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3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   If   the    information     is
    changed, different proteins
    will be made. Different
    proteins will eventually lead
    to altered body designs.
3. how do organism reproduce
   This creates two copies of
    the DNA in a reproducing
    cell, and they will need to
    be separated from each
    other.
   Effectively, a cell divides to
    give rise to two cells.
3. how do organism reproduce
   As a result, the DNA copies
    generated will be similar, but
    may not be identical to the
    original.
   Some of these variations
    might be so drastic that the
    new DNA copy cannot work
    with the cellular apparatus it
    inherits. Such a newborn cell
    will simply die.
   This inbuilt tendency for
    variation during reproduction
    is the basis for evolution.
   A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a
    DNA copy which bring variation.

   Creation of DNA copy brings variation
   1. What is the importance of DNA copying in
    reproduction?

   2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but
    not necessarily for the individual?
3. how do organism reproduce
   Effectively, a cell divides to
    give rise to two cells.
3. how do organism reproduce
   This inbuilt tendency for
    variation during reproduction
    is the basis for evolution.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Maintenance of body design
    features   that   allow     the
    organism to use that particular
    niche.
   If there were a population of bacteria
    living in temperate waters, and if the
    water temperature were to be
    increased by global warming, most of
    these bacteria would die, but the few
    variants resistant to heat would
    survive and grow further.

   Note: Global Warming takes long time
    to come in to effect. (may be 30 years)

   So, surviving bacteria must have
    passed through successive variations
    over generations.
3. how do organism reproduce
   Next generation bacteria passed
    through variations in such a way
    that, they will be able to cope up
    with     increased     temperature
    because, they have inherited
    changed body design during the
    process of DNA copying over
    generations.
   Change in environmental conditions is a long term procedure.
    So, variation is not compulsory for the survival of an
    individual.

   But to survive with the changed environmental conditions an
    organism have to pass through successive variations over
    generations at its’ species level.

   Slowly they inherit some changes in the body design during
    the process of DNA copying over generations.

   Finally able to survive as a vitiated species.
   Reproduction is linked to the stability of
    populations of species.

   Variation is useful for the survival of
    species over time.
   1. What is the importance of DNA copying in
    reproduction?

   2. Write the importance of variation.
In case of animals


In case of plants
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
Asexual Reproduction


Sexual Reproduction
In case of Monera


Protista, Fungi and in plants
   A type of reproduction in which
   Fission
                    only a single parent is involved


Fragmentation


Regeneration          Vegetative propagation



  Budding                 Spore formation
3. how do organism reproduce
   Unicellular organism reproduces by
    dividing into two individuals.

   Example: Amoeba
Leishmania
   Unicellular organism reproduces by
    divide into many daughter cells.

   Example: Plasmodium
3. how do organism reproduce
   Simply breaks up into smaller
    pieces upon maturation. These
    pieces or fragments grow into
    new individuals.

   Examples: Spirogyra
3. how do organism reproduce
   The individual is somehow cut
    or broken up into many
    pieces, many of these pieces
    grow into separate individuals.

   Example: Planaria
   These cells multiply and make
    large numbers of cells.

    From      this    mass     of
    cells, different cells undergo
    changes to become various cell
    types and tissues.
   Fission in the unicellular organisms

   Fragmentation in the simple undifferentiated
    multicellular organisms

   Regeneration in the simple differentiated
    multicellular organisms
   1. How does binary fission differ from multiple
    fission?

   2. Can you think of reasons why more complex
    organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
    through regeneration?
?                  ?
    ?                          ?

?             Asexual
            Reproduction           ?
Regeneration       Budding




                                                 Vegetative
   Fragmentation
                                                propagation




Fission
                             Asexual                     Spore
                           Reproduction                formation
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   In Hydra, a bud develops as an
    outgrowth due to repeated cell
    division at one specific site.

   These buds develop into tiny
    individuals and when fully
    mature, detach from the parent
    body     and     become   new
    independent individuals.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Development of new plant
    body from the existing buds
    along with maturity.

