http://businessculture.org - Find out about business culture in Estonia. This guide is part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project which examined European Business culture in 31 countries looking at business communication, business etiquette, business meeting etiquette, internship and student placements, cost of living, work-life-balance and social media guide.
March 2024 Directors Meeting, Division of Student Affairs and Academic Support
Estonian business culture guide - Learn about Estonia
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businessculture.org
Business Culture
in Estonia
http://businessculture.org/easterneurope/estonia/
Content Template
businessculture.org
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication reflects the view only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
Business
Culture
in
Estonia
.......................................................................................................
4
Xenophobia: being a foreigner in Estonia ........................................................................................... 5
International business in Estonia .......................................................................................................... 5
General Education ............................................................................................................................... 6
Educational standards .......................................................................................................................... 7
Other Issues such as transportation infrastructure ............................................................................... 7
Cultural taboos ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Business
Communication
..........................................................................................................
9
Face-to-face communication ................................................................................................................ 9
Language Matters................................................................................................................................. 9
Business Relationships ........................................................................................................................ 10
Making contact ................................................................................................................................... 10
Personal Titles .................................................................................................................................... 10
Business
Etiquette
..................................................................................................................
11
Corporate Social Responsibility ......................................................................................................... 11
Punctuality .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Gift giving ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Business Dress Code ........................................................................................................................... 12
Bribery and corruption ....................................................................................................................... 12
Business
Meeting
Etiquette
....................................................................................................
13
Importance of Business Meeting ........................................................................................................ 13
Business Meeting planning ................................................................................................................. 14
Negotiation process ............................................................................................................................ 14
Meeting protocol ................................................................................................................................ 15
How to Run a Business Meeting ........................................................................................................ 15
Follow up letter after meeting with client ........................................................................................... 16
Business meals .................................................................................................................................... 16
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Business Meeting tips.......................................................................................................................... 16
Internship
and
placement
.......................................................................................................
18
Work experience................................................................................................................................. 18
Internship and Placement advice ....................................................................................................... 18
Social security and European health insurance ................................................................................. 18
Safety .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Do I need a visa? ................................................................................................................................ 19
Internship and placement salary ........................................................................................................ 20
Internship and placement accommodation ........................................................................................ 20
Cost
of
Living
...........................................................................................................................
21
Money and Banking ........................................................................................................................... 21
Traveling costs .................................................................................................................................... 21
Work-‐life
Balance
....................................................................................................................
23
National holidays ................................................................................................................................ 23
Working hours .................................................................................................................................... 24
Working culture .................................................................................................................................. 24
Health insurance ................................................................................................................................ 24
Social
Media
Guide
.................................................................................................................
26
Private individuals .............................................................................................................................. 26
SMEs .................................................................................................................................................. 26
Search and Social Media Marketing for International Business ........................................................ 27
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Business
Culture
in
Estonia
Did you know about business culture in Estonia? Watch this video animation to find out some
interesting facts:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=V7DpHzLquhI
Estonia is officially referred to as “Eesti Vabariik”, or the Republic of Estonia. As with the
other two Baltic countries (Latvia and Lithuania), it is a relatively small country in the
northern part of Europe. Estonia is strategically placed in the business corridor, between the
Scandinavian countries (EU) and other eastern European countries, including Russia. Estonia
shares a border with fellow Baltic state Latvia to the south, (339km) and Russia to the east,
(229km). In the north, it is separated from Finland by the Gulf of Finland and in the west,
from Sweden by the Baltic Sea. The Estonian capital city is Tallinn.
Estonia has 109 languages as mother tongues, Estonian being the majority language, and
official language of the country, spoken by 67.3% of the population, followed by Russian
(29.7%). Of the other 107 mother tongues, the most numerous are Ukrainian, Belarusian,
Finnish, Latvian and Lithuanian. According to the word bank, the total population of Estonia
in 2011 was about 1.3 million., The main religions include Evangelical Lutheran and
Orthodox, although religion plays only a small part in society..
Estonia is divided into rural municipalities, counties & towns. The regional level of local
government includes 15 counties as well as 6 republican cities: Tartu, Kohtla-Järve, Narva,
Pärnu, Sillamäe and Tallinn.
Estonians have inhabited the territory since around 2500 B.C., making them some of the
longest settled of all the European peoples. Because of Estonia’s strategic , which serves as a
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link between West and East, the country has been conquered several times, and has
experienced many centuries of foreign rule. It finally attained independence briefly in 1918
after centuries of Danish, German, , Swedish, and Russian rule, however, in 1940, the Soviet
Union forcibly annexed Estonia, and it wasn’t until 1991 that it regained its independence.
The political situation in Estonia is similar to that of the other Baltic countries. It is a stable,
constitutional parliamentary democracy with the Prime Minister serving as the head of the
government. The President nominates the incumbent of this position and Parliament approves
the nomination. Usually, the Prime Minister is the leader of the largest party or coalition
within the Parliament. The system of government has three branches: the executive, the
legislative and the judiciary.
Integration is one of the state’s main priorities in Estonian society. The aim is the creation of a
balanced multicultural society through a two-way process. On the one hand, non-Estonians
are integrated into a democratic open society and on the other, minority cultures are
introduced to Estonians. This harmonises the society around a common core as well as
providing the scope to maintain ethnic differences, founded on the recognition of ethnic
minorities’ cultural rights. Integration is a bilateral process, meaning that both Estonians and
non-Estonians, participate equally in the harmonisation of society. Estonians see themselves
more as Scandinavians and they are not very happy to be labelled as a Baltic state.
Estonia is located in the Eastern European Time (EET) zone – UCT + 2. The climate is
similar to that in other European continental countries with cold winters and dry and warm
summers. Because of its proximity to the Baltic Sea, the weather is often breezy and humid.
Xenophobia:
being
a
foreigner
in
Estonia
Estonia has created a liberal democratic republic with an open market economy, and due to this it has
become very attractive to foreign investors. This is also partly due, to Estonia’s workforce, which is
well-educated and creative and partly due to the fact that Estonia has proved itself to be culturally
open to interaction with the West, as well as to immigration and foreign investment. In January 2011,
Estonia made the switch to the Euro, and this further simplified trade with and inside the European
Union.
