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Agenda Review strategic goals and tasks for HALS market growth
- 22. Diverticulitis
- 33. Growth of complex (left, sig, LAR, subtotal & total wo IPAA) MIS colon cases during CIMA study
- 34. Q & A
Editor's Notes
- The red line is the peritoneum and mesentery. The peritoneum and mesentery are both made of a single sheet of thin, semi-transparent tissue. This “cellophane” lines the entire abdominal cavity and all viscera. In embryo all organs were grown from an area “behind” the peritoneum...a space between the peritoneum and the abdominal wall. Some organs, like the small intestine, needed additional room in which to develop. Since the small intestine eventually grows to over 20’ in length, there isn’t enough room on the surface of abdominal wall to grow, so it and other organs grow into the abdominal cavity. Along the way they pull the peritoneum, which grows as the organ grows. Within this growing peritoneum are all the vessels and nerves needed to support the organ. Eventually the peritoneum extends inward so far that it folds back on itself and forms a thicker tissue - which we refer to as mesentery. Some of the organs never develop a mesentery as they don’t need additional room to grow. They stay in close proximity to the abdominal wall “behind” the peritoneum. We refer to these organs as retroperitoneal. The organs that did need to grow and moved away from the abdominal wall (and therefore have a mesentery) are called intraperitoneal. Since retroperitoneal organs don’t have a mesentery, and they are “stuck” against the abdominal wall behind the peritoneum, they tend to be more difficult to mobilize. Therefore, HALS is an excellent tool to use when surgeons are mobilizing retroperitoneal organs.
- This is the primary slide we use to teach C\\R terms and anatomy. Included in the training packet is an excel file that cross-references each number with a definition. The numbering has changed since we met in Chicago because Haustra was listed twice and the rectosigmoid junction (19) wasn’t listed at all. It is important for us to model mastery of these terms if we expect TMs to be confident in their own knowledge so please take some time to review them before the presentation. In order to get audience involvement consider having them read off the definitions sequentially 1-20. Ensure adequate understanding of all terms with special focus on the difficulty in mobilizing the splenic flexure (14) and the sigmoid colon (17) when treating advanced diverticulitis and carcinoma. Both diseases are highly localized to the sigmoid colon and the rectum, making mobilization of those structures difficult. In the vast majority of left hemicolectomies, sigmoidectomies and LARs the splenic flexure must be mobilized in order to gain adequate bowel length for a tension-free anastomosis. This can be challenging due to its remote location from port sites, its retroperitoneal nature and its proximity to significant organs like the spleen, tip of the pancreas and kidney. Hand assisted mobilization of the SF is a critical benefit to surgeons and must be a key feature of selling to surgeons.
- Apologize for the distorted image…please feel free to fix it if you can. This image represents the arterial supply to the colon with the transverse colon retracted cephalad. Since we are focusing on procedures involving the left side, sigmoid and rectum, please focus on those arcades. The inferior mesenteric artery is the primary conduit for structure involved in these procedures. When surgeons perform a wide area margin technique they will harvest the IMA in relative proximity to the abdominal aorta. In a medial-to-lateral approach, which our proctors favor for HALS, ligating the IMA is first “real” part of the procedure after they’ve gained access, inspected the viscera of the cavity and swept the greater omentum and small bowel aside. An otomy (opening) is created in the mesocolon near the assumed location of the IMA. The surgeon will use blunt dissection and finger dexterity to demonstrate the IMA and AA. Once an adequate visualization has been made and the IMA is confirmed, the surgeon will use either energy or clips to ligate. While not a technically challenging step, the proximity of the IMA to the AA demands special care. HALS affords the surgeon the opportunity to palpate the IMA and AA for perfect knowledge of the anatomy and to quickly gain hemostasis in case of an “unplanned development”.
- Another look at the arterial supply to the colon. This image, with the transverse colon again retracted cephalad and the sigmoid flexure retracted laterally, demonstrates how the arteries are actually encapsulated within the mesocolon. It also shows the path of the right ureter coursing over the bifurcation of the common-to-internal ileac. It is easy to envision the left ureter following a mirrored course on the opposite side, but deep to the sigmoid flexure and s. colon. It is the left ureter that is in jeopardy during mobilization of this structures. Subsequent slides will clearly show the left ureter, but you may want to introduce the issue early and often.
- This plate is shown to demonstrate that veins parallel arteries. The left ureter is also more visible in this image than in the previous one.
- The focus is on the upper left image and the lymphatic system of the colon. Lymph nodes serve as a collection and isolation point for lymph fluid as it moves from interstitial space to the subclavian veins, where it enters the circulatory system for disposal. Our interest in the lymphatic system of the colon in based on its function as a transporter of living cancer cells. These cells can be collected in lymph nodes which are referred to as “sentinel” nodes. Current oncologic principles mandate the harvesting of at least 12 of these nodes in order to perform an effective screening\\staging of cancer. This requirement drives the need to do a wide area margin (aka “wedge”) surgery in which all tissue incorporated into an area best described as a triangle is harvested. See the next slide for visual evidence.