   Example:             Potato
    eyes, Germinating BUD
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Layering or grafting to grow many
    plants for agricultural purposes.

   can bear flowers and fruits earlier
    than those produced from seeds.

   Such methods also make possible
    the propagation of plants have lost
    the capacity to produce seeds.

   all plants produced are genetically
    similar enough to the parent plant
3. how do organism reproduce
   Formation and germination of
    tiny spores in the sporangium
    lead to production of new
    plant body under some
    conditions.

   Example: Rhizopus
Sporangium

                          Sporongiospores




Sporongiophore


      Hyphae.



        Rhizoids
   Budding in the lower differentiated
    multicellular organisms

   Vegetative Propagation in complex
    multicellular plants and importance

   Spore Formation in simple multicellular organisms
   1. How will an organism be benefited if it
    reproduces through spores?

   2. Can you think of reasons why more complex
    organisms cannot give rise to new individuals
    through regeneration?

   3. Why is vegetative propagation practised for
    growing some types of plants?

   4. Explain the process of spore formation .
?

?
Asexual Reproduction


Sexual Reproduction
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   It is a type of reproduction in
    which a male gamete fuses a
    female gamete to produce
    zygote which develop to form
    a new individual.
3. how do organism reproduce
   This inbuilt tendency for
    variation during reproduction
    is the basis for evolution.
3. how do organism reproduce
   Variation is useful for the
    survival of species over time.
3. how do organism reproduce
   It would therefore make
    sense if organisms came up
    with sexual reproductive
    modes that allowed more
    and more variation to be
    generated.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   It results in re-establishment
    of the number of chromosomes
    and the DNA content in the
    new generation.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   One germ-cell is large and
    contains the food-stores is
    called the female gamete or
    Ovum .

    While the other is smaller and
    likely to be motile is called the
    male gamete or Sperm.
   It is a type of reproduction in which a male
    gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote
    which develop to form a new individual.

   Sexual reproduction brings variations

   Two variants combine to form new variation

   Specialized Germinating cells or gametes in
    complex organisms.
   1. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction
    over asexual reproduction?

   2. How are the modes for reproduction different in
    unicellular and multicellular organisms?

   3. How does reproduction help in providing stability
    to populations of species?
In case of plants
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Petals have bright colour
    and help attracts insects
    for pollination.

   Sepals is a leaf life
    structure and   protect
    flower at its immature
    state.
Pollens are
Anther       inside the
           anther, which
            contain two
           male gamete
Filament
Stigma

         Ovule is inside
               the
Style     Ovary, which
           contain one
         female gamete

Ovary
3. how do organism reproduce
   The flower may be unisexual
    (papaya, watermelon) when
    it contains either stamens or
    pistil.
   The flower may be bisexual
    (Hibiscus, mustard) when it
    contains both stamens and
    Pistil.
3. how do organism reproduce
   If this transfer of pollen
    occurs in the same flower,
    it is referred to as self-
    pollination.

   It takes place in bi sexual
    plant
   if   the     pollens   are
    transferred     from   one
    flower to another of same
    kind, it is known as
    crosspollination.

   It is possible in both
    unisexual and bi sexual
    flower.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Parts of flower and their role

   Types of flower, unisexual and bi sexual

   Cross and Self pollination

   Agents of cross pollination
   Read NCERT page No 132 to 134

   Draw the section of a flower and identify
    Sepal, Petals, Stamen and Carpel.
3. how do organism reproduce
?     Where are
    sperms found?


?
Pollens are
Anther       inside the
           anther, which
            contain two
           male gamete
Filament
?

?   Where is ovum
      found?



?
Stigma

         Ovule is inside
               the
Style     Ovary, which
           contain one
         female gamete

Ovary
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   The flower may be unisexual
    (papaya, watermelon) when
    it contains either stamens or
    pistil.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The flower may be bisexual
    (Hibiscus, mustard) when it
    contains both stamens and
    Pistil.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   After the pollen lands on a
    suitable stigma, a tube
    grows out of the pollen
    grain and travels through
    the style to reach the ovary.
   Male     gametes     travel
    through the tube and
    reaches to the ovule where
    female gamete is waiting.

