1. IN GOD’S HANDS
Isaiah 41:10
10 Fear thou not; for I am with thee:
be not dismayed; for I am thy God:
I will strengthen thee; yea, I will help
thee;
yea, I will uphold thee with the right hand
of my righteousness.

2. RESEARCH
MAIN STEPS TO DEVELOP IT

3. RESEARCH : What is it?
 "Research is a process of steps used to collect and
analyze information to increase our understanding of
a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: Pose a
question, collect data to answer the question, and
present an answer to the question”.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, conducting, and
evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River:
Pearson.

4. Steps to Develop a Research
 Identification of Research Problem. (1)
 What is a problem?
 What we do with problems?
 A research problem is an issue or concern that
investigators present and justify in a research project
to find a solution for it.

5. Steps to Develop a Research
 Literature Review. (2)
 A careful examination of a body of literature pointing
toward the answer to your research question.
 Finding too much? If you find so many citations that there
is no end in sight to the number of references you could
use, its time to re-evaluate your question. It's too broad.
 Finding too little? On the other hand, if you can't find
much of anything, ask yourself if you're looking in the right
area. Your topic is too narrow.

6. Steps to Develop a Research
 Specify the purpose or objective of research. (3)
 It should explain the final conclusions that the
research study hopes to reach.
 Start with a general purpose, then move to specific
purposes.

7. Null Hypothesis
 It is the contrary hypothesis of the research.
E.G.
 Teenagers do not use social networks to find a couple.
 Teenagers use social networks to find a couple.

8. Steps to Develop a Research
 Determine specific research questions or hypotheses. (4)
 “A research question is essentially a hypothesis asked in
the form of a question”.
 “An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is
suggested by knowledge or observation but has not, yet,
been proved or disproved.” (Macleod Clark J and Hockey L
1981)
 A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is
reduced to hypothesis form.

9. Steps to Develop a Research
 Data collection. (5)
 The process of gathering and measuring information
on variables of interest, in an established systematic
fashion that enables one to answer stated research
questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

10. Steps to Develop a Research
 Consequences from improperly collected data include:
 Inability to answer research questions accurately
 Inability to repeat and validate the study
 Distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
 Misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
 Compromising decisions for public policy
 Causing harm to human participants and animal subjects

11. Steps to Develop a Research
 Approaches that can preserve data integrity and
ensure the scientific validity of study results are:
 Quality assurance - activities that take
place before data collection begins
 Quality control - activities that take
place during and after data collection
Each approach is implemented at different points in the research timeline
(Whitney, Lind, Wahl, 1998)

12. Steps to Develop a Research
 Analyzing and interpreting the data. (6)
 Data analysis and interpretation is the process of
assigning meaning to the collected information and
determining the conclusions, significance, and
implications of the findings.

13. Analysis of NUMERICAL (QUANTITATIVE) DATA
 Represented in mathematical terms and include:
 Mean: represents a numerical average for a set of
responses.
 Standard deviation: represents the distribution of the
responses around the mean. It indicates the degree of
consistency among the responses.
 Frequency distribution: indicates the frequency of
each response.

14. Analysis of NARRATIVE (QUALITATIVE) DATA
 Conducted by organizing the data into common themes or
categories.
 Strategies to analyze qualitative data:
 Focus groups and Interviews: read and organize the data from
each question separately. Group the comments by themes,
topics, or categories.
 Documents: Code content and characteristics of documents
into various categories
 Observations: Code patterns from the focus of the observation

15. Effective Data Analysis
 Effective data analysis involves:
 keeping your eye on the main game
 managing your data
 engaging in the actual process of quantitative and / or
qualitative analysis
 presenting your data
 drawing meaningful and logical conclusions

16. Steps to Develop a Research
 Reporting and evaluating research. (7)
 Organization
 Presentation

17. Steps to Develop a Research
 Communicating the research findings and, possibly,
recommendations. (8)
 The steps generally represent the overall process,
however they should be viewed as an ever-changing
iterative process rather than a fixed set of steps.
 Gauch, Jr., H.G. (2003). Scientific method in practice. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press. 2003 ISBN 0-521-81689-0 (page 3

18. IN CONCLUSION
 "... no researcher should accept any one or two tests
as definitive. It is only when a range of tests are
consistent over many kinds of data, researchers, and
methods can one have confidence in the results.“
 Rudolph Rummel. Questions About Freedom, Democide, And War

19. Workshop
 Go to the library and find out information about the
different types of researches and write a summary
explaining each one.
 Discuss in class.