Although Estonia welcomes overseas investments and investors, there are still some cultural aspects
that have to be considered when conducting business in the country. Here, business is both very
official and matter-of-fact and Estonians prefer to separate their private and working lives. Therefore,
unlike business culture in America, small talk is rare and if it does take place, it is kept very ‘small’ and
brief . Therefore, foreign business people should bear this in mind and not be offended if, for example,
their families’ well being is not enquired about or if they are not otherwise “talked up” during meetings
and negotiations.
International
business
in
Estonia
When doing business in a foreign country it is necessary to be prepared to experience things that
are different from your own culture. Without proper preparation and planning you may find
yourself experiencing a culture shock, which can have a negative influence on the outcome of your
business dealings. It is understandable that, as an active business person, you can only invest a
limited amount of time into the exploration of these cultural differences.
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The Baltic Sea Region is one of Europe’s fastest-expanding markets with more than 90 million
people and Estonia is located at its heart. Since the end of the 1990s, Estonia has enjoyed a
modern market-based economy as well as an income level per capita that is one of the highest in
Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian countries, its geographical position between the
East and West, a very competitive cost structure and a highly-skilled labour force have been
Estonia’s major competitive advantages since the beginning of the new millennium. Tallinn, the
capital has emerged as a financial centre. Estonia’s main exports are metals and chemical
products, food products, textiles, wood and paper, machinery and equipment and furniture.
Estonia’s strategic goals are to increase of the number of tourists, enhance foreign investments and
to create a favourable basis for the Estonian exports.
In a nutshell, the new marketing model should introduce Estonia as:
•
a place of interest for tourists
•
an excellent place to conduct business (investments, export)
•
a first class place to study/work/live
Estonia has a long established tradition of providing quality education. It has an education
environment, which is vibrant and international. Estonia also boasts the latest developments in
information technology, making it an attractive country for young people who wish to live and study
abroad. The combination of a recognised quality education, with tuition and living costs that are
relatively low, guarantees good value for money for international students who decide to study in this
small EU member state.
In the academic year 2009/2010 Estonian universities offered in excess of 100 English taught degree
programmes.
In 2007, an Agreement on Good Practice was signed by Estonian higher education institutions which
offered international degree programmes as part of the internationalisation of Estonia’s Higher
Education system. According to this document, participating higher education institutions are only
able to admit international students to fully accredited degree programmes.
The aim of this section is to introduce you to the essential issues relevant for business culture and
practice in Estonia. Characteristic attitudes and values will be discussed with a particular focus on their
implications in the area of business etiquette. The section is divided into three sub-sections: Attitudes
and Values, Business Ethics, and Education and Training.
General
Education
In Estonia, nearly 90% of the population – have the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is
considerably higher than the OECD average of 74%. The quality of Estonian education is ranked very
highly by the OECD and this is supported by the higher than average scoring for Estonian students in
the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).
As well as the standard of general educational in Estonia being high, literacy is also high. For most
Estonian people, education is a way out of poverty and presents an opportunity to obtain a good job
and earn a good living. The education system consists of: 9 years at primary school, 4 at secondary
school, and 3 to 5 years in higher education from (depending on the course or subject of study).
Primary and secondary education is free guaranteed by law.
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Education starts at pre-primary level and is provided mainly at kindergartens as well as other preschool childcare organisations, at home or at various elementary groups at schools. Compulsory basic
education begins when children reach the age of seven (grade 1) and lasts for 9 years. Children start
school in September, at the beginning of a school year and continue until they have finished secondary
school (grade 9), at the age of seventeen; this is followed by the gymnasium (the foundation for
continuing studies in higher education or vocational training) that provides vocational education at
upper-secondary or post-secondary levels, as well as applied higher education.
University study is another option. Students who pass the higher education council’s exams receive
grants for their education, while others have to pay fees to study. The Estonian higher education
system includes applied higher education institutions as well as universities. Since 1995, higher
education has also been provided by some vocational education institutions. Institutions that provide
higher education can be public, state or privately owned. The ultimate responsibility for the
administration of higher education lies with the Ministry of Education and Research.
Estonia has a long history of higher education. The first Estonian university was established in the city
of Tartu in 1632.
Educational
standards
Estonia had made good progress in the decade before the 2008 financial crisis. Despite these
achievements however, the overall indicators in the Better Life survey for Estonia are relatively low.
However, the OECD’s findings reveal that Estonia has performed better than most of its European
neighbours in the area of education.
Other
Issues
such
as
transportation
infrastructure
As with all ex-communist countries, workforce mobility is high among the younger generation. Many
have moved from the countryside to the cities to look for better paid jobs. Also, with Estonia’s
accession to the EU, people have taken the opportunity to work in Europe.
Rights of women are protected by the Constitution, which forbids gender discrimination. However,
despite women generally being more highly qualified than men, it is still mostly men who take up
executive and top managerial positions, while women tend to be given more visible positions in the
service sectors – such as secretarial work in banks and shop work. Some women are active in politics,
but few have roles in the Estonian government.
The family is the fundamental cornerstone of Estonian social life. The average family is a husband,
wife and one child and newlyweds often live with the parents of one of them. Much respect is given to
elderly family members and they are usually taken care of at home, not placed in a care home.
Grandparents usually help with child care whilst parents are at work. Wives are generally responsible
for the household even if they also have full time jobs.
Cultural
taboos
Estonians like to discuss their rich historical heritage; but at the same time they are incredibly
sensitive about anything that is perceived to be critical of their culture. Therefore, jokes that
could be interpreted as being offensive to Estonian culture should be avoided.
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It is also recommended not to discuss World War II with Estonians bearing in mind that
during the war, they were on both sides. They can therefore, find it difficult to appreciate the
concepts of “good” and “bad”, or “winner” and “loser”, in the way that other European
countries might.
Furthermore, in Estonia, comparing the country with Latvia or Lithuania is unwise. Estonians
are generally reluctant to describe their country as one of the Baltic States because they
perceive themselves as Scandinavians.
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Business
Communication
Communication is probably the most important aspect of business, yet we tend to take it for granted
when doing business in our own country, because we are dealing with people from the same
background as ourselves.
It this section we will talk about communication between business cultures. Whilst it is true that
business practices vary between countries, there are generally also things that are common to all. How
important is it to have everything in writing? Can you discuss business during lunch? And so on.
