;wVj % fofHkUu vUrjxkeh rFkk fuxZr bdkbZZ;kW Computer % Different Input And Out put Devices izR;sd O;fDr dks nwljs O;fDr dks vfHkO;fDr ;k Hkko izn'kZu gsrq Hkk"kk cksyh] ds fy, fdlh u fdlh ek/;e dh vko';drk gksrh gS A rHkh lapkj laHko gS A blh izdkj dEI;wVj rFkk euq"; ds chp lapkj gsrq fdlh u fdlh ek/;e dh vko';drk gskrh gS tks dEI;wVj mi;ksxdrkZ ds funsZ'kksa vFkok vkns'ksak] MkVk vFkok lwpuk dks dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djus ls vUrjxkeh ;qfDr;kW rFkk dEI;wVj }kjk lEikfnr MkVk ;k ifj.kke dks mi;ksxdrkZ dks miyC/k djkus gsrq ftu ;qfDr;ksa ;k ek/;eksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gS fuxZr ;qfDr;kW dgykrs gSA 2.10.1 dh cksMZ & dh cksMZ mi;ksxdrkZ ds funsZ'kksa @vkns'kksa vFkok MkVk@lwpuk dsk dEI;wVj esa izfo"B djkus dk egRoiw.kZ ek/;e gS rFkk lokZf/kd izpfyr gS blds }kjk lwpuk@MkVk lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV dks Hkstk tkrk gS A ;g VkbZijkbZVj ds dh&cksMZ dh rjg gksrk gsS rFkk blesa fdlh Hkk"kk ds lHkh v{kj vFkok vad lery IysV ij vafdr gksrs gS ftlls fdlh Hkh v{kj ds dh&cksMZ dks nckdj lwpuk ;k v{kj izfo"V fd;k tk ldrk gS A dh cksMZ dh iSuy ftldh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj esa MkVk izfo"V vFkok lapkfjr fd;k tkrk gsS A
19.
2.10.2 ekfuVj&ohfM;ksa fMLIys
;wfuV vFkok ekfuVj Vsyhfotu ds leku gksrk gS ftldh Ldzhu dk vkdkj fofHkUu :iksa esa fo|eku gS tSls 9 bap] 12 bap] 14 bap] 15 bap] 17 bap] 21 bap ,oa 29 bap ds vykok vU; cM+s ,oa NksVs vkdkjksa esa ekWuhVj miyC/k gksrk gS A ;g MkVk@VsDlj ;k fiDpj dks vius izdkj ds vk/kkj ij 'osr ';ke ;k jaxhu :i esa nf'kZr djrk gS A jaxhu ekuhVj] 'osr ';ke dh vis{kk eagxs gksrs gS ;g eq[;r% fueu izdkj ds gksrs gS%& 1- xz k fQd@ukuxz k fQd 2- eksuksdzkse@dyj fMLIys 3- ,UgkUlM xzkfQd ,MkIVj 4- ohfM;ksa xzkfQd 2.10.3 lhMh jkse%& lh-Mh-jkse ,d dsoy iBuh; eseksjh dk fMokbl gS bls bZ-vks- bjsty vkfIVdy Mªkbo ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gs ;g lwpuk dks dk;Z {ks= ls vfHkys[k djus ds fy, ystj rFkk bysDVªksesXusV nksuksa dk mi;ksx djrk gS A bldh lrg NksVs&NksVs esXusV ls xqFkh jgrh gS A bl dkMZfju dk mi;ksx fy[kus] feVkus o iqu% fy[kus esa gksrk gS A blds eq[; egRo fuEu gS%& 1- cgqr vf/kd LVksjst {kerk 2- bls Mªkbo ls fudkyk tk ldrk gS 3- bldk thou yEck gksrk gSs 4- ;g vf/kd fo'oluh; gS Input Output Interface
20.
