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earthquakes and volcanoes                               rates of change                               weathering and erosion                                   rocks and sediments




9-12
                                                                                 The formation,                                        Scientific evidence
                                                                                 weathering,                                           implies that some rock
                                                                                 sedimentation, and                                    near the earth's surface
                                                                                 reformation of rock                                   is several billion years
                                                                                 constitute a continuing                               old. But until the 19th
                                                                                 "rock cycle" in which                                 century, most people
                                                                                 the total amount of                                   believed that the earth
                                                                                 material stays the same                               was created just a few
                                                                                 as its forms change.                                  thousand years ago.




                                    Earthquakes often occur
                                    along the boundaries
                                    between colliding
                                    plates, and molten rock
                                    from below creates
                                    pressure that is
                                    released by volcanic
                                    eruptions, helping to
                                    build up mountains.
                                    Under the ocean basins,
                                    molten rock may well up

6-8
                                                                                                                                       Sedimentary rock buried                               Thousands of layers of
                                                                                                                                       deep enough may be                                    sedimentary rock confirm
                                                                                                                                       reformed by pressure and                              the long history of the
                                                                                                                                       heat, perhaps melting                                 changing surface of the
                                                                                                                                       and recrystallizing into                              earth and the changing
                                                                                                                                       different kinds of rock.                              life forms whose remains
                                                                                                                                       These re-formed rock                                  are found in successive
                                                                                                                                       layers may be forced up                               layers. The youngest
                                                                                                                                       again to become land                                  layers are not always
                                                                                                                                       surface and even                                      found on top, because of
                                                                                                                                       mountains. Subsequently,                              folding, breaking, and




                                    The interior of the                                                                                                           Sediments of sand and
                                    earth is hot. Heat flow                                                                                                       smaller particles
                                    and movement of material                                                                                                      (sometimes containing
                                    within the earth cause                                                                                                        the remains of
                                    earthquakes and volcanic                                                                                                      organisms) are gradually
                                    eruptions and create                                                                                                          buried and are cemented
                                    mountains and ocean                                                                                                           together by dissolved
                                    basins.                                                                                                                       minerals to form solid
                                                                                                                                                                  rock again.




                                                                                                                                       The earth's surface is
         The earth first formed                                                                                                        shaped in part by the
         in a molten state and                                                                                                         motion of water and wind
         then the surface cooled                                                                                                       over very long times,
         into solid rock.                                                                                                              which act to level
                                                                                                                                       mountain ranges.




                                                                                                            Rivers and glacial ice
                                                                                                            carry off soil and break
                                                                                                            down rock, eventually
                                                                                                            depositing the material
                                                                                                            in sediments or carrying
                                                                                                            it in solution to the
                                                                                                            sea.




                                                                                 Some changes in the
                                                                                 earth's surface are                                                                                         There are a variety of
                                                                                 abrupt (such as                                                                                             different land forms on
                                                                                 earthquakes and volcanic                                                                                    the earth's surface
                                                                                 eruptions) while other                                                                                      (such as coastlines,
                                                                                 changes happen very                                                                                         rivers, mountains,
                                                                                 slowly (such as uplift                                                                                      deltas, and canyons).
                                                                                 and wearing down of
                                                                                 mountains).




                                    Vibrations in materials
                                    set up wavelike
                                    disturbances that spread
                                    away from the source.
                                    Sound and earthquake
                                    waves are examples.




3-5
                                                                                                                                                                                             Rock is composed of
                                                                                 Waves, wind, water, and                                                                                     different combinations
                                                                                 ice shape and reshape                                                                                       of minerals. Smaller
                                    How fast things move                         the earth's land surface                              Things on or near the                                 rocks come from the
                                    differs greatly. Some                        by eroding rock and soil                              earth are pulled toward                               breakage and weathering
                                    things are so slow that                      in some areas and                                     it by the earth's                                     of bedrock and larger
                                    their journey takes a                        depositing them in other                              gravity.                                              rocks. Soil is made
                                    long time.                                   areas, sometimes in                                                                                         partly from weathered
                                                                                 seasonal layers.                                                                                            rock, partly from plant
                                                                                                                                                                                             remains-and also
                                                                                                                                                                                             contains many living



         Things change in steady,
         repetitive, or irregular
         ways-or sometimes in
         more than one way at the
         same time. Often the
         best way to tell which
         kinds of change are
         happening is to make a
         table or graph of
         measurments.


K-2

                                                                                                                                       Chunks of rocks come in
                                    Some changes are so slow                                                                           many sizes and shapes,
                                    or so fast that they are                                                                           from boulders to grains
                                    hard to see.                                                                                       of sand and even
                                                                                                                                       smaller.




                                                                                 Change is something that
                                                                                 happens to many things.

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Map 2

  • 1. earthquakes and volcanoes rates of change weathering and erosion rocks and sediments 9-12 The formation, Scientific evidence weathering, implies that some rock sedimentation, and near the earth's surface reformation of rock is several billion years constitute a continuing old. But until the 19th "rock cycle" in which century, most people the total amount of believed that the earth material stays the same was created just a few as its forms change. thousand years ago. Earthquakes often occur along the boundaries between colliding plates, and molten rock from below creates pressure that is released by volcanic eruptions, helping to build up mountains. Under the ocean basins, molten rock may well up 6-8 Sedimentary rock buried Thousands of layers of deep enough may be sedimentary rock confirm reformed by pressure and the long history of the heat, perhaps melting changing surface of the and recrystallizing into earth and the changing different kinds of rock. life forms whose remains These re-formed rock are found in successive layers may be forced up layers. The youngest again to become land layers are not always surface and even found on top, because of mountains. Subsequently, folding, breaking, and The interior of the Sediments of sand and earth is hot. Heat flow smaller particles and movement of material (sometimes containing within the earth cause the remains of earthquakes and volcanic organisms) are gradually eruptions and create buried and are cemented mountains and ocean together by dissolved basins. minerals to form solid rock again. The earth's surface is The earth first formed shaped in part by the in a molten state and motion of water and wind then the surface cooled over very long times, into solid rock. which act to level mountain ranges. Rivers and glacial ice carry off soil and break down rock, eventually depositing the material in sediments or carrying it in solution to the sea. Some changes in the earth's surface are There are a variety of abrupt (such as different land forms on earthquakes and volcanic the earth's surface eruptions) while other (such as coastlines, changes happen very rivers, mountains, slowly (such as uplift deltas, and canyons). and wearing down of mountains). Vibrations in materials set up wavelike disturbances that spread away from the source. Sound and earthquake waves are examples. 3-5 Rock is composed of Waves, wind, water, and different combinations ice shape and reshape of minerals. Smaller How fast things move the earth's land surface Things on or near the rocks come from the differs greatly. Some by eroding rock and soil earth are pulled toward breakage and weathering things are so slow that in some areas and it by the earth's of bedrock and larger their journey takes a depositing them in other gravity. rocks. Soil is made long time. areas, sometimes in partly from weathered seasonal layers. rock, partly from plant remains-and also contains many living Things change in steady, repetitive, or irregular ways-or sometimes in more than one way at the same time. Often the best way to tell which kinds of change are happening is to make a table or graph of measurments. K-2 Chunks of rocks come in Some changes are so slow many sizes and shapes, or so fast that they are from boulders to grains hard to see. of sand and even smaller. Change is something that happens to many things.