This section addresses the differences between face-to-face communication, how to deal with people
most effectively via the telephone as well as by letter/fax or e-mail. It also examines the importance of
addressing people by their correct title, how you should introduce yourself and whether you should
give your business card at the beginning or the end of a meeting.
Face-‐to-‐face
communication
In Estonian business culture, physical contact is frowned upon. Estonians do not gesticulate during
discussions, nor do they make facial expressions.
Business managers prefer to maintain eye contact with their business partners during discussions, since
, this is interpreted as being interested in and committed to the business discussion. Estonians also
study facial reactions, so be aware of this. The best way to contact someone in Estonia is to call them
on the phone. This is preferable to sending an email, as the reply might take some time to reach you. If
you really want something done, then investing in regular and sustained face-to-face interaction is the
way to go.
As mentioned above, be aware that eye contact is a crucial part of any business meeting in this part of
the world. It conveys interest in the discussion and that you are paying attention. Avoiding eye contact
can indicate disinterest and may be interpreted as attempting to hide something, or may give the
impression that you cannot be trusted. Estonians are known for not showing their emotions while
discussing business – they wear their ‘poker face’ but verbal communication is direct and
straightforward.
Language
Matters
Estonians are multi-lingual However, not everyone can speak the Estonian language, for example,
Russians, even though they might have been born in Estonia. The majority of Estonians speak
Russian, as a second language. English has always been a compulsory subject at primary school, even
during the communist regime. Russian is not an official language and by law any official documents
such as contracts and transactions would have to be translated into Estonian.
Therefore, if you are dealing with an older manager, you may wish to have an interpreter with you.
English is a popular language in Estonia and a good knowledge of English is an important part of a
business education.
International business meetings are conducted in English, so the expectations of Estonians that you
will be able to speak their language are low, but any effort is much appreciated.
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Business
Relationships
Estonians are multi-lingual However, not everyone can speak the Estonian language, for example,
Russians, even though they might have been born in Estonia. The majority of Estonians speak
Russian, as a second language. English has always been a compulsory subject at primary school, even
during the communist regime. Russian is not an official language and by law any official documents
such as contracts and transactions would have to be translated into Estonian.
Therefore, if you are dealing with an older manager, you may wish to have an interpreter with you.
English is a popular language in Estonia and a good knowledge of English is an important part of a
business education.
International business meetings are conducted in English, so the expectations of Estonians that you
will be able to speak their language are low, but any effort is much appreciated.
Making
contact
The people of Estonia think they have the best location for companies trying to conduct business
between Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Russia. The government in Estonia, like every other
government in the world, has introduced many business-friendly policies to attract foreign direct
investment (FDI) into the country. However, it is recommended to seek advice from a professional
body, like the chamber of commerce and industry, trade ministry, governmental advisory services and
agencies like Enterprise Estonia for further advice. These agencies have programmes that might be
helpful, either in making contact with another company, or setting up a new company.
As with all hierarchical cultures, it is very important to know people in authority and to have their
recommendation and introductions to facilitate initial contact.
Most companies send representatives to conferences, exhibitions and business fairs, both at home and
abroad, where they can enjoy the opportunity for face-to-face meetings with potential business
partners.
Personal
Titles
The best advice regarding titles is to follow what is written on your counterpart’s business card. If there
is a title in front of the name then you should address the person by using their title together with their
surname. Estonians are formal and polite. They expect the use of a title and surname at a first meeting,
but once you are more familiar with each other, they will ask you to stop using their title to address
them by their first name.
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Business
Etiquette
At the beginning of the 1990 s, after regaining their independence, Estonians were eager to embrace
western ideas and values and were willing to learn a different approach to doing business. Previously,
their attitude to doing business was dictated by their experiences during the Soviet era, and was
directly opposed to the western style and mindset. The attitudes and values of the Estonia business
community are now influenced by the Scandinavian countries.
Estonians are patriotic and nationalistic. They want to be winners in business, and to show how
competent they are. They understand that to build informal business contacts takes a long time and
that it is neither a quick nor easy process.
Estonians do not really indulge in small talk. On the contrary, they get straight to the point and get
things done. Representatives of Estonian’s companies do business with firms, not so much with people
and that is why they do not feel the need to have built up a relationship first in order to do business
with you. Many international companies now have branches in Estonia, and their own corporate
values run alongside those of Estonian companies.
Obviously, if the foreign company or manager understands the general business environment, they are
entering into the reception they receive will be more favourable.
Corporate
Social
Responsibility
In Estonia, a relatively new concern is the topic of corporate social responsibility. Although CSR has
grown in importance, Estonian society is still not accustomed to routinely demanding greater
responsibility from companies.
The main reason for this lies in the fact that after Estonia gained its independence at the beginning of
the 1990s, there was a post-socialist identity crisis, which meant that there was no time to consider
subjects such as CSR.
However, the new generation of Estonians is conscious of this and is keen to contribute to the
development of a fair society in which corporate social responsibility plays a vital role. There are
several organizations, which develop and promote corporate social responsibility in Estonia. The most
active of them are the Open Estonian Foundation, the Responsible Business Forum in Estonia, the
Good Deed Foundation, and the Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
Punctuality
Estonians are always on time for meetings, so visitors are also expected to be punctual. Generally, it is
a good idea to arrive about five – ten minutes before your appointment, in order to give yourself time
to prepare for the meeting. Your Estonian counterparts will do the same. If you anticipate being late, it
is advisable to call ahead and explain/apologise for your lateness.
Estonians can be perceived as being obsessive about punctuality. They have a saying “time is money”
and in describing it as a economic resource, time is clearly very important to them. Be aware of this
since being very late, can adversely affect what might otherwise have been a good business partnership.
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Gift
giving
Business partners do not tend to expect presents when meeting for the first time, but small gifts to
business associates are generally accepted. If you bring something local from your country, then make
it something small and unique that represents your country or company, such as a souvenir.
Acceptable gifts are chocolates as well as an odd number of flowers
Business
Dress
Code
The basic rules of dressing for business in Estonia are the same as those of other European countries.
In business, cleanliness and tidiness is essential. Estonians tend to be formal dressers men wear dark
suits with a tie and most importantly quality shoes. Some Estonians may try to gauge your success by
the quality of the shoes you wear. However, other Estonians wear casual clothes, so often it’s difficult
to differentiate between a businessman and an office clerk. The dress code also differs between
Russians and Estonians the latter are more stylish and trendy. Russians are more flashy and old
fashioned at the same time.