2.10.4 esxusfVd Vsi@esxusfVd
Vsi Mªkbo%& ;g vkfM;ks rFkk fofM;ksa Vsi dh HkkWafr gksrs gS A ;g 13 fe-eh- bFkok 0-5 bap pkSM+h iryh IykfLVd dh gksrh gS ftldh yEckbZ lkekU;r% 800 ehVj ;k 2-500 QhV gksrh gS bl ij vk;ju vkDlkbM dh iryh ijr p<+h gksrh gS A ftlesa MkVk fjdkfMZx djus ds fy, fo|qr ?kqeko esa j[krs gS A ftlls pqEcdh; {ks= mRiUu gksus ls MkVk fjdkMZ gks tkrs gS A 2.10.5 iapdkMZ@iapdkMZ jhMj %& izkjaHk esa MkVk buiqV djkus dk egRoiw.kZ ek/;e FkkA iap dkMZ esa lwpuk@MkVk izfo"V djkus ds fy, okbujh i)fr 0 rFkk 1 okbujh fMftV dk mi;ksx djrs gSS blesa fNnz jgrs gS ftls 1 rFkk fcuk fNfnzr Hkkx dks 0 iznf'kZr dj lwpuk@MkVk dEI;wVj esa izfo"V djk;k tkrk gS A blesa 80 dkye rFkk 12 drkjs gksrh gS A dkye 0&9 vad fizUV jgrs gS blesa MkVk@lwpuk 0&1 ckbujh fMftV iap dkMZ e'khu ls dkMZ iap djrs gS A rFkk iap dkMZ jhMj ds }kjk bls i<+k tkrk gS 2.10.6 ekml%& ;g Hkh ,d vadu ;qfDr gsS mls gkFk esa idM+dj ,d lery lrg ij ?kqek;k tkrk gs bldh xfr ,oa fn'kk dks ekml ds mij mifLFkr nks jksVsfaVax Oghy lapkfyr djrs gS A tc mi;ksxdrkZ mls lery lrg ij xfreku djrk gS rks lh vkj Vh Ldzhu ij djlj mlh fn'kk esa tkrk gsSA mi;ksxdrkZ ekml ij mifLFkr cVuksa dks nckdj viuh bPNk@vko';drk dks dEI;wVj dks lEizsf"kr djrk gS A 2.10.6 Ldsuj%& Ldsuj ,d izdkj dh buiqV fMokbl gS ;g lwpuk dks izR;{k :i ls dEI;wVj esa Hkstus dh {kerk j[krk gS ;g 'kh?kz ,oa fcYdqy Bhd :i ls MkVk ,UVªh dk dk;Z djrk gS A Ldsuj ds nks egRoiw.kZ izdkj gksrs gS& 1- vkWfIVdy Ldsuj 2- esXusfVd bad djsDVj jhMj 2.10.6.1 vkfIVdy Ldsuj%& i<+h tkus okyh lwpukvksa dks isij ij vfHkysf[kr djus dh {kerk j[krk gS A blds }kjk Vafdr lwpuk vFkok L;kgh ;k isu ls vafdr lwpuk ;k ckj ds :i esa dksMsM lwpuk dh [kkst fd;k tkrk gS A lkekU;r% mi;ksx esa vkus okys vkfIVdy Ldszuj fuEukuqlkj gsS%& 2.10.6.1.1 vkfIVdy djsDVj jhMj¼vkslhvkj½%& ;g Vafdr v{kjksa dks Kku djrk gS vks lhvkj }kjk gtkjksa Vafdr vFkok fizVsM v{kjksa dks izfr lsds.M ls Ldzsu dj ldrk gS bldk mi;ksx vf/kd la[;k esa vkus okys vkosnuksa mRrj iqfLrdk dks tkWpus ,oa yksd mi;ksxh fcyksa dks Ldsu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 2.10.6.1.2 vkfIVdy ckjdksM jhMj ¼vkschlhvkj½%& bl fof/k esa lwpuk ckjdksM tks dkyh yEch rFkk pkSM+kbZ ;qDr rFkk muds chp dh nwjh rFkk la[;k rFkk J[kyk esa 10 fMftV dks iznf'kZr djrs gS A ftlesa izFke ikWp fMftV iznk;drkZ ;k cukus okyh daiuh dk ifjp; nsrs gsS ,oa f}rh; ikWp ckj O;fDrxr mRikn fo'ks"k dk ifjp; nsrs gS A ckjdksM dk mi;ksx izfrfnu mi;ksx esa vkus okyh oLrqvksa ,oa iqLrdks dh tkudkjh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A bls vkfIVdy ckjdksM jhMj ds ek/;e ls i<+k tkrk gS ,oa bls bysfDVªdYl iYl esa ifjofrZr dj dEI;wVj esa izfo"B dj izkslsflax ds fy, miyC/k djk;k tkrk gS A lkekU;r% mi;ksx esa vkus okyk ckjdksM tks miHkksDrk oLrqvksa ij layfXur gksrk gS ;wfuolZy izksMDV dksM dgyrk gS A
21.