   Male gamete fuses female
    gamete to form zygote.
3. how do organism reproduce
   Zygote divides several times to
    form an embryo within the ovule.

   Embryo gradually develop within
    the ovule.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The ovule develops a tough
    coat and is gradually converted
    into a seed.

   The ovary grows rapidly and
    ripens to form a fruit.

   Meanwhile,                 the
    petals, sepals, stamens, style
    and stigma may shrivel and fall
    off.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The seed contains the future
    plant or embryo which
    develops into a seedling
    under appropriate conditions.
    This process is known as
    germination.
Fusion of male and female gametes




Formation and development of zygote




Formation and development of Embryo




Germination/ taking birth of offspring
   Fertilization, A process in which sperm fuses ovum

   Post Fertilization Processes, Embryo formation

   Conversion of ovary and ovule in to fruit and seed

   Germination of seed
   Draw a diagram of Germination of pollen on stigma
    and           identify        Stigma,         Pollen
    tube, style, ovary, ovule, male and female gametes.
In case of animals
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Increase in height and weight.

   Growth of pubic hair.

   Growth of oil gland in face.

   Self conscious of our own bodies.
3. how do organism reproduce
   Development of breast in
    girls.

   Menstruation begins in girls.

   Facial hair in boys.

   Voices begin to crack in boys.

   Occasional enlargement and
    erection of Penis in boys.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Thus, the rate of general
    body growth begins to slow
    down, reproductive tissues
    begin to mature.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The period of life, when the body
    undergoes changes, leading to
    reproductive maturity, is called
    puberty.

   Boys and girls become capable of
    reproduction.
   Male sex hormone       is
    Testosterone

   Female sex hormones are
    Estrogen,    Progesterone
    and Relaxing.
   Changes in human body during growth

   Puberty during adolescence
   Read NCERT Page No. 135-137
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   It is a type of reproduction in
    which a male gamete fuses a
    female gamete to produce
    zygote which develop to form
    a new individual.
3. how do organism reproduce
Testis which produce Sperms



   Vas deferens, Urethra
        and Penis.


   Seminal vesicles, and
     Prostate gland
   These are located outside
    the abdominal cavity in
    scrotum because sperm
    formation requires a lower
    temperature than the
    normal body temperature.
   Testosterone brings about
    changes in appearance
    seen in boys at the time of
    puberty.
   The urethra thus forms a
    common passage for both
    the sperms and urine.

   Both urine and sperms
    come out through the
    muscular penis.
Neutralize acidity of the
     vaginal tract


Prolonging the lifespan of
   sperm in the vagina


  Rich sucrose provides
nourishment to the sperm
   It has long tail that helps them
    to move towards the female
    germ-cell.

   The human sperm cell is
    haploid, so that its 23
    chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)
   Testes are the site of sperm formation

   Testes are the site of Testosterone production

   Vas deferens connects with urethra

   Prostate and the seminal vesicle glands secrets
    alkaline fluid semen

   Sperms consist of genetic material.
   Draw the diagram of male reproductive system and
    identify its parts.
3. how do organism reproduce
Testis which produce Sperms



   Vas deferens, Urethra
        and Penis.


   Seminal vesicles, and
     Prostate gland
   It has long tail that helps them
    to move towards the female
    germ-cell.

   The human sperm cell is
    haploid, so that its 23
    chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)
3. how do organism reproduce
Two Ovaries which
     produce Ovum



     Fallopian tubes



Uterus, cervix and Vagina
   When a girl is born, the
    ovaries already contain
    thousands of immature
    eggs.      On      reaching
    puberty, some of these start
    maturing.

   One egg is produced every
    month by one of the ovaries.
   To receive a fertilized
    egg, uterus walls prepares
    itself by becoming more
    thicker with rich supply of
    blood and mucus.
   The two oviducts unite into
    an elastic bag-like structure
    known as the uterus.

