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LinkedIn Endorsements: Reputation, Virality, and
Social Tagging
O‟Reilly Strata - February 28, 2013
Sam Shah @sam_shah
Pete Skomoroch @peteskomoroch


©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Sam Shah
                          Principal Engineer and Engineering Manager
                          @sam_shah
                          www.linkedin.com/in/shahsam




                          Peter Skomoroch
                          Principal Data Scientist
                          @peteskomoroch
                          www.linkedin.com/in/peterskomoroch




©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
LinkedIn: The Professional Profile of Record




   200+M            Members                      200M                  Member
                                                                       Profiles


                    ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.              3
LinkedIn‟s Latest Data Product: Skill Endorsements




                                                     4
Viral Growth: 800M Endorsements in 4 Months




                                              5
Data Amplifies Desire

1. Desire + Social Proof
2. Viral Loops + Network Effects
3. Data Foundation + Recommendation Algorithms




                                                 6
1) Desire & Social Proof




                           7
Email   News Feed   Notification
2) Viral Loops & Network Effects
       A
                           B                          B “accepts”
    endorses
                        notified                     endorsement
       B




                                                     Endorsement
                                                   recommendations




                                                     B           B
                                                  endorses    endorses
                                                     C           D
3) Data Foundation: Skills & Suggested Skills




                                                9
Data Foundation: LinkedIn Skills




                                   10
Social Tagging Accelerates Adoption



     Skill marketing
Skill recommendations
       Virality only


         Suggested
      endorsements




                        ©2012 LinkedIn Cororation. All Rights Reserved.
Outline


              Skill discovery


               Skill tagging


           Skill recommendations


          Suggested endorsements




                                   12
Unsupervised Topic Discovery from Profiles




    Extract




                                             13
Profile
Building the Skills Dictionary                                 (specialties)



   What is the skills dictionary?

     – A growing taxonomy of skills
                                                              Tokenization


                                                               Clustering
     – Generated by mining profiles and maintained by the
       Skills team at LinkedIn
                                                             Crowdsourcing
     – Created using clustering and crowdsourcing.

     – Multiple phrases, acronyms, and misspellings map to
       a single standardized skill.

         250+ different phrases map to “Microsoft Office”
                                                                Taxonomy



                                                                               14
Topic Clustering & Phrase Sense Disambiguation




                                                 15
Skills Dictionary: Microsoft Office


   –   ms office
   –   ms office suite
   –   computer skills including ms office
   –   office 97
   –   microsoft office user
                                             Microsoft Office
   –   mac office
   –   microsoft office 2003 & 2007          (Skill ID = 366)
   –   microsoft office suits
   –   microsoft ofice
   –   microsoft ofiice
   –   ms office certified
   –   office 98
   –   …




                                                                16
Deduplication Signals from Mechanical Turk




                                             17
Sample Task for Mechanical Turk Workers




                                          18
Skill Phrase Deduplication




                             19
Outline


              Skill discovery


               Skill tagging


           Skill recommendations


          Suggested endorsements




                                   20
Skills Classification
   Use skill dictionary metadata to tag, standardize and infer skills
   Run classifiers for each skill on member profiles




                                             Public Speaking

                                             Ruby on Rails

                                             Entrepreneurship

                                             Microsoft Office

                                             AP Style




                                                                         21
Document
 Tagging Skill Phrases                                                        (ex: Profile)


 Tagging: Extract potential skill phrases from text
     Lead designer and engineer for the implementation of a user-
     centric, fully-configurable UI for data aggregation and reporting.
     Developed over 20 SaaS custom applications using Python,
     Javascript and RoR.                                                     Tokenization

                                                                                      Phrases
    JavaScript       RoR     SaaS                           Python
                                                                                      (up to 6 words)

 Standardize unambiguous phrase variants                                   Skills Tagger
      ror
      rubyonrails                                                                       Skills
      ruby on rails development           Ruby on Rails                                 (unordered)
      ruby rails
      ruby on rail                                                         Skills Classifier


                                                                                  Skills
                                                                          (ranked by relevance)


                                                                                              22
Outline


              Skill discovery


               Skill tagging


          Skill recommendations


          Suggested endorsements




                                   23
Skills Classification on Member Profiles

    The skills classifier computes the likelihood of a member to have a skill based on
    the member’s profile, other profiles which share common attributes and their
    connections.




