1. BODY
SYSTEMS

2. Body Organization
a) Cells -Your body is made up of trillions of cells, the simplest and most basic
units of all living organisms.
b) Tissue – A group of cells that are similar and work together to perform a
specific function
c) Organ – Two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific
function
d) Body System – A group of organs that work together for one purpose
iscalled a body system

3. I) The Nervous System
A) Acts as the body control
center
B) Regulates all body
functions
C) Composed of the brain,
spinal cord, nerves and
sensory organs such as
eyes, ears and taste buds
in the tongue
D) Controls the voluntary
activities such as walking,
running
E) Controls the involuntary
activities such a breathing

4. F) The Central Nervous
System (CNS)
> Made of the brain
and the spinal cord
G) The Peripheral
Nervous
System ( PNS)
> Made of the nerves
or a bundle of cells
that conduct electrical
signals through the
body

5. H) Problems of the Nervous System
1) Meningitis – infection of the protective covering of the brain
and spinal cord caused by a bacteria or a virus
2) Rabies – viral infection of the brain passed by the saliva or bite
of an infected animal
3) Concussion – an injury of the brain caused by a blow to the
head; may cause memory loss or unconsciousness
4) Stroke- the death of brain tissue due to lack of blood to the
brain
5) Paralysis – partial or total loss of the ability to use muscles
6) Epilepsy – disorder of the brain and nerves characterized by
uncontrolled muscle activity
7) Cerebral Palsy – a person has very poor muscle control caused
by damage to the brain

6. III) Endocrine System
• Some Important Hormones
A) Thyroxine: regulates body
growth
B) Testosterone: male hormone
C) Estrogen: female hormone
D) Progesterone: prepares the
uterus for pregnancy and helps
regulate the menstral cycle
E) Insulin regulates amount of sugar
in the blood
F) Human growth hormone:
stimulates body growth
G) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Stimulate the body system and
metabolism in emergencies and
Glands __________
hormones that regulate
processes such as growth,
reproduction and nutrient
use (metabolism) by body
cells. Slow acting.

7. Problems of the Endocrine System
A) Type II Diabetes: high level of sugar in the blood
B) Gigantism: Very large body size(overproduction
of the human growth hormone (hgh)
C) Dwarfism: Very small body size (underproduction
of hgh
D) Hyperthyroidism: overproduction of the thyroid
gland; too active which can lead to weight loss
E) Hypothyroidism: underproduction of thyroid
gland; slow down of the body systems that can
lead to unhealthy weight gain

8. Gigantism
and
dwarfism

9. II.Skeletal System
Protects and supports
body organs;
provides a
framework muscles
use to cause
movement; blood
cells are formed
within bones
(hematopoiesis);
stores minerals.

10. Problems of the Skeletal System
A) Osteoporosis: the bones become weak due to lack of
calcium and/or Vitamin D
B) Fracture: a break in the bone
C) Osteomyelitis: a bacterial infection of a bone and its
bone marrow
D) Arthritis: joint inflammations
E) Osteoarthritis: a type of arthritis that is caused by aging
F) Rickets: soft bone because the body cannot absorb
calcium
G) Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine usually caused by
uneven growth of the body
H) Sprain: injury to the ligaments of a joint

11. Scoliosis

12. Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expressions;
maintains posture; produces heat.

13. Problems of the Muscular System
A) Muscular dystrophy: muscle weakness
B)Inguinal Hernia: the intestine bulges through the
abdominal muscle
C)Muscle Cramp: a sudden and painful contraction
of the muscle usually at night or when exercising
D)Strain: overstretching and possible tearing or a
muscle because of overuse
E)Tendinitis: inflammation of the tendon because of
aging or too much exercise
F) Shin splints: pain or irritation of the shins

14. Muscle Cramps

15. Circulatory System
Or Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood which
carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
wastes, hormones, etc,; the heart pumps
blood. White blood cells and chemicals in
the blood help to protect the body from
bacteria, toxins and tumor cells.
A) blood: contains liquids and
solids; 5 liters of blood in the
body
B) Plasma: the liquid part
90% water; carries nutrient and
hormones to parts parts of the
body; contains proteins that are
needed in blood clotting and
fighting disease
C) Platelets: fragments that help
repair blood vessels and form
blood clots
D) Red blood cells: transport Oxygen
and Carbon dioxide through the
body
E) White blood cells: fight infection
F) Hemoglobin: protein in RBC