2.10.6.1.3 vkfIVdy ekdZ
jhMj%& ;g bdkbZ fdlh dkxt ij iSu ;k isfUly ds fu'kkuksa dks tkWprh gS blesa fpfUgr dkxt ij tc izdk'k Mkyk tkrk gS rks izdk'k ifjofrZr gksdj ml tkWps x;s fpUg dks n'kkZrk gS A ;g rduhdh dsoy Nis dkMZ ;k QkeZ ij mifLFkr fuf'pr LFkkuksa ij cus fMCcks ,oa isfUly ls Hkjs fMCcksa dks tkWprh gS A lkekU;r% bldk mi;ksx izfr;ksfxrk ijh{kk ds vkUlj 'khV dks psd djus esa fd;k tkrk gS A 2.10.6.2 esXusfVd bad djsDVj jhMj ¼,evkbZlhvkj½& dk mi;ksx cgq/kk cSsadksa esa vf/kdrj cSad psd] fMikftV QkeZ] cSad MªkV vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gS A bu pSd fMikftV QkeZ MªkV vkfn esa v{kj fy[kus ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh esXusfVd L;kgh dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A ftls ;g Ldsu dj i<+ ldrk gS A rFkk lwpuk dEI;wVj dks ns ldrk gS A 2.10.7 ykbZV isu%& ykbV isu ,d vadu ;qfDr gS ;g izdk'k ds izfr laosnu'khy gksrk gSs tc ykbV isu dh uksd Ldzhu dks Li'kZ djrh gS rks ;g ln`';ksa dks lhvkj Vh Ldzhu ij O;ofLFkr djus dh {kerk j[krk gS A tc isu dh uksd Ldzhu dh lrg ij xfreku fLFkfr esa gksrh gS rks blds QksVkslsy laosnu rUrq Ldzhu ls vk jgs izdk'k dks [kkst dj blls vkus okys flaxuy dks izkslslj esa Hkst nsrs gS A ykbZV isu dk mi;ksx xzkfQd dk;ksZ esa fd;k tkrk gsS A 2.10.8 tkW; fLVd%& ;g [ksy [ksyus esa vkus okyh fMokbl gS A ftlds ek/;e ls Ldzhu ij mifLFkr vkd`fr ;k QksVks dks mlds gsafMy ls xfreku fd;k tk ldrk gS A 2.10.9 xzkfQd Vsfcy%& xzkfQd Vsfcy ,d Mªkbax lrg gksrh gS ftlds mij isu ;k ekml gksrk gs A Mªkbax lrg ls irys rkjksa dk tky fcNk gksrk g bl ij isu ;k ekml pykus ls dEI;wVj }kjk xzg.k dj fy;s tkrs gS A 2.10.10 Vªsdcky%& ;g ekml dk gh ,d ifjofrZr :i gS ;g Hkh ,d vadu ;qfDr gS A blesa ,d ckWy@xasn jksVsV gksrh gS ,oa bldh xfr ,oa fn'kk dks fu;af=r djrh gS A 2.10.11 fizUVj& fizUV ds :i esa fuxZr dh izkfIr dk;ksZ esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsS A 2.10.11.1 badtsM fizUVj%& bl fizzUVj esa MkVessfVªDl dh rjg NksVh&NksVh fius ugha gksrh gS cfYd fiuksa dh txg ij NksVs NksVs uksty yxs gksrs gsS A dEI;wVj ls izkIr ladsrksa ds vk/kj ij ukstyksa ls fudyh L;kgh pkgs x;s v{kj dh vkd`fr cu tkrh gS A 2.10.11.1 MkVesfVªd fizUVj%& bl fizUVj esa v{kj dks dkxt esa Nkus ds fy, L;kgh ;qDr Qhrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsS A dkxt ij v{kj dh izfr mHkjus ds fy, v{kj ds ihNs ls izgkj fd;k tkrk gS ftlls v{kj fQrs esa mifLFkr L;kgh ds dkj.k dkxt ij mHkj tkrk gS A L;kgh ;qDr Qhrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsS A dkxt ij v{kj dh izfr mHkjus ds fy, v{kj
22.