Women will wear a jacket and skirt or a trouser suit which is less formal. For business meetings, a dark
suit is always a good choice for males and women will be appropriate in a suit or anything elegant.
Being well dressed is a matter of prestige. Estonians keep up with what is going on in the fashion world
and dress accordingly.
Because of the weather in Estonia, warm clothing is worn for two thirds of the year and it is important
to bring a scarf, gloves, hat and warm boots when visiting. It rains a lot during the summer so it is
recommended to have an umbrella or a raincoat.
In the office, a less formal dress code applies and men will remove their jacket and work in shirt
sleeves. In small and medium sized companies, there is usually no dress code at all with everyone
wearing ‘business casual’, unless they are attending a business meeting, when they will wear a suit and
tie.
Bribery
and
corruption
Estonia is similar to the rest of the former communist countries when it comes to corruption. In the
past, it was common practice to give presents to get things done, such as seeking reduced waiting times
for official papers, cutting through red tape, or even inducing politicians to pass legislation favourable
to particular businesses. Estonia’s ranking in the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions
Index for 2012 is 32 (on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).
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Business
Meeting
Etiquette
Business meetings in Estonia are usually formal. The proper etiquette is for the team’s most senior
figure to open proceedings with introductions and a short speech. Next, the most senior member of the
other team will speak to thank the hosts and make similar introductions. If small talk occurs, it is short
and simple.
Business presentations should be accurate and straightforward, and devoid of any high-pressure sales
tactics. Ensuring that you are able to deliver everything that you have committed to, will be crucial in
gaining the trust of your Estonian partners.
It is fairly common for several meetings to take place before business related decisions are made. This
is due to the nature of Estonian business which tends to be hierarchical and necessitates consultations
with senior colleagues.
Since business culture in Estonia tends to be quite formal, it is therefore critical to follow the
established protocol.
It is necessary to always book appointments in advance, and prior to the meeting taking place, to send
an agenda of what will be discussed. Although many Estonians are able to speak English, an effort to
translate any correspondence and materials into Estonian will be appreciated.
The usual form of greeting is good eye contact followed by a firm handshake. Business cards are
usually exchanged upon meeting. Titles and surnames should always be used when addressing
Estonian contacts, as first names generally do not tend to be used in business here. As this is a status
conscious society, you should be particularly respectful and deferential to those in senior positions.
In Estonian business there are many women, although not always in the high positions for which they
may be qualified, and mildly flirtatious behaviour between the sexes in business settings is fairly
commonplace and considered inoffensive here.
Estonians are usually reserved and formal during meetings, and rarely show emotion. Their
communication style is direct and straightforward, however, at the same time they will be tactful to
avoid embarrassing a meeting partner or damaging a relationship. They may appear stubborn on
occasion, but it should be remembered that self-restraint is highly valued here, so try not to become
angry or impatient.
Importance
of
Business
Meeting
Business meetings tend to be formal, especially in the early stages of a working relationship and small
talk is usually kept to a minimum. The introductory speech in the majority of cases is given by the
most senior person present.
During the first meeting, Estonians are formal and reserved; you should have a business card ready for
introductions and this should be in Estonian and English. The Estonian side should be face up and the
card should also show your position at work.
Estonians do not need “ice breaking” to start the meeting. They run the meeting according to the
agenda and get straight to the point.
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If you are a very animated speaker with a loud voice, you will need to tone down your gesticulations
and the volume of your voice, in order to match the local style. Estonians do not like a casual attitude
towards business, especially in foreigners therefore, you should assume a formal demeanour. Because
Estonians prefer to do business with friends, it is advisable to take advantage of opportunities to
socialise, such as lunches and dinners, to get to know your hosts and build an individual personal
relationship with them.
Bear in mind that it can take several meetings to reach an agreement. Most Estonian companies are
very hierarchical so all major decisions are made by the management. If the managing director is not
in attendance, then the meeting automatically becomes merely a forum for the exchange of ideas. The
proposal will be presented to the management afterwards and they will make a decision based on this.
Estonians prefer to have all agreements on paper, signed and sealed. Verbal agreement is good, but it
is not legally binding. All agreements, deadlines, procedures and so on are written up in either
Estonian, English or Russian and signed by both sides.
Business
Meeting
planning
When proposing a meeting, always offer several dates so that your Estonian partner can choose a date,
that is mutually convenient. At this point, mention the subject that will be under discussion, state why
you require the meeting and request the presence of any participants you wish to meet. Bear in mind
that decisions are usually made by senior management, so if you need decisions to be made quickly,
ask them to attend the meeting.
Meetings in Estonia are usually attended by those of similar status / seniority, and for this reason, it is
imperative that you send a list of the people coming with you, together with a brief biographical
account of each person, so that the Estonian company can have people of equivalent position or rank,
attend the meeting.
It is advisable to obtain a written confirmation of the place and time of the meeting and of the
intended attendees (name and position).
If you cannot participate in a meeting always call or write to cancel the meeting.
The best time to arrange a business meeting is between 9am -1pm, taking into account the possibility
of a business lunch after 12:30pm. The host will be in charge of reserving the venue, the meeting room
and the refreshments.
Please always agree with your partner on the language of the meeting. If an interpreter is needed, let
your host know whether you are taking one with you, otherwise ask them to bring one. They will know
where to go for a professional/industry specific translator.
In the unlikely event that they do not know your business or the products you are selling, take some
brochures, sample products or other informative material with you.
Negotiation
process
Business negotiations can be very tough in Estonia. Estonians do not change their minds easily, once
they have decided what to do. A strong scepticism is inherent in the Estonian mentality, which may
explain why Estonian businessmen and women often require several days to analyze a problem. Thus,
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negotiating an agreement can take longer than it would in Western Europe. It is important to bear in
mind that an Estonian does not like to feel rushed.
The main thing is to be specific and be detailed in your presentation during the negotiation period.
The key to success in doing business with Estonians is politeness combined with competence.
Because of their reserved and unemotional attitude, it is inadvisable for you to show too much
emotion. Conversely, modesty may be viewed as a weakness.
Business negotiation is, for Estonians, similar to a duel, and they fight to win. They have no problem
saying “NO” and they do not like to change their position, once they have chosen it. They do not look
to the future; they want immediate gratification (profit).