   The uterus opens into the
    vagina through the cervix.
   Estrogen brings about changes
    in appearance seen in boys at
    the time of puberty.
The acidity retards the
growth of many strains of
dangerous microbes



Due to the degradation of
glycogen to the lactic acid
by enzymes secreted by
the Döderlein's bacillus.
   The ovum is one of the largest
    cells in the human body.

   The human ovum         cell is
    haploid, so that       its 23
    chromosomes (22 + x)
   Ovaries are the site of ovum production

   Ovaries are the site of hormone production

   Fallopian tubes or oviducts carry
    ovum to the womb

   Normal vaginal pH is 3.8 to 4.5, slightly acidic

   Ovum (Ova) consist of genetic material
   Draw the diagram of female reproductive system
    and identify its parts.
3. how do organism reproduce
Testis which produce Sperms



   Vas deferens, Urethra
        and Penis.


   Seminal vesicles, and
     Prostate gland
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
Two Ovaries which
     produce Ovum



     Fallopian tubes



Uterus, cervix and Vagina
3. how do organism reproduce
   To receive and nourish
    fertilized egg, uterus walls
    prepares       itself    by
    becoming more thicker
    with rich supply of blood
    and mucus.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   It is a type of reproduction in
    which a male gamete fuses a
    female gamete to produce
    zygote which develop to form
    a new individual.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   The acrosome of the sperm
    produces enzymes which allow it to
    burrow through the outer jelly coat
    (plasma membrane) of the egg.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The nuclei of the sperm and
    the egg fuse to form a single
    nucleus, results in the
    formation of a fertilized egg
    or zygote.
   The zygote, gets implanted
    in the lining of the
    uterus, and starts dividing
    to form embryo.

   Note: It was told that every
    month uterus wall make
    itself thicker with blood
    linings to receive zygote.
3. how do organism reproduce
Placenta is a special tissue
embedded in the mother's uterus


  It connects the embryo to the
        uterus through villi

It provides O2 & Glucose from the
      mother to the embryo

 It removes CO2 & waste from
 embryo to the mother’s blood
    The embryo continues to develop in
               the uterus. It gradually develops
               the      body    parts     such  as
               hands, legs, head, eyes, ears, etc.
               this is known as fetus (foetus).

              It takes 9 months (approximately)
               to grow.




Placenta
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
Surgical birth
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during
    sexual intercourse.

   Sperm fuses Ovum to form zygote

   Zygote develops to form Embryo

   Embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood
    through placenta and begins to grow.

   Fetus the developing embryo
   Explain the formation of zygote with diagram.
   To receive and nourish
    fertilized egg, uterus walls
    prepares       itself    by
    becoming more thicker
    with rich supply of blood
    and mucus.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The acrosome of the sperm
    produces enzymes which allow it to
    burrow through the outer jelly coat
    (plasma membrane) of the egg.
3. how do organism reproduce
   The zygote, gets implanted
    in the lining of the
    uterus, and starts dividing
    to form embryo.
Placenta is a special tissue
           embedded in the mother's uterus


             It connects the embryo to the
                   uterus through villi

           It provides O2 & Glucose from the
                 mother to the embryo

            It removes CO2 & waste from
            embryo to the mother’s blood
Placenta
Surgical birth
3. how do organism reproduce
May not had any sexual
        intercourse


 May be Sperms were inactive


 May be due to some reasons
  virginal acidity increased

May be Sperms did not reach to
         the Ovum
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Blood lining is not needed any
    longer.

   So, the lining slowly breaks
    and comes out through the
    vagina as blood and mucous.

   This cycle takes place roughly
    every month and is known as
    menstruation.

   It usually lasts for about two
    to eight days.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
Physical      Say “NO”
                exercise      to Drugs


     Personal                               Stop
     Hygiene                             Adolescent
                                         Pregnancy




Nutritional          Reproductive
                                              Safe sex
  Needs                 Health
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
   Menstruation in women and menstrual cycle

   Reproductive health
   Read NCERT page No. 137-139

   Write a short note on reproductive health.
   The period of life, when the body
    undergoes changes, leading to
    reproductive maturity, is called
    puberty.