2.10.12 Vp Ldzhu%&
,d rjhds dh laosfnr VfeZuy gksrk gsS blds lkFk layXu dhcksMZ ds }kjk MsVk dEI;wVj es izfo"B fd;k tkrk gS vFkok maxfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls Ldzhu dks Nwus ij MkVk dEI;wVj }kjk xzg.k dj fy;k tkrk gS tks mifLFkr cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa ls izR;sd }kjk vyx vyx izfof"V gksrh gS A 2.10.13 xzkQIykWVj %& xzkQIykWVj ds }kjk xzke ,oa fMtkbuj fd izfrfyfi izkIr dh tk ldrh gS A ;g xzke fMtkbuksa ,oa vU; vkd`fr;ksa dks lVhd rjhds ls Nki ldrh gS A vFkkZr mPp dksfV dh fMtkbu ,oa vkd`fr;ksa dh ifj'kq)rk ds fy, dEI;wVj fujxe dh bl bdkbZZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A ;g bap ds gtkjos Hkkx dks Hkh lQkbZ ls Nki ldrk gS A 2.11 dEI;wVj os;j computer Ware dEI;wVj flLVe dk laxBu fofHkUu dEI;wVj bdkbZ;ksa ls gksrk gS eq[;r% dEI;wVj os;j ds }kjk dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k rFkk lapkyu gksrk gS blesa igyk dEI;wVj midj.k@e'khu ftlds }kjk dk;Z laikfnr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk HkkSfrd Lo:i esa ns[kk vFkok Nwvk tk ldrk gS gkMZos;j dgykrk gS A dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dks dk;Z lEiknu djus ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk lewg ftlls dk;ksZ rFkk ifj.kkeksa dh lgh izkfIr gsk ldsA dEI;wVj izksxzkeksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS A vr% bu funsZ'kksa ds lewg dks gh dEI;wVj izksxzke dgrs gS A tc ;s izksxzke fdlh fof'k"V dk;ksZ ds lEiknu rFkk lapkyu ds fy, fofHkUu izksxzke laxfBr gksdj dk;ksZ dk lapkyu rFkk lEiknu djrs gS og lkWVos;j dgykrk gS A tSls& cSafdax lkWVos;j ] jsYos vkj{k.k lkVos;j] iqLrdky; lkWVos;j vkfn A tc dEI;wVj lkWVos;j ds funsZ'kksa }kjk dk;Z lEikfnr dj tks ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gS vFkok izkjafHkd MkVk izkslsflax gsrq mls laxzfgr @lafpr djus gsrq dEI;wVj LVksjst@eseksjh bdkbZ;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls ykih fMLd] gkMZ fMLd] vkfIVdy fMLd] iSu Mªkbo vkfn QeZos;j dgykrk gS A bUgsa QeZos;j ds :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS A dEI;wVj flLVe ,d ,slk flLVe gS ftlesa fofHkUu bdkb;kW feydj dEI;wVj dk lEiknu rFkk lapkyu dj bfPNr ifj.kkeksa dh izkfIr gksrh gS A dEI;wVj flLVe dgykrk gS A vr% dEI;wVj flLVe ftlesa fofHkUu bdkb;kW feydj dEI;wVj dk lEiknu djrk gS A bl izdkj ls dEI;wVj os;j dks fuEu bdkbZ;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%& 1- gkMZ os;j 2- lkW V os ; j 3- QeZ o s ; j 4- g~;weu os;j %&dEI;wVj ds os lHkh ;kaf=d fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkfud bdkbZ;kW ftUgsa ns[kk ,oa Nqvk tk 2.11.1 gkMZ os;j %& ldrk gS dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS A dEI;wVj dh leLr buiqV rFkk vkmViqV bdkbZ;kW dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dh Js.kh esa vkrs gS A LVs.MMZ fMokbl tSls&dhcksMZ] ykih Mªkbo] gkMZ fMLd] fizUVj vkfn blds vUrxZr os fMokbl ftUgas dEI;wVj ls tksM+k tkrk gS iSjhQsjy fMokbl nksuksa dks lfEefyr :i ls dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dgrs gS A
23.