16. Problems of the Circulatory System
A) Hypertension: abnormally high blood pressure
that can lead to stroke a heart attack
B) Heart Attack: Blood supply to the heart is
reduced of stopped
C) Anemia: Number of RBC and amount of
hemoglobin is below normal
D) Sickle Cell Anemia: RBC are sickle shaped and
contain abnormal type of hemoglobin
E) Leukemia: cancer of the tissue of the body that
produces WBC
F) Hemophilia: blood does not clot or clots slowly

17. Respiratory System
The primary function of the respiratory system is
the _________ of oxygen to the blood so this in
turn delivers oxygen to all parts of the body.

18. Problems of the Respiratory System
1) Tuberculosis: infection caused by bacteria in the
lungs
2) Pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs where in
the alveoli become filled with a thick fluid
3) Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchials
4) Asthma: an allergic response in which airways
constrict and become filled with mucus
5) Emphysema: the alveoli in the lungs break; difficult
breathing
6) Lung Cancer: a cancer destroying lung tissue

19. The urinary system, also known as the excretory system, is
concerned with the removal of water-soluble waste products from
the body in the form of urine. The various components or organs of
the urinary system are associated with the production, storage, and
then _______________of urine from the body. At the same time, the
system also takes part in several vital functions of the body.

20. Problems of the Urinary System
1) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): An infection of one or more of the organs of the
urinary tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites; more common in
women: can be prevented with proper hygiene and limited intake of salt or
MSG
2) Stones: crystallized mineral chunks that frequently form in the kidneys and
the bladder; small stones will leave the body with the urine; large stones may
become trapped and cause pain and need to be removed through operation:
can be prevented by limiting salt intake and drinking plenty of water
3) Death of the kidney: when the kidney stops functioning due to too much
salt,acid or fat; needs to undergo dialysis ( a blood cleansing procedure) or a
kidney transplant
4) Urinary incontinence: loss of urine or inability to control urination caused by
aging
5) Overactive or neurogenic bladder: inability to control urination caused by
damage to the nerves that go to the urinary bladder

21. Kidney Stones

22. The Lymphatic
System
Complimentary to
cardiovascular system.
The lymphatic vessels
return fluid leaked from
the blood to the blood
vessels so that blood can
be kept continuously
circulating through the
body. Lymph nodes
________ the blood and
house the cells involved in
immunity.

23. Problems of the Lymphatic System
1) Glandular fever - symptoms include
tender lymph nodes
2) Hodgkin’s disease - a type of cancer
of the lymphatic system
3) Oedema - swelling caused by too
much fluid in the tissues
4) Tonsillitis - infection of the tonsils in
the throat.

24. Integumentary System
External covering of the body. It waterproofs the body.
________vitamin D; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure receptors
etc.). Regulates body tempurature. Excretes salt and urea through
perspiration.

25. Problems of the Integumentary System
1) Viral Infections: chicken pox, measles,
German measles, cold sores ( herpes
simplex) and warts
2) Fungal Infections: ringworm
3) bullae: fluid-filled areas of the skin
4) Psoriasis: abnormal
keratinization(thickening and hardening of
the skin) cause and treatment is unknown
5) Eczema or dermatitis: inflamation of the skin
due to allergies, infections, poor blood
circulation

26. Immune System
The immune system is a system of
biological structures and processes
within an organism that protects
against ________________ To
function properly, an immune system
must detect a wide variety of agents,
from viruses to parasitic worms, and
distinguish them from the organism's
own healthy tissue.

27. Problems of the Immune System
1) Allergies and asthma: overreaction to a nonthreatening foreign substance
2) Rheumatoid arthritis: the immune system
produces antibodies that attack the lining of a
joint
3) Lupus: the immune system develop autoimmune
antibodies that can attach to tissues of the body
4) Type 1 diabetes (mellitus): The immune system
antibodies destroy insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas
5) AIDS: the HIV virus destroys immune cells

28. Lupus
AIDS