   Boys and girls become capable of
    reproduction.
   Reaching the reproductive age
    at puberty does not mean you
    have got reproductive maturity.

   Reproductive maturity comes
    only when you will become
    adult.
3. how do organism reproduce
   Reproductive maturity means
    not only development of sex
    organs, it also indicates
    physical strength to hold a
    baby in womb and giving birth
    of a fit and healthy child.
   Pregnancy will make major
    demands on the body and
    the mind of the woman, and
    if she is not ready for it, her
    health will be adversely
    affected.
3. how do organism reproduce
Blocking
               Using
                               vas
              Copper T
                             deferens
   Changing                             Blocking
   hormonal                             fallopian
    balance                               tube




 Using             Contraceptive
                                             Abortion
Condoms              Methods
   Condoms on the penis or
    similar coverings worn in the
    vagina can serve this purpose.
   so that eggs are not released
    and fertilization cannot occur.

   These drugs commonly need
    to be taken orally as pills.

   May cause side-effects too.
   Copper-T are placed in the
    uterus to prevent pregnancy.

   May cause side effects due to
    irritation of the uterus.

   It does not give protection
    from sexually transmitted
    diseases.
   If the vas deferens in the male is
    blocked through surgery, sperm
    transfer will be prevented.

   May cause infections and other
    problems if not performed
    properly.
   If the fallopian tube in the female
    is blocked through surgery, the
    egg will not be able to reach the
    uterus.

   May cause infections and other
    problems if not performed
    properly. They do not protect
    against sexually transmitted
    infections, including HIV/AIDS.
   Surgery can also be used for
    removal of unwanted pregnancies.
    These may be misused by people
    who do not want a particular child.
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
3. how do organism reproduce
A Female may not has sexual
maturity but undergoes sexual act


Possibility of HIV-AIDS is maximum
      among the Sex workers


 Lack of education and unplanned
        family construction


    Increasing rate of pollution
     destroying social balance
   Various Contraceptive Methods

   For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio
    must be maintained

   Reasons for adopting various contraceptive
    Methods
   Read NCERT page No. 139-140

   Complete NCERT Exercise Page No. 140-141

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3. how do organism reproduce