dEI;wVj ij funsZf'kr
djus rFkk fu;af=r@lEikfnr djus okys O;fDr vUrr% dEI;wVj os;j ds fcuk dEI;wVj ux.; gS A dEI;wVj gkMZos;j ds vUrxZr buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk lhih;w vkfn ;s lHkh midj.k vkrs gS tks HkkSfrd :i esa gksrs gS A vr% dEI;wVj flLVe os lHkh HkkSfrd midj.k@e'khu buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk lhih;w ]ekuhVj] fizUVj] vU; dEI;wVj iSsjhQsjy vkfn blds vUrxZr os lHkh fof/k;kW@ dk;Ziz.kkfy;kW vkrs gS tks dEI;wVj midj.kksa ds fuekZ.k] j[k&j[kko rFkk lq/kkjus laca/kh dk;Z dks dEI;wVj gkMZos;j dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gS A blds vUrxZr fuEu dk;ksZ dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gS& 1- dEI;wVj fuekZ.k ¼eS U ;w Q s D pfja x ½ 2- dEI;wVj ladyu ¼vls E cfya x ½ 3- dEI;w V j j[k&j[kko ¼eS f UVul½ 4- dEI;wVj lq/kkj ¼fjisfjax½ 2.11.2 lkWVos;j%& lkWVos;jmu izksxzkeksa dks dgk tkrk gS ftldks ge gkMZos;j ij lapkfyr djrs gsS A vr% dEI;wVj ds lHkh dk;Z dEI;wVj lkWVos;j dh lgk;rk ls lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gS A lkWVos;j dks eq[; :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS%& 1- j&flLVe lkWVos;jtks dEI;wVj dks vkijsV djrk gS ;s lkWVos;jgh gkMZos;j ds ek/ flLVe lkWVos;j& ;e ls dk;Z lEikfnr fd;s tkrs gS vr% vkijsfVax flLVe dEikbyj vkfn lkWVos;jds eq[; vax gSA 2- ,Iyhds'ku lkWVos;j & ,Iyhds'ku lkWVos;j ,sls izksxzkeksa dks dgk tkrk gS tks nSfud dk;ksZ rFkk fof'k"B dk;ksZ tSls& cSafdax lkWVos;j ] jsYos vkj{k.k lkWVos;j ] iqLrdky; lkWVos;j ] vkfn izeq[k gSA Categories Of Software
24.
2.11.3 QeZ os;j%&
dEI;wVj ,d bysDVªkfud e'khu gS tks buiqV bdkbZ dh lgk;rk ls MkVk laxzfgr rFkk MkVk izkslsl@x.kuk dj vkmViqV bdkbZ dh lgk;rk ls mn~ns';iw.kZ MkVk @lwpukvksa ifj.kkeksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gS A vkt dEI;wVj thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa blds xq.kksa dks ns[krs gq, cgqrk;r esa mi;ksx gks jgk gS A dEI;wVj dk lQy lapkyu ,oa izca/kuds fy, dEI;wVj os;j vR;Ur vko';d gS A tc dEI;wVj ls ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gS mls laxzfgr@lafpr djus gsrq dEI;wVj LVksjst@eseksjh bdkbZ;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls ykih fMLd] gkMZ fMLd] vkfIVdy fMLd] iSu Mªkbo vkfn QeZos;j dgykrk gS A 2.11.4 ykbZQ os;j@g~;weu os;j%& dEI;wVj dk lapkyu rFkk fu;a=.k O;fDr }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gS A dEI;wVj ds ifj.kkeksa dk izfrQy dh