                 Tagging               Standardization                Inference
Profile
                Tokenize free             Transform tags            Rank skills by
  text
            text into phrase tags       into potential skills        likelihood


                        Profile attributes & network signals




                                                                                         24
Profile
Skill Inference

   How suggested/inferred skills work:
                                                                         Extract
     – Profiles with skills help build a massive dataset of             attributes
       (attribute: skills).
                                                              Feature
                                                                              - Company ID
         Example with a title:                                Vectors
                                                                              - Title ID
                                                                              - Groups ID
         Software Engineer         Java      100 000
                                                                              - Industry ID
         Software Engineer         C++        88 000                          -…
         …
                                                                 Skills Classifier
                 Title             Skill      Occurrences



                                                                       Skills
                                                               (ranked by likelihood)


                                                                                     25
Profile
Skill Inference

   How suggested/inferred skills work:
                                                                    Extract
     – The skill likelihood is a conditional model                 attributes

                                                         Feature
                                                                         - Company ID
     – Probabilities are combined using a Naïve Bayes    Vectors
                                                                         - Title ID
       Classifier                                                        - Groups ID
                                                                         - Industry ID
                                                                         -…

                                                            Skills Classifier
   If you are an engineer at Apple, you probably know
    about iPhone Development.


                                                                  Skills
                                                          (ranked by likelihood)


                                                                                26
Skill Suggestions for Your LinkedIn Profile



                                  4% Conversion




                                  49% Conversion


                                              29
Outline


               Skill discovery


               Skill tagging


           Skill recommendations


          Suggested endorsements




                                   30
Social Tagging via Skill Endorsements




                                        31
Suggesting Endorsements
                                                          Candidate
 People-skill combinations in a member‟s network         generation
 Binary classification
                                                    Feature
                                                                   - Company
 Features                                          Vectors
                                                                   - Title
   –   Skill inference score                                       - Groups
   –   Company overlap                                             - Industry
   –   School overlap                                              -…
   –   Group overlap
   –   Industry and functional area similarity                Classifier
   –   Title similarity
   –   Site interactions
   –   Co-interactions
                                                    Suggested Endorsements
                                                      (ranked by likelihood)




                                                                           32
Social Tagging Accelerates Adoption



     Skill marketing

Skill recommendations



  Skill endorsements




                        ©2012 LinkedIn Cororation. All Rights Reserved.
Can We Find Influencers In Venture Capital?




                                              34
Which Skills Are Important for a Data Scientist?




                                                   35
What Technologies are Professionals Adopting?




                                                36
Data Amplifies Desire

1. Desire + Social Proof
2. Viral Loops + Network Effects
3. Data Catalyst + Recommendation Algorithms




                                               37
Infrastructure




•   Apache Hadoop: Parallel processing architecture
•   Apache Kafka: Ingress pipes
•   Azkaban: Hadoop scheduler
•   Voldemort: Egress database
•   Apache Pig: High-level MR language
•   DataFu: Convenience routines

http://data.linkedin.com


R. Sumbaly, J. Kreps, and S. Shah. “The „Big Data‟ ecosystem at LinkedIn”. In SIGMOD 2013 (to appear).

                                          ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.               38
Learning More
data.linkedin.com

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Strata 2013 - LinkedIn Endorsements: Reputation, Virality, and Social Tagging