The time taken over negotiations depends on the attitude of the partners and the nature of the sector.
Negotiation in the public sector usually takes much longer than doing business in the private sector.
When presenting a project, make sure you have done your research because you have to give good
reasons for the involvement of both parties. The main question of interest is how beneficial it will be
for the host company.
Decisions are made by the management, so do not expect these to be made immediately after or
during the meeting. If no-one from the management was involved in the meeting, they will have to be
briefed about your proposal and to consider it before a decision is reached.
Meeting
protocol
To greet your partner, look them straight in the eyes, shake hands firmly and state your name clearly.
Make sure, when shaking hands, that you do so either inside or outside the room, but never in the
doorway as Estonians believe that this brings bad luck. Then offer your business card with the
Estonian side facing up. Your Estonian partner will do the same and they will have their business cards
either in English or in English and Russian.
Listen carefully when your partner pronounces their name, so that you have an idea of how to
pronounce it later. Place their business card in front of you so that you can have a quick read if you
have to address the person. You will need to shake hands with all the participants, at the beginning
and the end of the meeting.
When introduced, address your counterparts by their family name. This is very important because,
although Estonians are proud of their education, they do not use academic titles. The most senior
Estonian at the meeting will begin with a welcoming speech and your team should respond in the same
way.
At the beginning of a business relationship, it is advisable to be formal. Estonia is a formal society and
it is a good idea to let your partner propose any friendly or informal terms. Your host may invite you
to call him by his Christian/first name. This shows that the business meeting is continuing
satisfactorily, but it does not necessarily signify that your relationship is getting warmer.
How
to
Run
a
Business
Meeting
It is important for Estonians to establish a personal rapport with individuals before discussing business.
Since businesses in Estonia tend to be fairly hierarchical, the person chairing the meeting is probably
the most senior representative of the Estonian company. This individual will lead the meeting, setting
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the pace and deciding who can speak. They will start the meeting with a welcoming speech and
introduce those present in rank order. Generally, it can be observed that the more junior staff only
speak when they are invited to, or to address questions from the more senior staff. Consequently, it is
important that you follow this lead and do not breach this aspect of etiquette.
In most cases, an agenda is followed sequentially.
It is common practice in Estonia to offer a small gift at the end of a meeting therefore it is
recommended that you also bring a gift with you to give in return (e.g. something displaying your
company logo would be appropriate).
Following the meeting, it is possible that you will be invited out for the evening. It is important that
you do not turn down this invitation, as it will provide you with an opportunity to further improve
your rapport with the individuals from the host company.
During meetings in the office, coffee should be offered, but no other snacks are normally made
available. Most business meetings are done over lunch or dinner.
Follow
up
letter
after
meeting
with
client
The minutes of the meeting are usually sent out a few days afterwards, summarizing the main points of
the discussion, any decisions that were taken (assuming senior management was present) and next
steps set out. The minutes are normally sent by those hosting the meeting.
Make sure that agreements and decisions are put in writing in both languages, in order to avoid
misunderstandings.
If you want to make sure that things are done properly and to schedule, you will have to arrange fixed
deadlines, dates and guidelines on how to accomplish the tasks. Make sure someone is made
responsible for each task that needs to be completed.
Successful or not, after a meeting it is always a good idea to write to your host and thank them for their
time and effort.
Business
meals
The older generation still take business lunches and dinners, as a sort of a bonding process, rather than
actually talking about business. Younger business managers, on the other hand, are more inclined to
discuss business during lunch and entertain during dinner. Obviously, it depends on the individual, as
there are no set rules about this.
Breakfast meetings are not common, and generally happen only at the request of the visitor, probably
at his/her hotel restaurant. Business lunches are more formal, so formal dressing is recommended,
especially at a first meeting (a suit and tie for men and suit or smart dress for women). Business dinners
are more for entertaining, spending time together and getting to know each other, rather than for
discussing business. On such occasions, casual dress is appropriate.
Business
Meeting
tips
Be an expert in the subject on which you wish to negotiate, and come to the meeting well prepared.
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Do not be arrogant or talk down to your partners. Estonians, like most people in the former
communist countries, are sensitive to being underrated. They are proud people and expect to be
treated as equal partners. They do not appreciate the ‘we will show you how to do things’ approach.
Do not show either your emotions or modesty, it will be seen as a weakness and do not forget eye
contact, when talking to Estonians. Never offer to shake hands in the doorway, Estonians believe that
it brings bad luck.
Do not forget that the way you dress, is important in Estonia. If you want to create a partnership with
the hosts, be prepared to take care over what you wear.
Estonians are well educated and very hard working people. Give them time and space, ask for their
opinion about any problem and you will be surprised at the number of ideas they come up with.
Trust is very important to them. Once they feel they can trust you, they can network with more
Estonian companies on your behalf and facilitate introductions.
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Internship
and
placement
Work
experience
Student placements and internships are an important part of Estonian education. This work-related
learning experience, under the guidance of a tutor, aims to give students actual work experience in
their field of study. It gives them the opportunity to develop skills or obtain the qualifications needed
for their future career development.
Estonian students also have the option of studying abroad as exchange students for one or two
semesters; to this end, grants are available in a variety of forms- through international programmes
and organizations, partnership agreements, as well as government initiatives and funds.
Host organisations providing student placements vary – they may be training centres, enterprises,
research centres and various other organisations including higher education institutions in one of the
31 participating European countries. Placements and internerships can be paid or unpaid, some might
cover expenses such as. meals, travel, language courses etc.
The majority of Estonian Universities participate in the Erasmus Exchange programme for higher
education, which provides the opportunity to study at a foreign university or to undertake training
abroad. The programme works in partnership with over 400 higher education institutions. When
participating in the programme, free tuition is guaranteed and a grant is provided which covers travel
and subsistence costs. The amount of support is set each academic year, and students may also be
required to cover some expenses themselves, depending on the cost of living in the country of their
choice.
In addition, some Estonian universities (such as Tartu University or Tallinn Universities) have a
combined international student exchange programme ISEP, that offers study opportunities in
America, among other countries. The participating universities guarantee free tuition,
accommodation and a meals allowance for exchange students.
Internship
and
Placement
advice
There are many practical issues related to international internship and work experience that need to
be considered by the student or a host company and essential time should be set aside for all the
arrangements and formalities.