izkfIr ls euq"; dks bfPNr ifj.kkesak dh izkfIr gksrh gS A vr% blds vUrxZr os lHkh O;fDr vkrs gS tks dEI;wVj dk;ksZ esa layXu O;fDr;ks@euq";ksa tSl& MkVk ,UVªh vkijsVj@flLVe a s ,ukfyLV] dEI;wVj izksxzkej vkfn dks g~;weu os;j vFkok ykbQ os;j dh laKk nh xbZ gS A 2.12 iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsok, Computer services in the libraries iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku rFkk usVofdZx dh lgk;rk ls 'kh?kzrk] ls vkfFkZd {kerk ds lkFk] vknku iznku rFkk lEiszs"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS vr% iqLrdky; ds nSfud dk;ksZ rFkk lsokvksa dks dEI;wVªhd`r djuk vko';d gSA dEI;wVj vkVkses'ku usVodZ dh lgk;rk ls fjlksZl 'ks;fjax] baVj ykbczsjh yksu dksvkijsfVo vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gS vkVkses'ku iqLrdky; ds vk/kqfudj.k djus dk ,d fo'kky izksxzke gS ftlds QyLo:i izksS|ksfxdh esa dzkfUr vk jgh gS A vkt vkVkses'ku vkSj usVofdZx dh lgk;rk es iqLrdky; gkmlfdfiax odZ rFkk iqLrdky; lfoZl esa tSls dsVykfaxax] MkVk csl lfoZl] MkD;wesUVs'ku] ljD;wys'ku] bMsfDlax] fjlkZsl 'ks;fjax] ctV fu;a=.k] iqLrd p;u] iqLrd dz;] lanHkZ lsok] xzaFkkoyh lsok] iqLrdky; fjiksZV vkfn dk;ksZ dks 'kh?kzrk rFkk cgqvk;keh Lo:i esa lEikafnr dju dh lqfo/kk iznku djkrk gSA iqLrdky; vkVkses'ku oxhZdj.k]lwphdj.k] fo"k; lwph] lanHkZ lsok ds fy, ekud fu/kkZfjr djrk gS A rFkk buViqV QkesZV] ,Dlpsat QkesZV] fuxZr QkesZV esa lekurk ds QyLo:i iqLrdky;ksa ds dk;ksZ ds laiknu esa lekurk vkrh gSA dEI;wVj dk O;ogkfjd mi;ksx iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk izksS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa cgqr rhozrk ds lkFk gqvk gS A vkVkses'ku ds }kjk dEI;wVj gkMos;j rFkk lkWVos;j rFkk g~;weuos;j esa leUo; LFkkfir djds rduhdh dk;ksZ ] {kf.kd n{krk rho`rk rFkk 'kh?kzrk ls lEikfnr rFkk lEizs"k.k djrk gS rFkk dk;ksZ dk lek;kstu rFkk lEizs"k.k djrk gS rFkk vkVkses'ku ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A vr% izHkko'kkyh vkVkses'ku dk eq[; mn~ns'; iqLrdky; dks dEI;wVªhd`r rFkk usVofdZx dj iqLrdky; lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vkVkses'ku ds }kjk fccfy;ksxzkfQd bUQkjes'ku ls e'khu lhMsfcy QkeZ esa fufeZr djuk lxzfgr djuk forfjr djkuk blds fy, gkMZos;j]lkVo;j VsyhdE;wfuds'ku e'khu lwpuk lapkj ds fy, 'kq) ykbczsjh vkVkses'ku rFkk usVod ls e'khu jhMscy dsVykx lpZ@[kkst C&D ROM lh-Mh-jkse MsVkcsl ,Dlsl ds fy, iqLrdky; dk dEI;wVªhd`r gksuk vko';d gSA
25.