  • 1. LinkedIn Endorsements: Reputation, Virality, and Social Tagging O‟Reilly Strata - February 28, 2013 Sam Shah @sam_shah Pete Skomoroch @peteskomoroch ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
  • 2. Sam Shah Principal Engineer and Engineering Manager @sam_shah www.linkedin.com/in/shahsam Peter Skomoroch Principal Data Scientist @peteskomoroch www.linkedin.com/in/peterskomoroch ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
  • 3. LinkedIn: The Professional Profile of Record 200+M Members 200M Member Profiles ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 3
  • 4. LinkedIn‟s Latest Data Product: Skill Endorsements 4
  • 5. Viral Growth: 800M Endorsements in 4 Months 5
  • 6. Data Amplifies Desire 1. Desire + Social Proof 2. Viral Loops + Network Effects 3. Data Foundation + Recommendation Algorithms 6
  • 7. 1) Desire & Social Proof 7
  • 8. Email News Feed Notification 2) Viral Loops & Network Effects A B B “accepts” endorses notified endorsement B Endorsement recommendations B B endorses endorses C D
  • 9. 3) Data Foundation: Skills & Suggested Skills 9
  • 11. Social Tagging Accelerates Adoption Skill marketing Skill recommendations Virality only Suggested endorsements ©2012 LinkedIn Cororation. All Rights Reserved.
  • 12. Outline Skill discovery Skill tagging Skill recommendations Suggested endorsements 12
  • 13. Unsupervised Topic Discovery from Profiles Extract 13
  • 14. Profile Building the Skills Dictionary (specialties)  What is the skills dictionary? – A growing taxonomy of skills Tokenization Clustering – Generated by mining profiles and maintained by the Skills team at LinkedIn Crowdsourcing – Created using clustering and crowdsourcing. – Multiple phrases, acronyms, and misspellings map to a single standardized skill. 250+ different phrases map to “Microsoft Office” Taxonomy 14
  • 15. Topic Clustering & Phrase Sense Disambiguation 15
  • 16. Skills Dictionary: Microsoft Office – ms office – ms office suite – computer skills including ms office – office 97 – microsoft office user Microsoft Office – mac office – microsoft office 2003 & 2007 (Skill ID = 366) – microsoft office suits – microsoft ofice – microsoft ofiice – ms office certified – office 98 – … 16
  • 17. Deduplication Signals from Mechanical Turk 17
  • 18. Sample Task for Mechanical Turk Workers 18
  • 20. Outline Skill discovery Skill tagging Skill recommendations Suggested endorsements 20
  • 21. Skills Classification  Use skill dictionary metadata to tag, standardize and infer skills  Run classifiers for each skill on member profiles Public Speaking Ruby on Rails Entrepreneurship Microsoft Office AP Style 21
  • 22. Document Tagging Skill Phrases (ex: Profile)  Tagging: Extract potential skill phrases from text Lead designer and engineer for the implementation of a user- centric, fully-configurable UI for data aggregation and reporting. Developed over 20 SaaS custom applications using Python, Javascript and RoR. Tokenization Phrases JavaScript RoR SaaS Python (up to 6 words)  Standardize unambiguous phrase variants Skills Tagger ror rubyonrails Skills ruby on rails development Ruby on Rails (unordered) ruby rails ruby on rail Skills Classifier Skills (ranked by relevance) 22
  • 23. Outline Skill discovery Skill tagging Skill recommendations Suggested endorsements 23
  • 24. Skills Classification on Member Profiles The skills classifier computes the likelihood of a member to have a skill based on the member’s profile, other profiles which share common attributes and their connections. Tagging Standardization Inference Profile Tokenize free Transform tags Rank skills by text text into phrase tags into potential skills likelihood Profile attributes & network signals 24
  • 25. Profile Skill Inference  How suggested/inferred skills work: Extract – Profiles with skills help build a massive dataset of attributes (attribute: skills). Feature - Company ID Example with a title: Vectors - Title ID - Groups ID Software Engineer Java 100 000 - Industry ID Software Engineer C++ 88 000 -… … Skills Classifier Title Skill Occurrences Skills (ranked by likelihood) 25
  • 26. Profile Skill Inference  How suggested/inferred skills work: Extract – The skill likelihood is a conditional model attributes Feature - Company ID – Probabilities are combined using a Naïve Bayes Vectors - Title ID Classifier - Groups ID - Industry ID -… Skills Classifier  If you are an engineer at Apple, you probably know about iPhone Development. Skills (ranked by likelihood) 26
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. Skill Suggestions for Your LinkedIn Profile 4% Conversion 49% Conversion 29
  • 30. Outline Skill discovery Skill tagging Skill recommendations Suggested endorsements 30
  • 31. Social Tagging via Skill Endorsements 31
  • 32. Suggesting Endorsements Candidate  People-skill combinations in a member‟s network generation  Binary classification Feature - Company  Features Vectors - Title – Skill inference score - Groups – Company overlap - Industry – School overlap -… – Group overlap – Industry and functional area similarity Classifier – Title similarity – Site interactions – Co-interactions Suggested Endorsements (ranked by likelihood) 32
  • 33. Social Tagging Accelerates Adoption Skill marketing Skill recommendations Skill endorsements ©2012 LinkedIn Cororation. All Rights Reserved.
  • 34. Can We Find Influencers In Venture Capital? 34
  • 35. Which Skills Are Important for a Data Scientist? 35
  • 36. What Technologies are Professionals Adopting? 36
  • 37. Data Amplifies Desire 1. Desire + Social Proof 2. Viral Loops + Network Effects 3. Data Catalyst + Recommendation Algorithms 37
  • 38. Infrastructure • Apache Hadoop: Parallel processing architecture • Apache Kafka: Ingress pipes • Azkaban: Hadoop scheduler • Voldemort: Egress database • Apache Pig: High-level MR language • DataFu: Convenience routines http://data.linkedin.com R. Sumbaly, J. Kreps, and S. Shah. “The „Big Data‟ ecosystem at LinkedIn”. In SIGMOD 2013 (to appear). ©2012 LinkedIn Corporation. All Rights Reserved. 38