Social
security
and
European
health
insurance
Life expectancy in Estonia is generally lower than the OECD average. Estonia also lags behind the
OECD average in terms of water quality.
Citizens of the European Union (EU) or European Economic Area (EEA) are entitled to the same
social welfare benefits in Estonia as the country’s residents. Therefore, if you are a student from an
EU/EEA country, it is advisable to bring your EU health insurance card (EHIC) or equivalent
certificate with you.
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You need to be aware that as an EU or EEA student studying in Estonia, you will not be covered by
the Estonian social security system, unless you are employed, in which case you will need only your
EHIC.
If you are a non EU/EEA citizen and need to apply for a residence permit in order to study in
Estonia, you must have health insurance in order to receive medical care.
The following insurance companies are recognized and recommended by the Estonian Migration
Board: AON Student Insurance; SwissCare International Student Health Insurance; ERGO
Insurance and Crystal Studies Insurance.
If you are intending to stay for long periods of time in Estonia, it might be worth registering with a
family doctor. This is because the Estonian health system requires you to speak to your general
practitioner (GP) first before you are referred to a consultant.
As in many other European countries, the emergency number to call is 112. The national family
doctor helpline, speed dial number is 1220 (or if you are abroad you can dial +372 630 4107).
Safety
Estonia is a relatively safe country to live in, but it falls behind the OECD average on a number of
safety indicators such as the assault rate, homicide rate and fear of crime by people generally. The
Estonian authorities are watchful in combating terrorism and various threats to security. Overall, the
threat of terrorism is low in Estonia; however you should also be mindful of the global risk of terrorist
attacks.
During the summer tourist season, sporadic crime in Tallinn’s Old Town can be an ongoing concern.
Tourist-targeted crime, particularly petty theft is on the rise. You should be aware of the higher risks of
pick pocketing and mugging, especially in bars, pubs, nightclubs and hotels in Tallinn’s Old Town.
Similar to the Scandinavian countries, Estonia has short day light hours and it gets dark quickly during
the winter time (from October to April). The law requires that pedestrians wear reflectors so that
drivers can see them in the dark. These can be pinned to your coat or bags. There is not much use for
this law in cities which tend to be well lit, but should you find yourself in a rural area, you must make
sure that you have these reflectors on.
Do
I
need
a
visa?
Citizens from approximately 60 countries, including the EU and EEA states, Japan, Canada and the
USA, do not need a visa to enter Estonia. Other nationalities are able to acquire a visa from their
nearest Estonian Consulate or Embassy. All students accepted by an Estonian educational institution
should have a passport valid for their entire period of study.
If you are an international student whose intended period of study in Estonia will exceed three months,
you will need to apply for a residence permit. The citizens of EU countries, Japan, Switzerland,
Norway, Iceland and the USA are able to do this in Estonia, however, if you fall outside this category
you should contact the nearest Estonian Embassy or Consulate in your home country. The process of
getting a residence permit may take up to three months but the average time is around one month.
Your residence permit for study will usually be granted for up to one year but never longer than the
estimated duration of your studies. If you are an international student and you continue studying at the
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same educational institution, your residence permit would generally be extended annually but would
not exceed six years in total.
Internship
and
placement
salary
Students’ placements vary as in many other countries and might be paid, partly paid or unpaid.
There is a minimum wage in Estonia, which is regularly reviewed and sets out a minimum hourly and
monthly rate. It is prohibited to pay anybody a lower wage than the national minimum. As with other
countries, the start date of your work placement, the gross salary and the terms and conditions are all
agreed with the employer.
A basic salary is used as a starting point; usually however, there are organisations which also offer
performance-related pay. Any changes to your wage will have to be agreed between you and your
employer.
The salary is usually paid on a monthly basis, and the transaction tends to be made by direct bank
transfer. It is therefore helpful if you have a bank account already open when you start your
employment. Monthly salary slips itemize all deductions such as taxes etc., and show hours paid as well
as any bonuses and extra pay.
Internship
and
placement
accommodation
In Estonia, it is possible to rent a flat or a house. Rentals may be furnished or unfurnished (more
frequently furnished, especially in the case of flats). A flat can be rented directly from the owner or
through a real estate company. The employer or the host organization may also help to find or
recommend a place to stay. In some places – generally rural areas – accommodation often comes with
a job; this is common when teachers are hired by schools in rural areas and also in the case of
agricultural jobs.
Rental prices of flats and houses vary across different regions of Estonia. For example, prices are
highest in Harju County (in the capital Tallinn) and lowest in small towns and rural areas away from
town centres.
The rental prices in Tallinn can be as little as EUR 130 per month or almost four times that where
location, condition and the number of rooms will determine the value. Utility costs are not included in
the rent and have to be calculated on top. A deposit of at least one month’s rent is usually required as
well as payment of the estate agent’s fees, if one is used, which can be equivalent to one month’s rent.
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Cost
of
Living
General feedback from visitors who have spent time in Estonia is that whilst living conditions tend to
be similar to those across Western Europe, expenses are generally lower. A Graduate survey carried
out in 2011 shows that international students think the cost of living in Estonia is much more
affordable than elsewhere – scoring it 24% higher than the global average satisfaction with living
costs.
Rough estimates about what it costs for one person to live in Tartu for a month :
•
Housing, including heating, electricity, water: 80-120€ for student dormitories, 250-400€ for
rental apartments
•
Estimated pocket money, groceries, etc:, 300-500 Euros
•
Public transportation: 8€
Money
and
Banking
Estonia adopted the Euro in January 2011, which makes it especially easy for those coming from the
Euro area. You can pay with debit or credit cards in most places, even at kiosks and on trains. In
order to make everyday shopping easier, you may want to consider opening an Estonian banking
account. Anyone can open a bank account in Estonia, but many banks ask for a minimum deposit.
Photo identification is also required as well as some proof of address and employment.
Estonia’s main banks are Swedpank, SEB, and Sampo Bank (new name is Danske bank), they are the
most accessible for foreigners as they make a policy of serving tourists and less paperwork is required
to open an account.
Most banks are closed on weekends and their office hours are Monday to Friday from 9.00 am till 4
pm.
All major foreign currencies can be easily exchanged at currency exchange offices. These can be
found at the port of Tallinn, the airport, railway stations and on every street corner in city centres.