2.13
lkja k 'k • fo'o dk izFke x.kd csEchyksu vkSj xzhl lqdkjkfrl ufn;ksa ds fdukjs clh ekuo lH;rkvksa ds ikl bZlkiwoZ lu~ 3200 esa cuk;k x;k ;g ljy ;a= feV~Vh ds xksy VqdM+ksa esa Nsn djds ydM+h dh frfy;ksa esa Mkydj cuk;k x;k Fkk A bl ;a= ls la[;kvksa dks tksM+uk ?kVkuk cgqr vklku Fkk A rn~ijkUr tkiku rFkk phu esa lu~ 2600 blkiwoZ bl izdkj ds ;a= dk mi;ksx feyrk gS ftls phu esa ,csdl dgk tkrk Fkk A lu~ 1524 ds vkl ikl lsdjkseu rRoosRrk oks;sfFk;l us ,d x.kuk pdz dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftlds }kjk dfBu x.kuk,W djuk vklku Fkk A • vkVkses'ku dk egRo iqLrdky; rFkk lwpuk dsUnzksa ds izfr fnu ds dk;ksZ esa bldh egRrk dks ns[krs gq, djhc djhc lHkh dk;ksa esa bldk gLr{ksi c<+ x;k gS A vkVkses'ku dk mi;ksx dEI;wVj }kjk izfr fnu dk;ksZ esa xfr 'kq)rk] Lopkyu rFkk laxzg.k vkfn xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh bldk egRo vkSj c<+ tkrk gS A • dEI;wVj dh fo'ks"krk,W xfr] laxzg {kerk] 'kq)rk] O;kidrk] l{kerk] Lopkyu] Hkko'kwU;] cqf) jfgr gS A • dEI;wVj dh bdkbZ;k buiqV bdkbZ] vkmViqV bdkbZZ] laxzg] izkslsflax] lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV] buiqV bdkbZ ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa MkVk izzfo"V fd;k tk ldrk gS A buiqV bdkbZ }kjk izfo"B MkVk lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV eseskjh LVksj esa laxzfgr gks tkrh gS lsUVªy izkslsflax ;wfuV ds vFkZesfVd rFkk ykftdy ;wfuV ds }kjk laxzfgr MkVk dh x.kuk,W rFkk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS vkmViqV bdkbZ ds }kjk izkslsl fd;k x;k MkVk ds ifj.kkeksa dks vkmViqV bdkbZ }kjk Hkstk tkrk gSA • dEI;wVj oxhZdj.k¼dEI;wVj ds izdkj½ dEI;wVj dks mlds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu izdkjksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS ,ukykx dEI;wVj% bl dEI;wVj ds }kjk nks ek=kvksa ;k oLrq dh rqyuk djus gsrq bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A fMftVy dEI;wVj%bl dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx x.kfr; x.kukvksa gsrq vadksa dks okbujh ladsrksa esa cnydj x.kuk esa fd;k tkrk gS A gkbZfczM dEI;wVj% bl dEI;wVj esa ,ukykx rFkk fMthVy dEI;wVj nksuksa ds xq.k dk gksrk gSA tSls fd uke ls gh Kkr gksrk gS fd blesa nksuks fMthVy rFkk ,ukykx dEI;wVj ds xq.kksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS A • dEI;wVj flLVe ,d ,slk flLVe gS ftlesa fofHkUu bdkb;kW gkMZ os;j ] lkWVos;j ] QeZos;j] g~;weu os;j feydj dEI;wVj dk lEiknu rFkk lapkyu dj bfPNr ifj.kkeksa dh izkfIr gksrh gS A • iqLrdky; esa dEI;wVj lsok, %vkVkses'ku vkSj usVofdZx dh lgk;rk es iqLrdky; gkmlfdfiax odZ rFkk iqLrdky; lfoZl esa tSls dsVykfaxax] MkVk csl lfoZl] MkD;wesUVs'ku] ljD;wys'ku] bMsfDlax] fjlkZsl 'ks;fjax] ctV fu;a=.k] iqLrd p;u] iqLrd dz;] lanHkZ lsok] xzaFkkoyh lsok] iqLrdky; fjiksZV vkfn dk;ksZ dks 'kh?kzrk rFkk cgqv;keh Lo:i esa lEikafnr dju dh lqfo/kk iznku djkrk gSA
26.
3.15
Lo tkWap vH;kl Check Your Progress 1& dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,s fofHkUu ih<+h;ksa dk mYys[k djsa A 2& dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa A 3& dEI;wVj dh fofHkUu bdkbZ;ksa dk lfp= o.kZu djsa A 4& dEI;wVj dh oxhZd`r dj fofHkUu izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsa A 5& dEI;wVj dh fofHkUUk buiqV vkmviqV bdkbz;ksa dk o.kZu djsa A 6& laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksa& 1& gkbfczM dEi;wVj 2& tkWa; fLVd 3& Vsªd ckWay 4& gkMZfMLd 5& Vp Ldzhu
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