- These diagrams represent a wide area margin or wedge technique used to treat cancer. The goal is to harvest the diseased tissue and all associated tissues, including the mesocolon. The arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatics of the diseased colon tissue are all incorporated into the mesocolon. This technique also increases the likelihood that surgery on the left side will require mobilization of the splenic flexure, as enough bowel has to be “pulled down” to form a tension-free anastomosis. Many of our proctors always perform a “cancer” surgery regardless of the disease they are treating. By consistently performing the same procedure they increase their skills and the skills of others in the OR supporting the case. Notice that in some of the images branches of the IMA are harvested (lower left, lower middle) while in the lower right image the IMA is harvested. The IMA can be harvested without compromising the rectum or splenic flexure.
- The upper left drawing demonstrates the divergence of the tenia coli which begins near the sigmoid flexure and is complete at the proximal rectum. In fact, absence of tenia is a distinguishing characteristic of the rectum. It is also easy to appreciate that the rectum is essentially a muscular storage facility for fecal matter awaiting evacuation.
- This is an excellent drawing to explain a number of key anatomical features as they relate to HALS. First, the rectum is longer than many people believe. According to the artist the rectum is approximately 15-17 cm (6”-7”). The HALS surgeon has the ability to directly manipulate the rectum to facilitate mobilization and control the EEA during the anastomosis, while the laparoscopist must rely on insensate instruments. Second, about half of that length is difficult to access through the abdominal cavity as it lays inferior (infra- or extra- peritoneal) to the peritoneal reflection. The term “deep in the pelvis” refers to the most distal portion of the rectum accessible to that surgeon. Third, it is important to understand that all surgeons are not created equal and that surgical skills can be a limiting factor in how low a low anterior resection can be. Finally, this drawing also shows the surgical anus as 4-5 cm (1.5”-2.0”). Its boundaries are (proximal) the anorectal line and (distal) the anal verge (hair bearing to non-hair bearing skin).
- A great view of key structures low in the pelvis and the extraperitoneal anatomy. First, focus on the location of the left ureter in comparison to the sigmoid colon. Though the ureter is retroperitoneal, it can be accidentally ligated during mobilization of the sigmoid. The HALS surgeon has the benefit of tactile feedback to assist in safe and complete mobilization. Second, the rectum is shown as passing into and deeper pocket before exiting the peritoneal space. This lower, depressed area is the pararectal fossa. The Contour 45 from EES is designed to fit into this space and assist with deep transection of the rectum. Finally, reviewing the peritoneum may be appropriate at this time since we can clearly see how it covers retroperitoneal structures.
- The purpose of this slide is to offer a different perspective on the lower pelvis organs in the male and how they relate to each other. The median sagittal view is probably the more helpful. The rectovesical pouch (brown pocket in drawing) is the anterior portion of the pararectal fossa discussed on the previous slide.
- The purpose of this slide is to offer a different perspective on the lower pelvis organs in the female and how they relate to each other. The median sagittal view (top drawing) is probably the more helpful. The rectouterine pouch (aka pouch of Douglas) is the anterior portion of the pararectal fossa discussed on the earlier slide. We can see how easily a rectovaginal fistula could develop from a perforation of the anterior rectum.
- One of the more important images as this is the view we often see during lap C\\R surgery. This is a superior view of a male cross-section cephalad to the sigmoid colon. Again, we can observe the close proximity of the left ureter to the sigmoid, the left gutter, the peritoneum and the pararectal fossa. All key anatomical concerns for us.
- One of the more important images as this is the view we often see during lap C\\R surgery. This is a superior view of a female cross-section cephalad to the sigmoid colon. Again, we can observe the close proximity of the left ureter to the sigmoid, the left gutter, the peritoneum and the pararectal fossa. The ovaries and potential crowding of the low pelvis are also observed. All key anatomical concerns for us.
- This image illustrates different aspects of diverticulitis on a cross-section of colon. Diverticula are simply out-pocketings of the lumen of the bowel. Typically they occur at the weakest point of the wall – the point of entry\\exit for blood vessels. The diverticulum themselves are frequently asymptomatic and can go untreated. Eventually they may become infected and require either medical or surgical treatment. When medicine fails surgical resection is required. As the diverticulitis develops the body tries to seal off the infection by surrounding the segment with tissue. It is this response that results in adhesions that make mobilization more difficult. An excellent opening question for “pure” lap surgeons is “What are the most common reasons for converting to open in an advanced diverticulitis case?” Typically the answer will involve challenges in mobilizing the diseased segment and\\or challenges in sufficiently mobilizing the splenic flexure to ensure a tension-free anastomosis. Since diverticulitis predominately occurs in the sigmoid colon and rectum, HALS is a perfect tool to assist in mobilization.
- This presentation is in a word file named “stapling overview”
- This slide demonstrates that we can grow the market by converting open and lap surgeons to HALS. In 2003 there were <80 complex (see title for definition) lap assisted colon (LAC) cases performed at the Mayo Clinic. In Nov-Dec 2003 there were less <20 LACs performed and less than 10 similar HALS case. In 2004 >80 LACs were performed and nearly 80 HALS complex colons were done. The LAC number fell to 60 in 2005 as some surgeons probably became more selective in which cases they did LAC and which were done HALS. However, the HALS cases continued to climb in 2005 with about 110 being performed. Remember, in 2003 HALS barely made the chart in two months. This growth in HALS continued in 2006 reaching nearly 140 cases. LAC also grew but was well behind HALS. The take away is that it is possible to grow the size of the pie (market size) while maintaining our leadership position.