  • 9. If the information is changed, different proteins will be made. Different proteins will eventually lead to altered body designs.
  • 11. This creates two copies of the DNA in a reproducing cell, and they will need to be separated from each other.
  • 12. Effectively, a cell divides to give rise to two cells.
  • 14. As a result, the DNA copies generated will be similar, but may not be identical to the original.
  • 15. Some of these variations might be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits. Such a newborn cell will simply die.
  • 16. This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction is the basis for evolution.
  • 17. A basic event in reproduction is the creation of a DNA copy which bring variation.  Creation of DNA copy brings variation
  • 18. 1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?  2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
  • 20. Effectively, a cell divides to give rise to two cells.
  • 22. This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction is the basis for evolution.
  • 26. Maintenance of body design features that allow the organism to use that particular niche.
  • 27. If there were a population of bacteria living in temperate waters, and if the water temperature were to be increased by global warming, most of these bacteria would die, but the few variants resistant to heat would survive and grow further.  Note: Global Warming takes long time to come in to effect. (may be 30 years)  So, surviving bacteria must have passed through successive variations over generations.
  • 29. Next generation bacteria passed through variations in such a way that, they will be able to cope up with increased temperature because, they have inherited changed body design during the process of DNA copying over generations.
  • 30. Change in environmental conditions is a long term procedure. So, variation is not compulsory for the survival of an individual.  But to survive with the changed environmental conditions an organism have to pass through successive variations over generations at its’ species level.  Slowly they inherit some changes in the body design during the process of DNA copying over generations.  Finally able to survive as a vitiated species.
  • 31. Reproduction is linked to the stability of populations of species.  Variation is useful for the survival of species over time.
  • 32. 1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?  2. Write the importance of variation.
  • 33. In case of animals In case of plants
  • 39. In case of Monera Protista, Fungi and in plants
  • 40. A type of reproduction in which Fission only a single parent is involved Fragmentation Regeneration Vegetative propagation Budding Spore formation
  • 42. Unicellular organism reproduces by dividing into two individuals.  Example: Amoeba
  • 44. Unicellular organism reproduces by divide into many daughter cells.  Example: Plasmodium
  • 46. Simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation. These pieces or fragments grow into new individuals.  Examples: Spirogyra
  • 48. The individual is somehow cut or broken up into many pieces, many of these pieces grow into separate individuals.  Example: Planaria
  • 49. These cells multiply and make large numbers of cells.  From this mass of cells, different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissues.
  • 50. Fission in the unicellular organisms  Fragmentation in the simple undifferentiated multicellular organisms  Regeneration in the simple differentiated multicellular organisms
  • 51. 1. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?  2. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?
  • 52. ? ? ? ? ? Asexual Reproduction ?
  • 53. Regeneration Budding Vegetative Fragmentation propagation Fission Asexual Spore Reproduction formation
  • 59. In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site.  These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.
  • 62. Development of new plant body from the existing buds along with maturity.  Example: Potato eyes, Germinating BUD
  • 68. Layering or grafting to grow many plants for agricultural purposes.  can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.  Such methods also make possible the propagation of plants have lost the capacity to produce seeds.  all plants produced are genetically similar enough to the parent plant
  • 70. Formation and germination of tiny spores in the sporangium lead to production of new plant body under some conditions.  Example: Rhizopus
  • 71. Sporangium Sporongiospores Sporongiophore Hyphae. Rhizoids
  • 72. Budding in the lower differentiated multicellular organisms  Vegetative Propagation in complex multicellular plants and importance  Spore Formation in simple multicellular organisms
  • 73. 1. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?  2. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?  3. Why is vegetative propagation practised for growing some types of plants?  4. Explain the process of spore formation .
  • 74. ? ?
  • 78. It is a type of reproduction in which a male gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote which develop to form a new individual.
  • 80. This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction is the basis for evolution.
  • 82. Variation is useful for the survival of species over time.
  • 84. It would therefore make sense if organisms came up with sexual reproductive modes that allowed more and more variation to be generated.
  • 88. It results in re-establishment of the number of chromosomes and the DNA content in the new generation.
  • 92. One germ-cell is large and contains the food-stores is called the female gamete or Ovum .  While the other is smaller and likely to be motile is called the male gamete or Sperm.