Estonians don’t have any unwritten rules about tipping, they tend to do it when the service is especially
good. Bargaining is not a deep-rooted habit either.
Traveling
costs
Travelling costs in Estonia generally tend to be cheaper than those in Western Europe,
however these are no longer the bargain basement prices of the 1990s. Particularly in touristy
areas, prices may be at Scandinavian levels – for example in Tallinn Old Town.
Transportation outside of the main towns is generally cheap, particularly if you use the local
buses. However, some more rural areas are less well connected and require a car. Car rental is
affordable and usually offers a good choice of options, however, most vehicles tend to have a
manual gearbox, so if you have only an automatic driving license you need to check
availability of an automatic car in advance.
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Since Estonia (and particularly Tallinn) is a very popular tourist destination, there are a lot of
low cost flights available from many European countries – such as Belgium, Germany,
France, Italy, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK.
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Work-‐life
Balance
Estonians are ready to work long hours, including overtime, since good jobs are hard to find and they
are keen to provide a good standard of living for their families.
Estonians are very private people and in all probability, will not discuss their family with you until they
know you better.
The working day usually starts from 9 a.m. and runs until 5 p.m. Estonian employees have the same
problems as some of their western counterparts including working longer hours than are allowed by
law, short annual leave, lack of paternity leave (though in some jobs paternity leave is allowed and can
be rather long), lack of flexible working hours (depending on the job), an absence of help with day care
for working mothers and so on.
Companies who do not want to lose valued employees, are beginning to offer extra benefits such as
flexible working time for parents , study leave and many other benefits that would have been
inconceivable even five short years ago.
National
holidays
The list of Public Holidays is as follows:
•
National holiday: 24 February (1918) is Independence Day; note – 24 February 1918 is the
date of initial independence from Soviet Russia, and 20 August, 1991 is the date of regaining
independence from the Soviet Union. Each 24 February, the president of Estonia holds a
grand ball for prominent members of society and foreign dignitaries.
•
Jaanipäev : The night of 23-24 June is St John’s Day or Midsummer Day. It is celebrated
with bonfires and traditional festive food and revolves around barbeques and drinking.
•
Võidupüha 23 June is a Victory day and celebrated to commemorate the crucial victory over
Baltic-German forces in the War of Independence.
•
Christmas : or Jõulud is celebrated in Estonia, but this is mainly a family event.
•
New Year’s Eve: During the Soviet regime, the authorities promoted the New Year holiday
instead of Christmas which was practically forbidden due to its supposed “religious” nature.
After gaining independence, the significance of the New Year holiday diminished, but it is still
a day-off and broadly celebrated. As in many other countries, this day is also used by the
leaders of the nation to address the country.
In Estonia, most employees are entitled to a minimum of 28 calendar days paid holidaya year ; some
employees are entitled to more. This includes both working and non-working days. Most Estonians
tend to take their vacations in the summer months of June, July and August and also around Christmas
time.
During the summer and Christmas holidays, management is not in the office and no one is able to
make a decision. The best time for business meetings is therefore in the spring and autumn.
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Working
hours
The standard working week is 40 hours with an 8 hour day. Part time work depends on what the
agreed working hours are. Business hours are Monday to Friday, from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. with an hour
for lunch. People working in private business often work late, even at weekends. Office hours may
vary, so it is useful to check before you try to contact your partner.
Friday is, a short day in many businesses. People might leave around 4pm or even earlier so Friday
afternoon is not a suitable time for meetings and visits.
Banks usually open as early as 8:00am but close early too, and shops are open until 6:00pm on
weekdays. Lunch breaks are normally kept short. Business lunches on the contrary can involve longlasting discussions.
Working
culture
After Estonia regained its independence in 1991, its labour and social policies have been strongly
focused on flexible markets, fiscal prudence and work incentives. During the mid 1990s and beyond,
labour market performance improved steadily until the global economic crisis in 2008.
Health
insurance
As a member of the EU, Estonia has signed all European documents connected with health and longterm care.
In Estonia, obligatory health insurance has been established for some time now. The resources for
health insurance come from 13% of the social tax (social tax is 33%), or 13% of the employee’s gross
salary, paid by the employer. Health insurance is based on the principle that the health service is not
reliant on the amount of social tax that is paid for a specific person. The health insurance fund pays
the cost of health service for the insured person to the relevant medical institution. In Estonia,
everyone is entitled to receive emergency care, regardless of having health insurance or not.
In the case of illness, the family doctor is usually the first person to contact. He or she advises on
activities that prevent diseases, intoxication or injuries and provides general health care to all the
patients on his/her list. The family doctor is selected according to the person’s main place of
residence, where the need for health care is most likely. The family doctor will refer the patient to a
specialist or to the hospitals required. A letter of recommendation from a family doctor may not be
required if consulting an oculist, psychiatrist, gynaecologist, or specialist in skin problems, venereal
disease or tuberculosis, a dentist or in the case of trauma. The emergency number of 112 should be
used to call for emergency medical care. Emergency medical staff will provide primary health care to
anyone staying in the territory of Estonia, regardless of citizenship, nationality, whether they have a
health insurance card or not. If you, or any of your associates, are taken ill suddenly or have an
accident during your visit to Estonia, free or reduced-cost treatment is available if you have a valid
EHIC. Only state-funded hospital treatment is covered, and you will receive treatment on the same
terms as ‘insured’ local residents.
Treatment in private clinics is definitely not covered by the EHIC, and sometimes you might have to
pay for part of the treatment received from the state-hospital (haigla).
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An apteek (pharmacy) in Estonia is the place to buy prescriptions and over-the-counter drugs. Regular
business hours for pharmacies are 8am to 6pm, Monday to Friday, but some designated pharmacies
stay open 24hours a day and also on holidays.
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Social
Media
Guide
The Estonian telecoms market is amongst the most developed in Eastern Europe. Estonia has a
relatively high Internet usage, which includes Internet banking, various government services as well as
relatively high broadband penetration.
In 2012, there were 993,785 internet users in Estonia, which represents 77.5% of the population.
Statistics Estonia states that during the first quarter of 2010 75% of the Estonian population were
using computers and the internet.
Private
individuals
The Passport to Trade 2.0 project survey, had difficulties collecting primary data using social media
therefore the main recommendations in this section are based on secondary sources and internet
research.