  • 93. It is a type of reproduction in which a male gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote which develop to form a new individual.  Sexual reproduction brings variations  Two variants combine to form new variation  Specialized Germinating cells or gametes in complex organisms.
  • 94. 1. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?  2. How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?  3. How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?
  • 95. In case of plants
  • 99. Petals have bright colour and help attracts insects for pollination.  Sepals is a leaf life structure and protect flower at its immature state.
  • 100. Pollens are Anther inside the anther, which contain two male gamete Filament
  • 101. Stigma Ovule is inside the Style Ovary, which contain one female gamete Ovary
  • 103. The flower may be unisexual (papaya, watermelon) when it contains either stamens or pistil.
  • 104. The flower may be bisexual (Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens and Pistil.
  • 106. If this transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower, it is referred to as self- pollination.  It takes place in bi sexual plant
  • 107. if the pollens are transferred from one flower to another of same kind, it is known as crosspollination.  It is possible in both unisexual and bi sexual flower.
  • 116. Parts of flower and their role  Types of flower, unisexual and bi sexual  Cross and Self pollination  Agents of cross pollination
  • 117. Read NCERT page No 132 to 134  Draw the section of a flower and identify Sepal, Petals, Stamen and Carpel.
  • 119. ? Where are sperms found? ?
  • 120. Pollens are Anther inside the anther, which contain two male gamete Filament
  • 121. ? ? Where is ovum found? ?
  • 122. Stigma Ovule is inside the Style Ovary, which contain one female gamete Ovary
  • 125. The flower may be unisexual (papaya, watermelon) when it contains either stamens or pistil.
  • 127. The flower may be bisexual (Hibiscus, mustard) when it contains both stamens and Pistil.
  • 131. After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, a tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovary.
  • 132. Male gametes travel through the tube and reaches to the ovule where female gamete is waiting.  Male gamete fuses female gamete to form zygote.
  • 134. Zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule.  Embryo gradually develop within the ovule.
  • 136. The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed.  The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.  Meanwhile, the petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off.
  • 138. The seed contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions. This process is known as germination.
  • 139. Fusion of male and female gametes Formation and development of zygote Formation and development of Embryo Germination/ taking birth of offspring
  • 140. Fertilization, A process in which sperm fuses ovum  Post Fertilization Processes, Embryo formation  Conversion of ovary and ovule in to fruit and seed  Germination of seed
  • 141. Draw a diagram of Germination of pollen on stigma and identify Stigma, Pollen tube, style, ovary, ovule, male and female gametes.
  • 142. In case of animals
  • 146. Increase in height and weight.  Growth of pubic hair.  Growth of oil gland in face.  Self conscious of our own bodies.
  • 148. Development of breast in girls.  Menstruation begins in girls.  Facial hair in boys.  Voices begin to crack in boys.  Occasional enlargement and erection of Penis in boys.
  • 151. Thus, the rate of general body growth begins to slow down, reproductive tissues begin to mature.
  • 153. The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity, is called puberty.  Boys and girls become capable of reproduction.
  • 154. Male sex hormone is Testosterone  Female sex hormones are Estrogen, Progesterone and Relaxing.
  • 155. Changes in human body during growth  Puberty during adolescence
  • 156. Read NCERT Page No. 135-137
  • 162. It is a type of reproduction in which a male gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote which develop to form a new individual.
  • 164. Testis which produce Sperms Vas deferens, Urethra and Penis. Seminal vesicles, and Prostate gland
  • 165. These are located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature.
  • 166. Testosterone brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty.
  • 167. The urethra thus forms a common passage for both the sperms and urine.  Both urine and sperms come out through the muscular penis.
  • 168. Neutralize acidity of the vaginal tract Prolonging the lifespan of sperm in the vagina Rich sucrose provides nourishment to the sperm
  • 169. It has long tail that helps them to move towards the female germ-cell.  The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)
  • 170. Testes are the site of sperm formation  Testes are the site of Testosterone production  Vas deferens connects with urethra  Prostate and the seminal vesicle glands secrets alkaline fluid semen  Sperms consist of genetic material.
  • 171. Draw the diagram of male reproductive system and identify its parts.
  • 173. Testis which produce Sperms Vas deferens, Urethra and Penis. Seminal vesicles, and Prostate gland
  • 174. It has long tail that helps them to move towards the female germ-cell.  The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes (22+ Y) or (22+ X)
  • 176. Two Ovaries which produce Ovum Fallopian tubes Uterus, cervix and Vagina
  • 177. When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs. On reaching puberty, some of these start maturing.  One egg is produced every month by one of the ovaries.
  • 178. To receive a fertilized egg, uterus walls prepares itself by becoming more thicker with rich supply of blood and mucus.
  • 179. The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus.  The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
  • 180. Estrogen brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the time of puberty.