The most popular social media websites in Estonia are Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, MySpace,
Orkut, Hot.ee and Rate.ee. The Hot.ee and Rate.ee are local sites designed and developed in Estonia.
For Russian speaking population (almost 25% of the total population) – odnoklassniki
(Одноклассники), moi mir (Мой Мир), moi kurg (Мой Круг) are popular.
Overall, Facebook is the most popular social network, followed by Twitter, Orkut and Rate.ee. The
Russian minority is active in their social media use. Some research suggests that they are also frequent
users of their own language communities, especially odnoklassniki (Одноклассники), which is used
very frequently by more than 40% of Russian speaking social media users. However, as observed in
other countries, even the most popular applications like Facebook or YouTube do not engage every
social media user.
Socialbakers statistics show that Facebook penetration in Estonia is about 40% in relation to the
country’s population and 51% in relation to the number of registered Internet users. The total number
of Facebook users in Estonia is over 500,000. The age group of the largest users (28%) in 2013 was 2534, followed by users in the 18-24 age range – which represent a quarter of all users.
SMEs
According to research (undertaken by the Estonian Business School) Estonian businesses are just
starting to use Social media for business purposes. 38% of researched companies believe that social
media is very important for their company’s future.
In Estonia, Facebook is considered to have the biggest potential as an SME channel (78% use
Facebook to promote their business, Blog use is 11% and YouTube use is 5%). They consider that the
primary benefits of using social media are to present their company to customers, increase website
visits and develop new client relationships.
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Search
and
Social
Media
Marketing
for
International
Business
Learn how to use social media for business from one of Salford Business School’s latest
business management courses. The course was jointly researched by the Passport to Trade 2.0
project team and prepared in collaboration with some of the leading digital marketing
agencies in the UK.
This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) can help businesses and individuals to make the
best use of search and social media platforms. The course is called Search and Social Media
Marketing for International Business and is applicable to students looking for placements
abroad as well as businesses thinking about new trade links; it comprises the following
twelve topics:
How to develop a personal brand online (1/12)
•
•
Whether you are a student beginning a job search
or a business person planning a new business
venture, personal branding can make a difference.
Learn about personal branding and why it is
important for you.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=l9LYw0mgtn4&feature=player
_embedded
How to use Twitter (2/12)
•
•
Learn the basics of using Twitter to develop an
individual or business profile.
Remember to use hash tag #SSMMUoS to share
your learning journey on this course so far!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9CVY3pp91Dc&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) (3/12)
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•
•
Learn the principles of SEO to ensure that your
website and any social media profiles are found by
individuals searching for your name, products and
services.
These basic principles of SEO include keyword
research, on-page optimisation and off-page
optimisation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zw27cRcwtM0&feature=player
_embedded
How to use social media for international business development (4/12)
•
•
Social media networks break down the traditional
country barriers, but do you know which networks
are relevant for the country you are interested in
trading with?
Find out in this video how to identify the relevant
networks and what social media strategies you might
be able to use on these networks.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Bx-B56AHS4c&feature=
player_embedded
How to use Facebook (5/12)
•
•
Facebook is currently the largest social media
network in the world and it can benefit you as a
business as well as an individual.
Learn how to develop a Facebook business page and
see how other businesses use it and what strategies
work for them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=UmRGn-vdcO8&feature=
player_embedded
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How to use YouTube (6/12)
•
•
YouTube was identified as the second largest
social network amongst younger internet users as
part of the Passport to Trade 2.0 project.
Learn how to optimise your video content in order
to reach wider audiences for your profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=G2
0OVpmTBss
How to use LinkedIn (7/12)
•
•
LinkedIn is one of the three main professional
social networks – the others being Xing and
Viadeo which are also popular in several
European countries.
Learn how to make the most of LinkedIn for your
profile.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=N6e_EAUQqic&feature=playe
r_embedded
How to use Google+ (8/12)
•
•
•
Google+ is the second largest social network as of
January 2013.
It is one of the fastest growing social networks and
one that has the biggest impact when it comes to
search engine results integration for anyone who
uses Google as their main search engine.
Learn how to make the most of Google+ for you
and your digital profiles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
feature=player_embedded&v=8ti
3SPHkEWw
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How to use copywriting online (9/12)
•
•
Copywriting is a process of translating technical
specifications and product descriptions into
engaging and understandable customer focused
text.
Learn about the basic techniques in structuring
your online content here.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5f1hx_f2ONI&feature=player_
embedded
How to stay legal on social media (10/12)
•
•
Everything and anything you do and say online
can be potentially viewed by anyone who has
internet access.
Always respect the law and familiarise yourself
with new options offered to you through a creative
commons licence which is popular online.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=eQxDpiHsdk&feature=player_embedde
d
How to use monitoring and reporting (11/12)
•
•
Whether you are an individual or a business
spending time on social media – there has to be a
return on your engagement online.
How do you justify your engagement on social
media to your boss? Listen to the industry experts
in this area and see what you might be able to
measure in respect of your on-line engagements.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LbEq7jsG0jg&feature=player_
embedded
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How to blog (12/12)
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=OqVjR7oI8Rs&feature=player
_embedded
businessculture.org
•
Blogging is a process of writing text and sharing
content with others. It can help your customers or
friends to keep in-touch regardless of social media
platforms.
Think about the voice you might want to adopt
and who your audience might be. Share your
thoughts with us by writing a blog post about this
MOOC.
Tweet us the link to your post on the
#SSMMUoS Twitter hash tag.
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Passport
to
Trade
2.0
Project
Partnership
Five Universities:
Lead partner: Salford Business School,
University of Salford, United Kingdom
Elena Vasilieva
Aleksej Heinze
Alex Fenton
URENIO research unit at Aristole University
of Thessaloniki, Greece
Christina Kakderi
Nitsa Papadopouloui
TSE Entre Research Centre
Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland
Satu Aaltonen
Elisa Akola
Institute for Information System Research
University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
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Susan P. Williams
Petra Schubert
Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania
Adriana Grigorescu
Leonardo Badea
Three Small & Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)
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Dorella De Tommaso
Technology Development & Innovation – TDI LTD
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Ivan Stoychev
TIS Praha, Czech Republic
Anna Klosova
Richard Adekeye
businessculture.org
Content
Estonia