  • 181. The acidity retards the growth of many strains of dangerous microbes Due to the degradation of glycogen to the lactic acid by enzymes secreted by the Döderlein's bacillus.
  • 182. The ovum is one of the largest cells in the human body.  The human ovum cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes (22 + x)
  • 183. Ovaries are the site of ovum production  Ovaries are the site of hormone production  Fallopian tubes or oviducts carry ovum to the womb  Normal vaginal pH is 3.8 to 4.5, slightly acidic  Ovum (Ova) consist of genetic material
  • 184. Draw the diagram of female reproductive system and identify its parts.
  • 186. Testis which produce Sperms Vas deferens, Urethra and Penis. Seminal vesicles, and Prostate gland
  • 189. Two Ovaries which produce Ovum Fallopian tubes Uterus, cervix and Vagina
  • 191. To receive and nourish fertilized egg, uterus walls prepares itself by becoming more thicker with rich supply of blood and mucus.
  • 194. It is a type of reproduction in which a male gamete fuses a female gamete to produce zygote which develop to form a new individual.
  • 197. The acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat (plasma membrane) of the egg.
  • 199. The nuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse to form a single nucleus, results in the formation of a fertilized egg or zygote.
  • 200. The zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts dividing to form embryo.  Note: It was told that every month uterus wall make itself thicker with blood linings to receive zygote.
  • 202. Placenta is a special tissue embedded in the mother's uterus It connects the embryo to the uterus through villi It provides O2 & Glucose from the mother to the embryo It removes CO2 & waste from embryo to the mother’s blood
  • 203. The embryo continues to develop in the uterus. It gradually develops the body parts such as hands, legs, head, eyes, ears, etc. this is known as fetus (foetus).  It takes 9 months (approximately) to grow. Placenta
  • 210. The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse.  Sperm fuses Ovum to form zygote  Zygote develops to form Embryo  Embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood through placenta and begins to grow.  Fetus the developing embryo
  • 211. Explain the formation of zygote with diagram.
  • 212. To receive and nourish fertilized egg, uterus walls prepares itself by becoming more thicker with rich supply of blood and mucus.
  • 214. The acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat (plasma membrane) of the egg.
  • 216. The zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and starts dividing to form embryo.
  • 217. Placenta is a special tissue embedded in the mother's uterus It connects the embryo to the uterus through villi It provides O2 & Glucose from the mother to the embryo It removes CO2 & waste from embryo to the mother’s blood Placenta
  • 220. May not had any sexual intercourse May be Sperms were inactive May be due to some reasons virginal acidity increased May be Sperms did not reach to the Ovum
  • 223. Blood lining is not needed any longer.  So, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.  This cycle takes place roughly every month and is known as menstruation.  It usually lasts for about two to eight days.
  • 226. Physical Say “NO” exercise to Drugs Personal Stop Hygiene Adolescent Pregnancy Nutritional Reproductive Safe sex Needs Health
  • 233. Menstruation in women and menstrual cycle  Reproductive health
  • 234. Read NCERT page No. 137-139  Write a short note on reproductive health.
  • 235. The period of life, when the body undergoes changes, leading to reproductive maturity, is called puberty.  Boys and girls become capable of reproduction.
  • 236. Reaching the reproductive age at puberty does not mean you have got reproductive maturity.  Reproductive maturity comes only when you will become adult.
  • 238. Reproductive maturity means not only development of sex organs, it also indicates physical strength to hold a baby in womb and giving birth of a fit and healthy child.
  • 239. Pregnancy will make major demands on the body and the mind of the woman, and if she is not ready for it, her health will be adversely affected.
  • 241. Blocking Using vas Copper T deferens Changing Blocking hormonal fallopian balance tube Using Contraceptive Abortion Condoms Methods
  • 242. Condoms on the penis or similar coverings worn in the vagina can serve this purpose.
  • 243. so that eggs are not released and fertilization cannot occur.  These drugs commonly need to be taken orally as pills.  May cause side-effects too.
  • 244. Copper-T are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.  May cause side effects due to irritation of the uterus.  It does not give protection from sexually transmitted diseases.
  • 245. If the vas deferens in the male is blocked through surgery, sperm transfer will be prevented.  May cause infections and other problems if not performed properly.
  • 246. If the fallopian tube in the female is blocked through surgery, the egg will not be able to reach the uterus.  May cause infections and other problems if not performed properly. They do not protect against sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.
  • 247. Surgery can also be used for removal of unwanted pregnancies. These may be misused by people who do not want a particular child.
  • 251. A Female may not has sexual maturity but undergoes sexual act Possibility of HIV-AIDS is maximum among the Sex workers Lack of education and unplanned family construction Increasing rate of pollution destroying social balance
  • 252. Various Contraceptive Methods  For a healthy society, the female-male sex ratio must be maintained  Reasons for adopting various contraceptive Methods
  • 253. Read NCERT page No. 139-140  Complete NCERT Exercise Page No. 140-141